<text><span class="style1">f you have questions or comments, we can be reached in the following ways:</span><span class="style3">Iverson Software Co. 522 Record St.Mankato MN 56001-2546507.625.7355AppleLink: J5rsonInternet: iversons@aol.com</span><span class="style1">This software is distributed as ShareWare, if you intend to keep it, please send in the license fee.</span><span class="style4">Single User License Fee: $19.00Classroom/Lab License Fee: 49.00Site License Fee: 99.00</span><span class="style1">Dialoger XFCN is ©1989-91 Leonard Buck and Software Ventures, Inc. and licensed from Heizer Software. All other XCMDs or XFCNs used, stack design, and scripts are ©1995 Jeffrey Donald Iverson. "HyperTextBook" is a trademark of Jeffrey Donald Iverson.This software is protected by copyright law and international copyright treaty. Please respect our rights by not copying the software illegally.</span><span class="style8">Bibliography:Abbe, Elfreide. The Fern Herbal. Cornell, 1985. “Including the Ferns, Horsetails, and Club Mosses” (subtitle).Adams, John A. Dirt. Texas A&M, 1986. A treasury of information for nonexperts.Agricultural Statistics. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1936- . Annual; statistics, general facts.Ainsworth, Geoffrey Clough and Sussman, A. S., eds. The Fungi: An Advanced Treatise. 4v. Academic, 1965-73. Comprehensive reference.American Forests. American Forestry Assn., 1895- . “The Magazine of Trees and Forests” (subtitle).Ashworth, Suzanne. Seed to Seed. Seed Savers Publications, 1991. “Laymen's Role in Preserving Heritage Plants” (subtitle).Bailey, Liberty Hyde. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. 3v. Macmillan, 1935. Classic on identification of species, plant cultivation.Ball, Jeff. Jeff Ball's 60-Minute Garden. Rodale, 1985. Instructions for growing a 200-square-foot garden in one hour a week.Bell, Adrian D. Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Oxford, 1991. Plants have limbs and internal organs too!Biological and Agricultural Index. Wilson, 1964- . Monthly, cumulative index to periodicals; formerly Agricultural Index (1948-64).Blake, Peter. God's Own Junkyard: The Planned Deterioration of America's Landscape. Holt, 1964. Angry book on the visual pollution of America.Bold, Harold C. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice, 1985. Explanation of structure and reproduction; bibliography.Brown, Lester R. Increasing World Food Output. Arno, 1976. Popular work on the “green revolution.”Bubel, Nancy. The Seed-Starter's Handbook. Rodale, 1978. Illustrated layperson's guide to practical methods of starting and storing seeds.Bush-Brown, James and Bush-Brown, Louise. America's Garden Book. Scribner, rev., 1980. A classic.Calder, Nigel. The Green Machines. Putnam, 1986. Futuristic agricultural technology.Carter, Vernon Gill and Dale, Tom. Topsoil and Civilization. Oklahoma, rev., 1981. Historical consequences of soil use and abuse.Chase, Agnes. First Book of Grasses. Smithsonian, 3d ed., 1977. “The Structure of Grasses Explained for Beginners” (titlepage).Clary, David A. Timber and the Forest Service. Kansas, 1987. Provides documented, historical perspective on policies.Crockett, James Underwood. Crockett's Flower Garden. Little, 1981. Month-by-month guide to cultivation.Crockett, Lawrence J. Wildly Successful Plants: A Handbook of North American Weeds. Macmillan, 1977. Recognition and treatment of common weeds.Cronquist, Arthur. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia, 1981. Proposes evolutionary arrangement; includes family descriptions and illustrations.Doyle, Jach. Altered Harvest. Viking, 1985. “Agriculture, genetics, and the fate of the world food supply” (titlepage).Ebeling, Walter. The Fruited Plain. California, 1981. History of American regional agriculture.Edlin, Herbert Leeson and others. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees, Timbers and Forests of the World. Harmony, 1978. Guide to 250 trees, basic botany, wood technology.Eifert, Virginia. Tall Trees and Far Horizons. Dodd, 1965. Ayer, n.d. “Adventures and Discoveries of Early Botanists in America” (titlepage).Elias, Thomas S. Field Guide to North American Trees. Times-Mirror, 1991. A modern replacement for guides now going out of print.Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History. 2v. Macmillan, 1983. Guide including an article for each state.Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. Rodale, 1978. Reference work prepared by editors of Organic Gardening and Farming Magazine.Everett, Thomas H. The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. 10v. Garland, 1980-81. Reference: species, evaluation of practices; 10,000 photographs.Fairbridge, R. W. and Fincke, C. W., Jr. The Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Dowden, 1979. “Physics, chemistry, biology, fertility, and technology” (titlepage).Falk, Donald A. and Holsinger, Kent E. Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford, 1991. What declining species have to offer and how we can help.Faust, Joan Lee. The New York Times Book of Vegetable Gardening. N.Y. Times, 1975, 1982. Growth, care, diseases. Also The New York Times Book of Flower Gardening, 1982.Findley, Rowe and others. Great American Deserts. National Geographic, 1972. Personal enthusiasm for four American deserts plus their history and natural features.FitzPatrick, E. A. Soils. Longman, 1980, 1983. “Their Formation, Classification and Distribution” (titlepage).Forest. Silver, 1983. Time-Life Planet Earth Series. Lavishly illustrated description.Fox, Michael. Agricide: The Hidden Crisis That Affects Us All. Schocken, 1986. A provocative and controversial challenge to the industrialization of American agriculture.Free, Montague. Plant Propagation in Pictures. Doubleday, 1979. Authoritative work on techniques from grafting to seed propagation.Friedman, Sara Ann. Celebrating the Wild Mushroom: A Passionate Quest. Dodd, 1987. A mushroom lover's experience.Fryxell, Greta. Survival Strategies of the Algae. Cambridge, 1983. How a water-dependent organism survives unfavorable conditions.Galston, Arthur W. and others. The Life of the Green Plant. Prentice, 3d ed., 1980. Nature's economy, cells, plant nutrition, growth simply explained.Genders, Roy. The Complete Book of Herbs and Herb Growing. Sterling, 1980. Growing and using herbs.Gordon, Lesley. Green Magic: Flowers, Plants and Herbs in Lore and Legend. Viking, 1977. Includes flowers in politics, history, symbol.Gray, Asa. Manual of Botany. Van Nostrand, 1950. Classic first published 1848.Hall, Alan. The Wild Food Trailguide. Holt, rev., 1976. One of the best books on the identification, collection, and use of “survival plants.”Hardeman, Nicholas P. Shucks, Shocks, and Hominy Blocks: Corn as a Way of Life in Pioneer America. Louisiana, 1981. Lively history of corn's role.Hardigree, Peggy Ann. The Edible Indoor Garden. St. Martin's, 1981. A guide to growing vegetables, fruits, and herbs.Hartmann, Hudson T. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Prentice, 4th ed., 1983. Detailed.Herwig, Rob. The Good Housekeeping Encyclopedia of House Plants. Hearst, 1984. Lavishly illustrated, this describes 1500 species.Hitchcock, A. S. and Chase, Agnes. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2v. Dover, 2d ed., 1971. P. Smith, n.d. Line drawings, identification keys, descriptions to native and introduced grasses.Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change. Harper, 1986. How quinine, sugar, tea, cotton, and the potato have affected history.Holmes, W. Grass: Its Production and Utilization. Blackwell, 2d ed., 1988. From the English, who take their turf very seriously.Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, 1976. All varieties; planting instructions.Horwitz, Elinor L. On the Land. Macmillan, 1980. “The evolution of American agriculture” (titlepage).Hudson, Norman. Soil Conservation. Cornell, 2d ed., 1985. Stresses erosion control through land use.Humm, H. J. and Wicks, S. B. Introduction and Guide to the Marine Bluegreen Algae. Wiley, 1980. Survey of latest knowledge.Huxley, Anthony. Plant and Planet. Viking, 1975. Penguin, 1987. Fascinating on all aspects of botany.Johnson, Hugh. The International Book of Trees. Simon & Schuster, 1973. Information, descriptions, and histories; beautifully illustrated.Jones, David L. Encyclopedia of Ferns. Timber, 1987. “An Introduction to Ferns, Their Structure, Biology, Economic Importance, Cultivation and Propagation” (titlepage).Kahn, E. J., Jr. The Staffs of Life. Little, 1984. The five major crops that feed the world.Kingsbury, John Merriam. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice, 1964. Description, range, symptoms.Knuti, Leo L. and others. Profitable Soil Management. Prentice, 4th ed., 1984. Introductory text on all facets of theory and practical management.Larson, Roy A. Introduction to Floriculture. Academic, 1980. Basic textbook on flowers.Limerick, Patrick. Desert Passages: Encounters with the American Deserts. Colorado, 1989. Personal experiences, with historical notes.Lincoff, Gary H. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Knopf, 1981. Description and colored photographs of 725 species.Lockhart, J. A. R. and Wiseman, A. J. L. Introduction to Crop Husbandry. Pergamon, 5th ed., 1983. Basic, undergraduate text.MacMahon, James A. Deserts. Knopf, 1985. Audubon North American field guide.Maguire, Jack. Outdoor Spaces: Landscape Design for Today's Living. Holt, 1987. Recommended; practical plans for specific needs.Martin, Alexander C. and Barkley, W. D. Seed Identification Manual. California, 1973. Handy reference with photographs and description.Martin, Hubert. The Scientific Principles of Crop Production. Crane, Russak, 1983. The theoretical basis for good practice.Martin, Laura C. The Wildflower Meadow Book: A Gardener's Guide. East Woods Press, 1986. Provides general instructions and guidance for each area of the U.S.; plant list, bibliography.McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Food, Agriculture, and Nutrition. McGraw, 1977. Comprehensive; longer articles have bibliographies.Menninger, Edwin A. Fantastic Trees. Viking, 1966. Horticultural, 1975. “Marvels and Monstrosities of the Arboreal World” (titlepage).Miller, Orson K., Jr. Mushrooms of North America. Dutton, rev., 1979. Detailed descriptions and photos.Minnich, Jerry and Hunt, Marjorie. The Rodale Guide to Composting. Rodale, 1979. Materials, techniques, and tools for increasing soil fertility.Mitchell, Andrew W. The Enchanted Canopy. Macmillan, 1987. Handsome book on rain forests, their ecology, and methods of studying them.Moffat, Anne Simon and Schiler, Marc. Landscape Design That Saves Energy. Morrow, 1981. Energy-efficient, planned landscaping for all areas of America; for homeowners.Moore, David M. and others. The Marshall-Cavendish Encyclopedia of Plants and Earth Sciences. 10v. Marshall-Cavendish, 1988. Lavishly illustrated reference for the general reader.National Gardening Association. Gardening. Addison-Wesley, 1985. “The complete guide to growing America's favorite fruits and vegetables” (titlepage).Olson, Gerald W. Soils and the Environment. Chapman and Hall, 1982. “A guide to soil surveys and their application” (titlepage).Paddock, Joe and others. Soil and Survival. Sierra, 1986. “Land stewardship and the future of American agriculture” (titlepage).Perlin, John. A Forest Journey: From Mesopotamia to North America. Norton, 1989. Environmental and economic conflicts.Pirone, Pascal P. Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. Wiley, 5th ed., 1978. Useful illustrated volume on problems, hosts, controls.Pohl, Richard W. How to Know the Grasses. W. C. Brown, 3d ed., 1978. Pictured keys for identification.Popular Encyclopedia of Plants. Cambridge, 1982. Wide-ranging reference of brief entries.Ross, Ian K. Biology of the Fungi. McGraw, 1979. A basic introductory textbook.Schapsmeier, Edward L. and Schapsmeier, Frederick H. Encyclopedia of American Agricultural History. Greenwood, 1975. More than 2500 entries.Schlebecker, John T. Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607-1972. Iowa State, 1975. Books on Demand UMI, n.d. Illustrated survey focused on technology and economics.Sears, Paul B. Deserts on the March. Island Press, 1980. How poor water and soil management is leading to more deserts.Seymour, John. The Self-Sufficient Gardener: A Complete Guide to Growing and Preserving All Your Own Food. Doubleday, 1979. Beautifully illustrated.Sharpe, Grant W. Introduction to Forestry. McGraw, 5th ed., 1986. Good basic forestry text.Shuttleworth, Floyd S. and Zim, Herbert S. Non-Flowering Plants. Western, 1967. Golden Nature Guide to algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, etc.Sinclair, Wayne and others. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Comstock/Cornell, 1987. Guide to diagnosis for the U.S. and Canada.Slack, Adrian. Carnivorous Plants. MIT, 1980. State Mutual, 1982. How 50 worldwide species entice, catch, and digest their prey; beautiful illustrations.Smith, Alexander Hanchett and Weber, Nancy A. The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Michigan, 1963, rev., 1980. Excellent guide to marks, habitat, range, spores, edibility.Stevens, Russell B., ed. Mycology Guidebook. Rev., Washington, 1981. Field observations, taxonomy, ecology, physiology.Taylor, Ronald J. and Leviton, Alan E. Mosses of North America. AAASPD, 1980. A guide to a misunderstood part of the plant kingdom.Thacker, Christopher. The History of Gardens. California, 1979. Lovely survey.The Desert Realm: Lands of Majesty and Mystery. National Geographic, 1982. International perspective, heavily illustrated.The Oxford Companion to Gardens. Ed. by Patrick Goode and Michael Lancaster. Oxford, 1986. All aspects, types, eras; for information and pleasure.Thomson, John R. An Introduction to Seed Technology. Halsted, 1979. Seed industry and science.Tiffany, Lewis Hanford. Algae: The Grass of Many Waters. C.C. Thomas, 2d ed., 1968. The life of algae; for general readers.Trelease, William. Winter Botany. Dover, 3d ed., 1967. P. Smith, n.d. Guide to identification of trees in winter.Tull, Deleva. A Practical Guide to Edible & Useful Plants. Texas Monthly, 1987. Unique description of over 200 species; gives directions for making paper and shampoo, baking, etc.Walker, Laurence C. and others. Forests: A Naturalist's Guide to Trees and Forest Ecology. Wiley, 1990. Trees create an environmment; the environment favors given trees.Walker, Laurence C. Trees. Prentice, 1984. “An Introduction to Trees and Forest Ecology for the Amateur Naturalist” (titlepage).Walls, James. Land, Man and Sand: Desertification and Its Solution. Macmillan, 1980. Reflections on 15 UN reports; literary and historical allusions.Welsh, James. Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding. Wiley, 1981. Basic principles.Westcott, Cynthia. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. Van Nostrand, 4th ed., 1979. Comprehensive reference guide to diagnosis and control.Williams, Robert C. Fordson, Farmall, and Poppin' Johnny. Illinois, 1987. “A History of the Farm Tractor and its Impact on America” (titlepage).Wright, Michael. The Complete Handbook of Garden Plants. Facts on File, 1984. Illustrated handy guide to over 9000 species.Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1936- . Nontechnical, practical discussion of different topic each year—crops, insects, rural living, etc.Zwinger, Ann. Desert Country Near the Sea. Arizona, 1987. The Baja Peninsula explored and explained.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Zinnia, genus of annual and perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. The genus comprises about 16 species native mostly to Mexico, but ranging from the southwestern United States as far south as Chile. Zinnias are hardy plants with erect stems bearing opposite leaves and terminal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads.Several different varieties of zinnia have been developed for garden cultivation, most of them from a Mexican species, the common zinnia. Tall varieties grow to 76 cm (30 in), and dwarf varieties grow to about 30 cm (about 12 in). The flower heads grow either single or double in a wide variety of brilliant colors. Other common species include one with small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, and one with red, purple, or yellow petals.Scientific classification: The genus Zinnia belongs to the family Compositae. The common zinnia is classified as Zinnia elegans, the species with small, orange flowers as Zinnia augustifolia, and the species with red, purple, or yellow petals as Zinnia peruviana.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Yucca, genus of stiff-leaved, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and trees containing about 30 species, which are native to North America and the West Indies. Several types are widely cultivated for their ornamental appearance and attractive flowers. The spearlike leaves are borne in tufts, and from the center of the tuft grows the large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> stalk, which bears a cluster of bell-shaped, drooping blossoms. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> rarely occurs except with the aid of the yucca moth.The Spanish bayonet, native to the West Indies, Mexico, and the southeastern United States, bears white flowers and grows to a height of 8 m (25 ft). Spanish dagger is native to the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Florida; it bears white, reddish-tinged flowers and reaches a height of 2.4 m (8 ft). Adam's needle, native to the eastern United States, bears whitish flowers and attains a height of 3.6 m (12 ft). Soapweed, native to the plains, bears greenish-white flowers and reaches a height of about 2 m (about 6 ft). The Joshua </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is found in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States and grows to a height of 9 m (30 ft). The tree was so named because its branches recall the arm of the prophet Joshua as he pointed, spear in hand, to the city of Ai, in ancient Greece. The western Spanish bayonet, or datil yucca, is native to Nevada, New Mexico, and southern Colorado and bears dark-purple, edible fruits. The mission bell, or Quixote </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, native to southern California, bears fragrant, creamy-white flowers and reaches a height of about 2 m (about 6 ft).The coarse fibers obtained from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and foliage of many yucca </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> were used in the manufacture of cordage. Many yuccas of the southeastern United States have grasslike leaves, known as bear grass, which are used as filling for chair cushions and pillows. The roots of some species yield a fatty substance used in some countries as a soap. The name yucca is commonly but incorrectly applied to the date yucca.Scientific classification: Yuccas make up the genus Yucca of the family Agavaceae. The Spanish bayonet is classified as Yucca aloifolia, the Spanish dagger as Yucca gloriosa, and the Adam's needle as Yucca filamentosa. Soapweed is classified as Yucca glauca and the Joshua tree as Yucca brevifolia. The western Spanish bayonet, or datil yucca, is classified as Yucca baccata and the mission bell, or Quixote plant, as Yucca whipplei. The date yucca is classified in the genus Samuela.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Yew, common name for a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, needle-bearing trees and shrubs, and, loosely, for other members of the family to which the yews belong. Yews are native to temperate and subtropical climates throughout the world and are widely cultivated as ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, especially as hedges. The needle leaves are produced more or less in two ranks along the sides of the terminal branchlets. These leaves are dark green on the upper surface and yellower beneath; they persist through the winter. Flowers are inconspicuous; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is an attractive scarlet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The wood is slow-growing, strong, and fine grained and is utilized in cabinetmaking and for archery bows. The branches are often twisted or gnarled; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> is red and scaly. Principal ornamental species include the English yew and the hardier Japanese yew, both with several horticultural varieties. The ground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">, native North American yew of wooded hillsides and ravines, is a straggly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, rarely more than about 90 cm (about 36 in) tall. The Pacific, or western, yew is a tall </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> found in old-growth forests from California to Alaska.The foliage and seeds of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids that act to stop the heart of an animal so suddenly that no symptoms are seen; the animal simply drops dead. The berries are attractive to children and their flesh is not distasteful. Fortunately, the flesh of the berries is the least poisonous part of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">.The drug taxol, approved in 1992 for treating ovarian and other cancers, is extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew. The tree is scarce, however, and large amounts of taxol are needed for treatment. Scientists are studying the feasibility of cultivating the trees to harvest the drug from the bark, as well as the possibility of extracting the drug from the branches and needles. A partially synthetic form of the drug is also under development.Scientific classification: Yews make up the genus Taxus of the family Taxaceae. The English yew is classified as Taxus baccata; the Japanese yew as Taxus cuspidata; the ground hemlock as Taxus canadensis; and the Pacific, or western, yew as Taxus brevifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Yellowwood, American, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to the southeastern United States, and known also as gopherwood and virgilia. The tree is hardy and smooth-barked, attains a maximum height of 18 m (60 ft), and bears large terminal panicles of fragrant white flowers. The leaves are compound and bright green. The American yellowwood is used extensively in landscape </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gardening</a></span><span class="style1">, and its wood yields a yellow dye.Scientific classification: The American yellowwood belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Cladrastis lutea.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Yarrow, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">, known also as milfoil. Yarrow is found in pastures and by roadsides throughout the northern hemisphere. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has an erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, from about 30 to 91 cm (about 12 to 36 in) in height, with finely divided leaves and clusters of small white or red flowers. Red-flowered varieties are widely cultivated as garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Other species of the same genus are also sometimes called yarrow.Scientific classification: Yarrow belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Achillea millefolium.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Yam, common name for any of several members of a genus of perennial herbs. Members of the genus are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1"> and are native to tropical regions throughout the world. Yams are cultivated for their edible tubers, which grow up to 2.4 m(8 ft) long and weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). The inconspicuous white or greenish-yellow flowers, arranged in spikes or racemes, have a six-parted calyx (outer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> whorl), a six-lobed corolla (inner floral whorl), six stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the yam consists of a membranaceous, three-winged capsule.The water yam is a Southeast Asia species that is commonly cultivated. The Chinese yam, or Chinese </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1">, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">, is cultivated in the northern United States as an ornamental climbing vine; its thick tubers reach a length of about 1 m (about 3 ft). The air potato is native to South Asia; it bears white flowers and aerial tubers that attain a weight of several kilograms. The wild yam, native to the eastern United States, has rootstocks that are not enlarged. Yams are rarely cultivated in the United States; the few species grown are limited to Florida and several neighboring states. The name yam is commonly but incorrectly applied to varieties of the genus containing the sweet potatoes (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sweet Potato</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Yams make up the genus Dioscorea of the family Dioscoreaceae. The water yam is classified as Dioscorea alata; the Chinese yam, or Chinese potato, as Dioscorea batatas; the air potato as Dioscorea bulbifera; and the wild yam as Dioscorea villosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Xylem, woody tissue, found in higher </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, that conducts water and inorganic salts throughout the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and provides it with mechanical support. In leaves, flowers, and young stems, xylem is present in conjunction with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> in the form of conducting strands called vascular bundles. In roots there is a central core of xylem (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Root</a></span><span class="style1">). Xylem that derives from the shoot and root-growing points is called primary xylem. In addition, new xylem, called secondary xylem, may be added by the activity of the cambium, which actively divides cells situated between the xylem and phloem. This division gives rise to new xylem cells toward the center in roots and toward the outside in most stems. Some plants have little or no secondary xylem, in contrast to woody plants in which indefinite amounts of secondary xylem is the botanical term equivalent to wood. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Stem</a></span><span class="style1">.Xylem may contain three types of elongated cells: tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers. At maturity, when functioning in conduction, all of these cells are dead. Tracheids are elongated cells with thick walls characterized by small, sharply defined thin areas known as pits. Vessel elements are specialized tracheids in which the end walls have one or more pores; a vertical series of vessel elements forming a continuous tube is known as a vessel. Fibers, which are specialized tracheids with much-thickened walls, function only slightly in conduction, but serve to increase the strength of xylem.The xylem of plants that are earlier than most in evolutionary development, such as ferns and conifers, consists of tracheids. In most </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, the xylem also contains well-developed vessels and fibers. Because sequences in the specialization of all these tissue elements can be observed quite clearly, the study of xylem provides important clues to the evolutionary pathways of higher plants.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Wormwood, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> or shrubby </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. Native to Europe, it was cultivated in the gardens of eastern North America, where it now grows wild by the roadsides. It has an erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> 60 to 120 cm (24 to 48 in) high and small, yellow, hemispherical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads. The leaves and flowers contain the terpene thujone, an aromatic, bitter, toxic substance used since ancient times to make absinthe, a liqueur. The name wormwood is sometimes applied to the entire genus to which the plant belongs.Scientific classification: The wormwood belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Artemisia absinthium.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Wormwood</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Composite FlowersFlowerHerbPlantStem</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Ragweed</text>
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<name>Wormwood</name>
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card_241278.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Witch Hazel, common name for a small family of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of wide but discontinuous distribution (but found chiefly in subtropical eastern Asia), and for its representative genus. The family contains about 90 species placed in 28 genera.Members of the family have several economic uses. Many species are used as ornamentals because they bloom early in the spring, with a few blooming even during the winter. Extracts from the leaves and wood are used in cosmetics, liniments, and coagulants. The sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> produces a heavy, close-grained wood used in furniture making; it is also grown as an ornamental for its curious fruits, sweet gum balls, and attractive fall foliage. Winter hazel and fothergillas are early blooming shrubs, also grown as ornamentals.The witch hazel family is placed in an order characterized by simple, alternately arranged leaves with stipules (leaflike structures at the base of the leafstalk). The flowers vary considerably, and the sepals or petals (floral whorls) are often absent.The order contains four other families. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plane tree</a></span><span class="style1"> family contains six or seven species; its only genus is a source of valuable timber. The second family is a relict group of two species of aromatic shrubs native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. The third family contains two East Asian species of small trees and shrubs. The only species of the remaining family is the katsura tree, the largest deciduous tree in Japan.Scientific classification: Witch hazels make up the family Hamamelidaceae in the order Hamamelidales. The representative genus of the family is Hamamelis. The sweet gum tree is classified as Liquidambar styraciflua. Winter hazels belong to the genus Corylopsis and fothergillas to the genus Fothergilla. The four other families of the order Hamamelidales are Platannaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Eupteleaceae, and Cercidiphyllaceae which contains the katsura tree classified as Cercidiphyllum japonicum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Wisteria, genus of woody, climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. About a half-dozen species are cultivated. The best-known wisterias are the Chinese, the Japanese, and the American. Wisterias are commonly planted for training over trellises, doorways, or porches and bear showy hanging clusters of pealike blue or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. These plants may in time produce branches long enough to reach across a large house and as thick as an adult's arm. The leaves are compound, with 7 to 19 leaflets. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is an elongate </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. Children have been poisoned by eating the seeds or pods of wisterias. Symptoms include repeated vomiting with abdominal pain and diarrhea.Scientific classification: Wisterias make up the genus Wisteria of the family Leguminosae. The Chinese wisteria is classifed as Wisteria sinensis, the Japanese as Wisteria floribunda, and the American as Wisteria frutescens.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Wisteria</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitLegumePlantsPodViolet</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous PlantsVine</text>
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<name>Wisteria</name>
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card_239681.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Wintergreen, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">teaberry</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any member of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heath</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and in particular for the species native to eastern North America. This </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, no more than 15 cm (6 in) high, has creeping stems from which grow stalks topped by glossy, leathery, serrate leaves; the white or pinkish flowers appear below. The berrylike fruits are brilliant scarlet. The whole </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is sometimes eaten for its spicy flavor, which is due to a volatile oil. The oil distilled from the leaves has been used as a flavoring agent, a local antiseptic, and an ingredient of liniments; it is now produced synthetically as methyl salicylate. Several </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of other families are also called wintergreen.Scientific classification: Wintergreens make up the genus Gaultheria of the family Ericaceae. The wintergreen native to eastern North America is classified as Gaultheria procumbens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Winterberry, common name for various North American species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">holly</a></span><span class="style1">. The common winterberry, or black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alder</a></span><span class="style1">, is a deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, with spreading branches, ranging from 1.8 to 3.6 m (6 to 12 ft) in height. It is found in eastern North America as far west as Wisconsin. Brilliant red berries appear on the winterberry in October. The twigs are popular as vase ornaments because the berries retain their brightness for a number of months. The smooth winterberry is a low shrub similar to the black alder.Scientific classification: Winterberries belong to the family Aquifoliaceae. The common winterberry is classified as Ilex verticillata and the smooth winterberry as Ilex laevigata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Winterberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AlderHollyShrub</text>
</content>
<name>Winterberry</name>
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card_239291.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Willow, common name for a small family of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for certain trees of its representative genera. The willow family comprises about 435 species of willows and poplars (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poplar</a></span><span class="style1">), including the aspens and the cottonwoods. Members of the family usually live in moist habitats and in floodplains and riverbanks; they are rapid-growing, often pioneer, species. Their wood is used in many ways, and their leaves supply food for wildlife. Some species are ornamental. The family contains two genera: willow and poplar. Both are widespread in the northern hemisphere; a few species occur in the southern hemisphere. The 35 or so species of poplar are trees, and the majority of the 400 or so species of willow are shrubs. Willows are particularly abundant and important in the Arctic tundra, where they are low and matlike; they are also found above the timberline on mountains.Willows and poplars produce male and female flowers on separate plants. The flowers are very simple, lacking both sepals and petals. They appear in dense clusters, called catkins, before or during the growth of new leaves in the spring. The catkins of poplars are pendent and produce no </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">; wind is the agent of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">. The catkins of willows, in contrast, are erect and produce abundant, scented nectar that attracts insects, especially bees and moths, which carry out pollination. Insect pollination of the highly simplified flowers of willows is an exception to the rule in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> kingdom that only plant groups with complex, showy flowers have their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> distributed by insects. In the early spring, however, before most other flowers appear, insects rely on the nectar of willow catkins as a food source.The fruits of willows and poplars are small capsules containing numerous seeds, each of which has cottonlike threads that act as parachutes, aiding in wind dispersal. If the seeds land on proper, moist soil, they germinate within one or two days. Most willows and poplars grow rapidly, reaching flowering age within a few years, but they are short-lived, some lasting only 20 years.The economic importance of the family varies. Twigs of the common osier are grown for use in basketmaking, and the light but dent-resistant wood of other willows is used for artificial limbs, wooden shoes, and cricket bats. Willow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> contains the active compound salicin, used in many folk medicines. Aspirin is a derivative of salicylic acid, which was first synthesized from derivatives of willow bark. Several willows, such as weeping willow and pussywillow, are of horticultural importance.Scientific classification: Willows make up the family Salicaceae. The willow genus is Salix, and the poplar genus is Populus. The common osier is classified as Salix viminalis, the weeping willow as Salix babylonica, and the pussywillow as Salix discolor.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rice</a></span><span class="style1">, also Indian rice, common name for an annual aquatic grass (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). The name is misleading because wild rice is not closely related to common cultivated rice. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows wild in swamps in the northeastern United States and Canada, often reaching a height of 2.7 m (9 ft). Because the seeds of wild rice attract fish and waterfowl, the grass is planted in ponds and marshes by sports enthusiasts. Wild rice is also harvested for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">, considered a delicacy, and is often served with game or poultry. Wild rice seeds lose their ability to germinate if allowed to dry. In wild plantings the seeds fall into cold water in the autumn, germinating when the water warms in the spring.Traditionally, most commercial wild rice has been harvested by Native Americans in Minnesota. Their practice has been to harvest the grain directly from wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> into boats or canoes. Bending the stems over the canoe, they beat the heads of the plants with flails to dislodge the seeds. Much of the crop is still harvested in this way.Some commercial production has developed in recent years that involves techniques similar to those used for cultivated rice. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> may be sown by airplane in leveled fields flooded with shallow water. As the crop nears maturity, the fields are drained. Growers then harvest the grain with combines mounted on wide crawler tracks, similar to those used in the rice fields of the United States. One major production problem is the tendency for wild rice grains to shatter (drop seeds from the head) before harvest. New varieties and techniques are improving wild rice cultivation, but harvested yields still tend to fluctuate widely between profit and loss levels.Minnesota leads the world in wild rice production, normally growing more than 80 percent of the world's supply; Canada produces the remainder. Yields from natural stands normally average about 56 kg per hectares (50 lb per acre). Cultivated fields yield more than four times as much.Scientific classification: Wild rice belongs to the family Gramineae. It is classified as Zizania aquatica.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Wild Rice</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>GrainGrassesPlantPlantsRiceSeed</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GrainRice</text>
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<name>Wild Rice</name>
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card_238581.xml
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<text><span class="style1">White </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Snakeroot</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a poisonous, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Eupatorium</a></span><span class="style1">). White snakeroot is common in open woods or hedgerows in central and eastern North America. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> bear erect, stiff stems up to 1.5 m (4 ft) tall with simple, opposite leaves. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is distinctly veined, with three major veins protruding from the underside. Open clusters of white flowering heads appear in summer and fall. The poisonous principle, a complex carbohydrate, is concentrated in the leaves. Although milk from cows that have eaten the herb may poison humans, poisoning of this type is now rare because milk from ill cows is discarded and milk from cows over a wide area is pooled, with resulting dilution, before reaching the market.Scientific classification: White snakeroot belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Eupatorium rugosum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Whisk </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fern</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a seedless vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and found in the United States in Florida, Louisiana, Arizona, and Texas. Its genus is one of two living genera of its division, a vascular-plant group characterized by extremely simple </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that have no true leaves and no differentiation between shoots and the roots. The whisk fern reproduces by means of spores that develop in yellowish clusters called synangia (fused sporangia) at the tips of short branches. The aboveground portion of the plant is regularly branched, with scalelike outgrowths that resemble small leaves. A subterranean </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhizome</a></span><span class="style1"> (rootlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">) anchors the plant in place and absorbs nutrients by means of filaments called rhizoids. A second genus of the division contains a plant of the southern hemisphere that has broad leaflike appendages on the stems.Scientific classification: The whisk fern belongs to the family Psilotaceae of the division Psilophyta. It is classified as Psilotum nudum. The second genus of the division is Tmesipteris of the family Tmesipteridaceae.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Whisk Fern</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FernPlantPlantsRhizomeStem</text>
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<name>Whisk Fern</name>
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card_238038.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Wheat, common name for cereal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the grass family, cultivated for food since prehistoric times by the peoples of the temperate zones and now the most important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> crop of those regions.Wheat is a tall, annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> attaining an average height of 1.2 m (4 ft). The leaves, which resemble those of other grasses, appear early and are followed by slender stalks terminating in spikes, or so-called ears, of grain.Classification Species of wheat are classified according to the number of chromosomes found in the vegetative cell. They are divided into three series: the diploid, or einkorn, containing 14 chromosomes; the tetraploid, or emmer, containing 28 chromosomes; and the hexaploid, containing 42 chromosomes. Wheat species crossbreed relatively frequently in nature. Selection of the best varieties for domestication took place over many centuries in many regions. Today, only varieties of common, club, and durum wheats are of commercial importance, but other species are still grown to suit local conditions, and they provide essential </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1"> for formal breeding programs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Breeding</a></span><span class="style1">).Varieties According to the regions in which they are grown, certain types of wheat are chosen for their adaptability to altitude, climate, and yield. The common wheats grown in the former Soviet republics, the United States, and Canada are spring and winter wheats, planted either in the spring for summer harvest or in the fall for spring harvest. The color of the grain varies from one type to another; white wheats are mostly winter wheats, red are spring wheats. Closely related to the common wheats are the club wheats, which have especially compact spikes, and spelta (not grown in the United States), in which the glumes (reduced, scalelike leaves) tightly enclose the grains. Durum wheat (Latin durum, ΓÇ£hardΓÇ¥) is so called because of the hardness of the grain. It is grown in north-central regions of the United States. New high-yielding wheats were developed in the 1960s for use in developing countries, and research on them continued in the 1970s. Experimental programs have produced commercial wheat varieties for hardiness and disease resistance. In 1978 the identification of a drought-resistant, high-protein, ancestral species growing in the Middle East held promise of still more improved wheat varieties.Diseases and Planting Methods Diseases of wheat are connected with parasitic fungi. The principal diseases are rust and smut. Wheat is also liable to injury from several insect pests; a particularly important insect pest is the Hessian fly. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.In the United States wheat is usually planted by sowing machines of the drill or broadcast type. Little cultivation is necessary beyond preparation of the land by plowing, harrowing, and, sometimes, dusting to control pests. Wheat crops are generally rotated with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">, and pasture in the eastern United States and are rotated with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oats</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barley</a></span><span class="style1">, or bare fallowing in the drier western regions.Uses The main use of wheat is in the manufacture of flour for bread and pastries. In general, hard varieties are used for bread flour and soft varieties for pastry flour. Wheat is used also in the production of breakfast foods and to a limited extent in the making of beer, whiskey, and industrial alcohol. Low grades of wheat, and by-products of the flour-milling, brewing, and distilling industries, are used as feed for livestock. A minor amount of wheat is used as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1"> substitute, especially in Europe, and wheat starch is employed as a sizing for textile fabrics.History Remains of both emmer and einkorn wheats have been found by archaeologists working on sites in the Middle East dating from the 7th millennium BC. Emmer was grown in predynastic Egypt; in prehistoric Europe it was grown in association with barley and einkorn and club wheats. Bread wheat was identified at a 6th-millennium BC site in southern Turkestan, and a hexaploid wheat was found at Knossos in Crete. The cultivation of wheat in the Americas was introduced by the Spaniards in Mexico and by the English in New England and Virginia.Statistics World output of wheat as the 1990s began was more than 590 million metric tons, an increase of about 30 percent over the average for the period 1979 to 1981. The USSR continued as the world's leading producer, with a near-record 235 million metric tons, but as the central government broke up in 1991, production fell. China was in second place in 1990, the United States in third. Other major wheat producers are India, Canada, France, and Australia.The leading wheat-producing states in the United States are North Dakota, Kansas, Montana, and Oklahoma. In Canada, wheat farming is centered in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba.Scientific classification: Wheat makes up the genus Triticum of the family Gramineae.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Wheat</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarleyCoffeeCornDiseases of PlantsGrainGrassesHayOatsPlantPlant BreedingPlantsStock</text>
<text><span class="style1">Weed Control, the checking of the growth of unwanted herbaceous or woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> on agricultural lands and on gardens and lawns. Weeds are also an expensive problem on other managed lands, such as roadsides, parking areas, pasture and range lands, drainage ditches, and railroad and other rights-of-way.For centuries, agricultural weed control was accomplished with a plow or hoe. Eliminating competing weeds by hand or by cultivating or tilling, however, is time-consuming and expensive, and thus limits the area that can be farmed. A major breakthrough in weed control did not occur until the 20th century, in the 1940s, when the first synthetic herbicides were developed. These chemicals, which are relatively inexpensive, effective, and safe, have revolutionized weed-control methods and reduced the labor required to produce large quantities of food crops.Kinds of Herbicides Many herbicides are selective in their activity, killing certain groups of plants and not affecting others. These herbicides include 2,4-D fosamine, dicamba, and picloram. They control many broad-leaved plants but do not damage </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, sedges, or ferns. Other selective herbicides, such as dalapon, control grasses and other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">, but do not affect broad-leaved plants. The selectivity of many herbicidesΓÇöwhich </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> species they control and which they leave unaffectedΓÇöcan also be altered by varying the volume of herbicide per hectare and the season of application.Broad-spectrum herbicides, such as glyphosate, control most vegetation. Soil sterilants eliminate all vegetation and delay invasion of new weeds. Their greatest use is along railroad tracks and roadsides and on parking lots and industrial sites.Use The specific recommendations as to concentration, dosage, and season for applying herbicides to food crops, which are always included on the herbicide label, are designed not only to obtain effective week control but also to ensure that harmful residues do not occur in the foliage or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. These regulations result from much field and laboratory research.Herbicides vary greatly in their persistence in plants and the environment. Nonpersistent herbicidesΓÇöthose that control weeds quickly and decompose within a few days or weeksΓÇöare preferred for agricultural weed control and many brush-control programs. Persistent herbicides such as picloram, which remain active in the soil for 100 days or longer, have the advantage of extending control over longer periods.Although most herbicides are applied as liquid foliage sprays, some are formulated as powders, pellets, or granules. Today granular forms are often incorporated into </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lawn</a></span><span class="style1"> fertilizers and are widely used by homeowners to eliminate broad-leaved weeds.Other Methods Where herbicide application could result in drift or movement in the soil, thus endangering desirable vegetation nearby, biological weed control is preferable. Weeds in lawns and pastures are effectively controlled by maintaining a dense sod and by using a proper mowing height, so that small weeds are crowded out before becoming fully established. Such cover crops as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1"> and other leguminous plants have the advantage of shading out germinating weed seeds and enriching the soil.Many gardeners use black polyvinyl plastic to shade out germinating weed seeds. Mulching the area around ornamental shrubs and small trees with sawdust, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> needles, limestone chips, and similar fine materials effectively keeps broad-leaved plants and grasses away, reducing the competition for soil moisture.Current Research One recent trend in herbicide research is toward more selective herbicides--those that can safely be applied to a specific agricultural crop and that will control all competing weeds. Also in progress is research into growth regulators, which are chemicals that do not damage plants but instead limit their growth. Someday, perhaps, lawns, hedges, and ornamental shrubs can be treated so as to require less frequent mowing or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pruning</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Waterleaf, common name for a small family of mostly herbaceous annual and perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with a broad, worldwide distribution but with a concentration of species in western North America, and for its representative genus. About 275 species are placed in this family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">, which characteristically have hairy or glandular leaves and blue to purple flowers in cymose inflorescences (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters in which the flowers are arranged along one side of the flower stalks). The flowers are five-parted, with the petals fused to form a bell-shaped or funnel-shaped corolla. The stamens (male floral parts) characteristically have basal appendages that protect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">-secreting glands located below them.The family is of little economic importance. A few species are grown as ornamentals, although most of these are not sufficiently common or well known to have been given common names.Scientific classification: Waterleaves make up the family Hydrophyllaceae. The representative genus is Hydrophyllum.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Waterleaf</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>DicotsFlowerNectarPlants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Nightshade</text>
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<name>Waterleaf</name>
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card_236365.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Watercress, common name for an aquatic perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The herb, which is native to Europe, is cultivated in springs and wet grounds in temperate climates for use as food in salads and garnishes. The yellow or white flowers have four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a long slender silique, or elongated capsule. Watercress is grown from either </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> or cuttings. After </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> buds bloom, the leaves become extremely pungent and can no longer be used as food. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cress</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Watercress belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nasturtium</a></span><span class="style1"> officinale.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plantain</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a family of herbaceous, aquatic, or amphibious </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family is cosmopolitan in distribution and is thought to be one of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> most closely related to the ancestral type (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">). It contains 11 genera and about 100 species, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arrowhead</a></span><span class="style1">. The family is placed in a small order of minor importance in providing food and decorative greenery in ponds and aquariums. The embryos of plants in the order have one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">), a feature of earlier groups, but the plants have floral and vegetative features that are characteristic of plants that evolved more recently.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Water plantain is the common name for the family Alismataceae in the order Alismatales. The representative genus of the family is Alisma. Arrowheads are classified in the genus Sagittaria.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a small family of aquatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family includes about 70 species. Its leaves are usually peltate, that is, the leafstalk (petiole) is attached at the center of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> rather than at an edge. The leaves often float on the water's surface, maintaining their position, even if the water rises, by continuing stalk growth. Water lilies typically grow in quiet waters covering deep, saturated, oxygen-poor soils. Oxygen needed for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> growth is supplied by air passages extending down the leaf petioles. Many water lilies are grown as pond ornamentals, and numerous hybrids have been produced.Members of the representative genus, with floating leaves, are also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lotus</a></span><span class="style1">. Two species were both represented in ancient Egyptian art. The family also contains the gigantic lilies of the Amazon.The family is placed with three or four other families in an order that is cosmopolitan in distribution but restricted to freshwater habitats. In addition to being of aquatic habit, members of the order are characteristically herbaceous (nonwoody) and bear solitary rather than clustered flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts are usually numerous and unfused, traits found in orders that resemble the most ancestral flowering plants.The lotus-lily family contains one genus, with two species: the sacred lotus, which is sacred to Buddhists, and the American lotus. The seeds and rhizomes of these lotuses are edible; the leaves are held above water on long stalks. The two species constituting the hornwort family are often grown in household aquariums. They grow totally submerged, usually even producing their flowers and fruits under water. They completely lack roots. The individual leaves are finely divided into narrow segments and grow in whorls at each node, giving the plants a racoon-tail look. The water-shield family contains two genera and eight species of herbs; some are also used as aquarium plants.Scientific classification: Water lilies make up the family Nymphaeaceae of the order Nymphaeales. The representative genus of the family is Nymphaea. The species represented in ancient Egyptian art are classified as Nymphaea caerula and Nymphaea lotus. The gigantic lilies of the Amazon are classified in the genus Victoria. The sacred lotus, classified as Nelumbo nucifera, and the American lotus, classified as Nelumbo lutea, belong to the family Nelumbonaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a perennial, tropical, aquatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">. Introduced from South America, the herb has become naturalized in the southern United States and in Australia. The yellow-spotted, light-blue flowers, which are arranged in a loose spike about 30 cm (about 12 in) above the leaves, have a six-parted calyx, a six-lobed corolla, three stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded capsule. The swollen leafstalks contain many air chambers, so the water hyacinth floats high on top of the water. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows so abundantly in rivers and other navigable waters that it obstructs the passage of ships, and it is also troublesome in irrigation ditches. Scientists have found, however, that it has potential as a good absorber of water pollutants. The plant is sometimes used as a source of fiber for paper.Scientific classification: The water hyacinth belongs to the family Pontedariaceae. It is classified as Eichhornia crassipes.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Water Hyacinth</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbHyacinthPlant</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Lily</text>
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<name>Water Hyacinth</name>
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card_235402.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any member of the only genus of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family of aquatic herbs, and for their nutlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, and also for the Chinese </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sedge</a></span><span class="style1"> and its edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tuber</a></span><span class="style1">. The tuber of the sedge, known as the Chinese water chestnut, has a sweet and starchy flavor and is employed extensively in Chinese cookery.The water chestnut genus contains three species native to warm areas of the eastern hemisphere and is also known as water caltrop because the edible fruits of these herbs have spinelike projections like those of the puncturing devices called caltrops. One species bears a two-horned </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1"> sometimes called ling nut; the fruit of the second species is the singhara nut. The third species, known as trapa nut, bears floating leaves 10 cm (4 in) in length and has become a pest in the northeastern United States, where it clogs waterways.Scientific classification: Water chestnuts make up the genus Trapa of the family Trapaceae. The water chestnut that bears the ling nut is classified as Trapa bicornis, the species that bears the singhara nut as Trapa bispinosa, and the trapa nut as Trapa natans. The Chinese sedge belongs to the family Cyperaceae and is classified as Eleocharis tuberosa.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Water Chestnut</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ChestnutFruitNutPlantSedgeTuber</text>
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<name>Water Chestnut</name>
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card_235258.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Walnut, common name for a small family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> important for the nuts and timber they produce, and for its representative genus. This family contains about 59 species, all of them trees, distributed primarily in north temperate areas but with important extensions into tropical American and tropical Asian regions.The most important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1"> crop in the world is the walnutΓÇöthe nut of the English, or Persian, walnut, which is native to areas stretching from Italy to China but now widely grown in many other temperate areas. In the United States, California is the most important area for the production of English walnuts. Black walnut is native to the eastern United States. It is important for its wood, used in fine furniture, rather than for its nuts, the meats of which are tasty but are surrounded by a hard, thick shell that makes them difficult to harvest.Trees of the walnut family, some reaching great heights and girths, once were important components of the deciduous forests of eastern North America, but most have now been cut for their valuable timber. In addition to the walnut itself, other important members are the butternuts, pecans, and hickories.The walnut family is placed in an order with a family containing a single species, an aromatic deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> confined to China and Vietnam. All members of the order have pinnately compound leavesΓÇöthat is, leaves divided into individual leaflets attached along both sides of a central stalk. Typically, the buds, fruits, flowers, and undersides of the leaves are covered with yellowish scales. The unisexual flowers are individually inconspicuous and lack petals. They are borne in dense clusters, or inflorescences, called spikes or catkins; the clusters characteristically have bracts that are more conspicuous than the flowers themselves. The fruits are one-seeded nuts or winged nutlets.Scientific classification: Walnuts make up the family Juglandaceae in the order Juglandales. The English, or Persian, walnut is classified as Juglans regia and the black walnut as Juglans nigra. Butternuts are classified in the genus Juglans, pecans and hickories in the genus Carya. The family Rhoipteleaceae belongs to the order Juglandales and contains the single species classified as Rhoiptelea chiliantha.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Wallflower, common name for any member of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plants bear spikes of showy, fragrant flowers on branched stems 15 to 91 cm (6 to 36 in) in height. In cultivation, wallflowers are usually grown as biennials, although in their natural range they grow as perennial evergreens. The common wallflower is found in rocky places and on old walls in the south of Europe; it is also found, less abundantly, in the central part of Europe and in Great Britain. In the wild these flowers are always yellow; in cultivation they show considerable diversity of color, primarily brown, purple, and variegated, and they also attain a larger size. All are early spring flowers, used in the garden as border plants and on rock walls. Some wallflowers are also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gillyflower</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Wallflowers make up the genus Cheiranthus of the family Cruciferae. The common wallflower is classified as Cheiranthus cheiri.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Wallflower</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>GillyflowerMustardPlants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Gillyflower</text>
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<name>Wallflower</name>
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card_234697.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Violet, common name for a medium-size family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 830 species of herbs, shrubs, and even some woody vines and trees, almost half of which are in the predominantly herbaceous representative genus. Natural species and hybrids of violets are widely grown. Wild species, often called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heartsease</a></span><span class="style1">, are grown for their color, fragrance, and interesting </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> shapes and coloration patterns. Most have very short stems, and the leaves appear to emerge directly from the ground; some, however, such as the Johnny-jump-up, have elongated stems. Violets are easily hybridized, and many hundreds of types have been developed. These are usually called pansies and are favorite early spring flowers.The violet family belongs to an order having 24 families and about 5000 species. Usually, leaves are alternate and have stipules (leaflike appendages) at their bases. The stipules of violets are easily examined by spreading the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> bases. The flowers are variable but are united by the characteristic of having the ovules, which mature into seeds, attached around the inner surface of the wall of the ovary (female flower part).Other important families in the order include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">begonia</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">passionflower</a></span><span class="style1">, and a family of some 875 tropical shrubs and trees, some of which produce valuable timber. A few tropical members of the order are cultivated for their fruits. For example, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">papaya</a></span><span class="style1"> is eaten fresh and is also the source of the enzyme papain, a digestive aid and a meat tenderizer. Seeds of the annatto were an important commercial source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> dye, and are still used by Native Americans for that purpose; the seeds are also used in cooking in tropical America. Other horticulturally important members of the order include deciduous trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tamarisk</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, found frequently in desert areas from the Mediterranean region and eastward to northern China.Some plants commonly called violets belong to other, unrelated groups of plants. For example, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">African violet</a></span><span class="style1"> and the dogtooth violet belong to two unrelated families.Scientific classification: Violets make up the family Violaceae in the order Violales. The representative genus of the family is Viola. The papaya belongs to the family Caricaceae and is classified as Carica papaya. The annatto belongs to the family Biraceae and is classified as Bixa orellana. African violets make up the genus Saintpaulia of the family Gesneriaceae. The dogtooth violet belongs to the family Liliaceae and is classified as Erythronium albidum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Vine, term for a flexible, twining </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that does not support itself upright but thrives naturally by winding along the ground or climbing a wall, fence, or other plant. Vines are also known as climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> or trailing plants. Some woody vines, unlike herbaceous vines, can support themselves. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bean</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grape</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ivy</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Wisteria</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Vine</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanGrapeIvyPlantPlantsWisteria</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BetelBignoniaBirthwortBoxthornCarrion FlowerDiseases of PlantsDodderFour-O'ClockGrapeKiwi FruitKudzuMelonPassionflowerPepperStrawberryStrychnosSweet PotatoTrumpet VineYam</text>
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<name>Vine</name>
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card_233573.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Viburnum, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1"> family, having a five-petaled, wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular corolla, five stamens, three sessile stigmas, and a one-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The various species are shrubs with simple opposite leaves, natives chiefly of the northern parts of the world. A species that is sometimes called the wayfaring </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is a native of warmer temperate parts of Europe and Asia. Another European species, known as the laurustinus, is widely cultivated. The North American species known as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cranberry</a></span><span class="style1"> tree produces drupes of an agreeable taste, which are used like cranberries. Various species of the genus are called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">snowball</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Viburnum belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae. The wayfaring tree is classified as Viburnum lantana, the laurustinus as Viburnum tinus, and the cranberry tree as Viburnum trilobum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Vetch, common name for any of a genus of herbs, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which contains about 140 species, is native to temperate regions and is widely cultivated for food, fodder, and as a fertilizing or cover crop. Most species are trailing or climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, with tendrils at the tip of the compound leaves. Spring vetch, also called tare, is native to Europe and bears purple and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">-colored flowers, which grow in pairs or singly at the junction of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and leafstalk. The seedpod resembles that of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">. Grown as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">, it has become naturalized in the eastern United States. Other important species, native to Eurasia, include the hairy vetch, planted for fodder in dry, open soils; the bitter vetch, used as a winter green-manure crop in California; and the broad </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, grown for food and forage.Scientific classification: Vetches make up the genus Vicia of the family Leguminosae. The spring vetch is classified as Vicia sativa, the hairy vetch as Vicia villosa, the bitter vetch as Vicia ervilia, and the broad bean as Vicia faba.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Vetch</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanForageLegumePeaPlantsRoseStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeanLocoweedPea</text>
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<name>Vetch</name>
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card_232770.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Verbena, common name for a family of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> order, comprising a large group of mostly woody, tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. This family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> contains about 3000 species and is closely related to the mint family, from which it differs on the basis of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> shape and other characteristics. The most important member of the family is the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">teak</a></span><span class="style1">, one of the world's most valuable timbers, producing a durable wood used especially in shipbuilding. Some kinds of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mangrove</a></span><span class="style1"> are members of this family, as is the zither, or fiddlewood, the dense, hard wood of which is used in making musical instruments. Several useful ornamentals, often grown in temperate regions, are also members of the family. These include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> verbena, purple wreath, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1"> verbena. The common garden verbena and many other members of the representative genus of approximately 250 species are cultivated for their showy, often fragrant, flowers.Scientific classification: Verbena make up the family Verbenaceae, order Lamiales. The representative genus is Verbena. The species that is the source of teak is classified as Tectona grandis. The zither, or fiddlewood, belongs to the genus Citharexylum; shrub verbena to the genus Lantana; and purple wreath to the genus Petrea. Lemon verbena is classified as Aloysia triphylla and the common garden verbena as Verbena hybrida.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Venus's-Flytrap, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that feeds on insects and other small animals, native to North and South Carolina. The plant, found in or near bogs, grows to a height of about 30 cm (about 12 in). Its flowers are small and white. The lower portion of the leaves, next to the stalk on which the flowers grow, is bladelike. The outer portion of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is modified to form a trap. It is divided into two halves, with margins bearing long, sharp spines. At the center of the leaf are trigger hairs to spring the trap. When an insect or other creature, attracted by sweet fluids exuded by the plant, lands on this portion of the leaf, it touches the trigger hairs. The leaf snaps shut around its prey, and the spines keep the prey from escaping. When the soft tissues of the creature have been digested by glands within the leaf, the leaf reopens.The Venus's-flytrap derives nitrogen from insects and other animals, because the soil in bogs is poor in that nutrient. When cultivated and supplied with nitrogen by other means, the plant does not require these creatures as food. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Insectivorous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Venus's-flytrap belongs to the family Droseraceae. It is classified as Dionaea muscipula.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Venus's-Flytrap</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Insectivorous PlantsLeafPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Insectivorous Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Venus's-Flytrap</name>
<script></script>
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card_232219.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Vegetative Reproduction, method by which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> reproduce asexuallyΓÇöthat is, without the union of cells or nuclei of cellsΓÇöthus producing individuals that are genetically identical to the parent. Vegetative reproduction takes place either by fragmentation or by special asexual structures. Parts of liverworts and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> fragment from the parent and grow into new individuals, as do </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> cuttings. Asexual structures in plants include spores, tubers, bulbs, stolons (runners), and rootstocks. Thus, new individuals generate, for example, from the spores of ferns, the eyes of potatoes, the cloves of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">garlic</a></span><span class="style1"> bulbs, and the stolons of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">strawberry</a></span><span class="style1"> plants. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Propagation</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Vegetable, the edible product of a herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöthat is, a plant with a soft </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, as distinguished from the edible nuts and fruits produced by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with woody stems such as shrubs and trees.Vegetables can be grouped according to the edible part of each plant: leaves (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lettuce</a></span><span class="style1">), stalks (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">celery</a></span><span class="style1">), roots (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrot</a></span><span class="style1">), tubers (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1">), bulbs (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">onion</a></span><span class="style1">), and flowers (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broccoli</a></span><span class="style1">). In addition, fruits such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tomato</a></span><span class="style1"> and seeds such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1"> are commonly considered vegetables.Most vegetables are valuable sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber and are low in fat and calories. With </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1"> and legumes, they are important to a healthy diet.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fruit</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nut</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Vanilla, genus of climbing orchids (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orchid</a></span><span class="style1">), native to tropical America and Asia. The flowers are thick, fleshy, and fragrant but dull in color. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the species from which the majority of commercial vanilla is extracted occurs as fleshy pods, about 15 to 23 cm (about 6 to 9 in) long.Scientific classification: The genus Vanilla belongs to the family Orchidaceae. The species from which the majority of commercial vanilla is extracted is classified as Vanilla planifolia.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Vanilla</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitOrchid</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>HorticultureOrchidSpicesTonka Bean</text>
</content>
<name>Vanilla</name>
<script></script>
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card_231617.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Valerian (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">teasel</a></span><span class="style1"> order, and especially for any of various perennial shrubs or herbs of the representative genus, native to mainly cool, northern temperate regions. Only a few of the some 175 species of the genus are native to North America. Valerians vary in height from 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) and have thick, acrid-smelling roots and either simple or lobed leaves. The small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> or white flowers grow in dense clusters and are often highly fragrant. The common valerian, or garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heliotrope</a></span><span class="style1">, native to Europe and northern Asia, is cultivated as an ornamental; its roots are the source of a sedative drug. It is unrelated to true heliotropes.Scientific classification: Valerians make up the family Valerianaceae. The representative genus is Valeriana. The common valerian, or garden heliotrope, is classified as Valeriana officinalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Valerian</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HeliotropePinkPlantsShrubTeasel</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BluebellSpikenardTeasel</text>
</content>
<name>Valerian</name>
<script></script>
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card_231392.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Turnip, common name for a hardy, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family, grown for its edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">. Turnips are native to Europe and parts of Asia and are cultivated in temperate and subarctic regions throughout the world. The yellow flowers, arranged in erect racemes, have four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a long, slender, many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. The turnip differs from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rutabaga</a></span><span class="style1"> in having densely grouped stems and white-fleshed roots. Turnips are grown extensively for food and to provide feed for livestock.Scientific classification: The turnip belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica rapa, Rapifera Group.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Turmeric, common name for an erect, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginger</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its dried rhizomes. It is native to parts of India. The pale-yellow flowers, borne in spikes, have a three-part calyx, a five-lobed corolla, a fertile stamen, two sterile stamens, and one pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule. The dried rhizomes are used as a yellow dye and as a food seasoning, especially in curry powders.Scientific classification: Turmeric belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is classified as Curcuma domestica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Turmeric</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitGingerHerb</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Ginger</text>
</content>
<name>Turmeric</name>
<script></script>
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card_230721.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Tung </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for tropical trees of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spurge</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which consists of five species, is native to eastern Asia and many Pacific islands and is cultivated in Europe and the United States. The inconspicuous white drooping flowers have 2 or 3 sepals, 3 petals, 8 to 20 stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1">. The candlenut, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">candleberry</a></span><span class="style1">, tree is native to the Malay Peninsula (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bayberry</a></span><span class="style1">). It bears large, spreading leaves and reaches a height of 18 m (60 ft). The seeds yield a valuable oil, known as kekune oil or tung oil, which is used in the manufacture of varnish. The Japan wood-oil tree is native to Japan and Taiwan and reaches a height of about 9 m (about 30 ft). Oils expressed from its seeds are used in the manufacture of soap and linoleum. The China wood-oil tree is native to Central Asia and is cultivated in the southern United States; it grows to a height of 7 m (25 ft). The seeds are roasted, powdered, and pressed to yield the crude, dark brown oil called black tung oil. Pale yellow, so-called white-tung oil is obtained by pressing the unroasted seeds. A powerful drying agent for paints and varnishes, it is also used in the waterproofing of paper and various types of pottery.Scientific classification: Tung trees make up the genus Aleurites of the family Euphorbiaceae. The candlenut, or candleberry, tree is classified as Aleurites moluccana; the Japan wood-oil tree as Aleurites cordata; and the China wood-oil tree as Aleurites fordii.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tumbleweed, common name for any usually globular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in which the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> snaps off at ground level and the aboveground portion is rolled and tumbled along by the wind, thereby scattering the seeds. The stem breaks off in the autumn, after which the tumbleweed rolls and tumbles before the wind across the fields or prairies where such </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> most commonly grow. Among the best-known tumbleweeds of the United States are the bugseed, the Russian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">thistle</a></span><span class="style1">, naturalized in the United States from Asia; and the tumbling </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pigweed</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The bugseed, classified as Corispermum hyssopifolium, and the Russian thistle, classified as Salsola kali, belong to the family Chenopodiaceae. The tumbling pigweed belongs to the family Amaranthaceae and is classified as Amaranthus retroflexus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Tumbleweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PigweedPlantPlantsStemThistle</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Amaranth</text>
</content>
<name>Tumbleweed</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_230077.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tulip</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a deciduous tree of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">magnolia</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The tree is native to the eastern United States, where it is the tallest and largest broad-leaved tree. Tulip trees almost 60 m (200 ft) in height and 3 m (12 ft) in diameter are on record. The solitary, tulip-shaped, greenish-yellow flowers have three sepals, six petals, numerous stamens, and many pistils arranged in a narrow column. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a cone-shaped cluster of samaras, or dry, usually one-seeded winged fruits. Well-known cultivated varieties are one having yellow-edged leaves and another having lobeless, rounded leaves. In the United States, tulip-tree timber is sometimes called whitewood, yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poplar</a></span><span class="style1">, or tulip poplar. The timber is used extensively in cabinetmaking and in other woodworking processes. The name tulip tree is sometimes extended to other trees having tulip-shaped flowers, including the mountain mahoe, the portia tree, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banana</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The tulip tree belongs to the family Magnoliaceae. It is classified as Liriodendron tulipifera. The cultivar with yellow-edged leaves is classified as Liriodendron tulipifera variety aureomarginatum and the cultivar with lobeless, rounded leaves as Liriodendron tulipifera variety integrifolium. The mountain mahoe, classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hibiscus</a></span><span class="style1"> tiliaceus, and the portia tree, classified as Thespesia populnea, belong to the family Malvaceae. The banana shrub belongs to the family Magnoliaceae and is classified as Michelia fuscata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tulip, common name for any member of a genus of spring-flowering, bulbous herbs, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. About 80 species of tulip exist; these </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are native to Asia and the Mediterranean region, and thousands of varieties are widely cultivated as garden flowers. Tulips are erect plants with long, broad, parallel-veined leaves and cup-shaped, solitary flowers borne at the tip of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers are either single or double and occur in a wide range of solid colors. Some, called broken tulips, are varicolored as a result of a viral disease carried and transferred to the plants by aphids.The garden tulip was introduced into western Europe from Constantinople in the 16th century and soon achieved great popularity. Interest in tulip growing mounted, especially in Holland, where it developed by 1634 into a craze called tulipomania. Wild speculation in tulip </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1"> ensued, and enormous prices were paid for single bulbs. After many people had gone bankrupt, the crisis was ended by government regulation of the tulip trade. Tulip growing eventually became established as an important Dutch industry, and tulip bulbs are still a major export of the Netherlands. In the United States tulips are grown commercially in Michigan and Washington.Because of extensive hybridization, the origin of the garden tulip is extremely difficult to trace. The best-known varieties include the Darwin tulip, a late-flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with tall, strong stems and deep-colored blossoms; the parrot tulip, another late-flowering type, which has petals wrinkled at the edges; and the early-flowering Duc van Tol tulips, which rarely exceed 15 cm (6 in) in height.Scientific classification: Tulips make up the genus Tulipa of the family Liliaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tuberose, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The tuberose is native to Mexico and is often cultivated in the southeastern United States because of its sweet fragrance. The white, waxy, funnel-shaped flowers, borne in pairs in a loose spike, have three sepals, numerous petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded capsule. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is commonly raised from tubers and grows to a height of 90 cm (36 in).Scientific classification: The tuberose belongs to the family Agavaceae. It is classified as Polianthes tuberosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Tuberose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbLilyPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Tuberose</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_229034.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Tuber, underground food-storing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> of many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1">, characterized by buds, or eyes. Young plants developing from tuber buds are nourished from starch stored in the tubers until mature enough to develop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> systems. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bulb</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rhizome</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Trumpet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Vine</a></span><span class="style1">, also trumpet creeper, common name for two deciduous, climbing woody vines, of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bignonia</a></span><span class="style1"> family, having brilliant trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom in summer. The common trumpet vine, native to eastern North America, bears clusters of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> and scarlet flowers and has small oblong leaves. It is popularly grown on trellises. The related Chinese trumpet vine is native to Asia, and is less hardy.Scientific classification: Trumpet vines belong to the family Bignoniaceae. The common trumpet vine is classified as Campsis radicans and the Chinese trumpet vine as Campsis grandiflora.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Trumpet Vine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BignoniaOrangeVine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Bignonia</text>
</content>
<name>Trumpet Vine</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_228530.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Trillium, genus of flowering perennial herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Approximately 30 species are native to North America and Asia. The solitary </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, purplish, or yellow-white flowers have three sepals, three petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The painted trillium bears white flowers streaked with purple; the species commonly known as purple trillium bears purplish-red flowers. White </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wake-robin</a></span><span class="style1"> and the nodding trillium, both of eastern North America, and dwarf white trillium, of the central United States, bear white flowers that may fade to pink. Other common names applied to trillium are birthroot and ground lily.Scientific classification: The genus Trillium belongs to the family Liliaceae. Painted trillium is classified as Trillium undulatum, purple trillium as Trillium erectum, and white wake-robin as Trillium grandiflorum. Nodding trillium is classified as Trillium cernuum and dwarf white trillium as Trillium nivale.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Trillium</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BerryFruitLilyPinkWake-Robin</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningWake-Robin</text>
</content>
<name>Trillium</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_228342.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Tree, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> having an upright woody main </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, and usually the tallest of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> at maturity. A tree differs from a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> in that it usually produces a single main stem, or trunk, and from an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> in that the stem is composed almost entirely of woody tissue. Trees of some smaller species sometimes develop with more than one stem, like a shrub, but most species of larger size grow only in tree form. Some species, when they reach maturity, are only 4.6 m (15 ft) high, with trunks as slender as 15 cm (6 in) in circumference; the largest species may reach higher than 112 m (367 ft), with trunks that have a diameter of more than 6 m (more than 20 ft).Trees are popularly grouped into two broad categories: </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> and deciduous trees. (These categories do not correspond strictly to the scientific classifications described below.) Evergreens are those that bear foliage throughout each year, constantly shedding a small proportion of the older leaves and replacing them with new leaves. Two evergreen </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> types are common: (1) needle leaf, typified by the tough, narrow or scalelike resinous leaves of most conifers; and (2) broadleaf angiosperms, most common in tropical areas, but found in temperate areas as well. Deciduous trees are broad-leaved and lose their foliage each year, usually at the approach of the coldest and/or darkest season.Classification All trees are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing plants, either gymnosperms, mostly cone-bearing plants commonly called softwoods, or angiosperms, which are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, the trees of which are commonly called hardwoods (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1">). The angiosperms are further divided into two classes, the Liliopsida (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">) and the Magnoliopsida (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">), depending on seed structure. Of the 60,000 to 70,000 species of trees, all are dicotyledonous except a few hundred monocotyledonous species and less than 1000 gymnospermous species.All five living orders of gymnosperms consist primarily of tree species; the most important gymnosperm orders are the Pinales and Taxales, comprising the conifers (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Conifer</a></span><span class="style1">). Among the angiosperms, few tree species are monocots. The only monocotyledonous family containing a preponderance of tree species is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> family, Areceae, the genera of which are native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The dicots include most of the broad-leaved trees, which are distributed throughout the world.In the U.S., native trees belong to about 850 species, which are classified in 222 genera and 69 plant families. Of this total, about 300 species belong to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, Quercus. Other large genera of American trees are Crataegus, the hawthorns; Pinus, the pines; and Salix, the willows (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hawthorn</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pine</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Willow</a></span><span class="style1">). About 110 other species native to the U.S. are tropical or subtropical trees restricted to Florida. In addition, about 60 species of trees from Europe and Asia are naturalized in the U.S. after centuries of cultivation, and more than 200 species of foreign trees are commonly grown in the U.S. as ornamental, shade, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> trees. Tree species make up about 3.5 percent of the plant species found in the U.S.Evolution Trees have existed since the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. The oldest trees known to paleobotanists are those of the genus Cordaites, which originated in the early Devonian period and became extinct by the end of the Paleozoic era. The oldest known surviving order of trees, the broad-leaved, gymnospermous Ginkgoales, is now represented by a single species, the maidenhair tree, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1"> biloba. Coniferous trees have existed since the middle of the Carboniferous period. Angiospermous trees first appeared in the lower Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era, and by the beginning of the Pliocene epoch of the Cenozoic era virtually all tree genera now in existence were growing profusely. The majority of fossil tree leaves found in Pliocene rocks are indistinguishable from leaves of present-day trees.Climate and Soil Requirements Trees grow wherever adequate groundwater is available for the major portion of the year. Trees do not grow profusely in desert areas or in areas in which the groundwater table is sufficient only for grassland vegetation; in such areas trees grow successfully only under careful cultivation, in desert oases, or along the banks of rivers and streams. Moreover, in areas bordering a grassland or desert, trees are frequently stunted and gnarled in growth. In high mountains or at the edge of the northern coniferous forests, such scattered, stunted, twisted trees are called krummholz. Under optimum conditions, however, trees grow in large aggregations called forests (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forest</a></span><span class="style1">).The climatic and soil requirements of trees are somewhat different for each species. Most tree species grow over large areas, of which only a small proportion permits optimum growth of the plant. The most common tree species in a given area is called the dominant species of the area. In the eastern U.S., for example, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> are dominant in Maine and northern New York; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beech</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">birch</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1"> in the southern portions of New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin; longleaf, loblolly, and slash pines in the Gulf states; and oak and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hickory</a></span><span class="style1"> in most of the remaining areas of the eastern U.S. Some of the states have chosen the blossoms of characteristic native and cultivated trees as state flowers; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, Malus pumila, for example, is the state </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> of both Michigan and Arkansas.Life Processes Most of the physiological processes undergone by trees are common to all higher plants. Because the structure of all trees is basically similar, many processes are carried on in uniform ways by most trees.Basic Structure Growth of trees, like that of shrubs, requires the successive addition of many layers of woody tissue to the stem of the original young seedling. The axis, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> and stem, of a tree seedling is divided into three main layers. The outermost layer, called the epidermis, is composed of thin-walled cells and protects the inner layers of the axis. The middle layer, called the cortex, is composed of larger, thin-walled cells, which function temporarily as storage cells. The innermost layer, or stele, is composed of a layer of tough pericyclic cells, a multicellular layer of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> cells, a multicellular layer of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1">, or wood, cells, and an inner core of thin-walled cells that is called pith.Embryonic Growth Early in the development of the plant, an embryonic layer of cells, called the cambium, develops between the phloem and xylem layers. The cambium layer alternately produces additional phloem and xylem cells by constant division. When a cambium cell divides to form xylem cells, the inner of the two resulting cells develops into a xylem cell. The outer cell continues to function as cambium in the next division, in which the outer cell develops into a phloem cell and the inner cell continues to function as cambium. Many more xylem cells are produced than phloem cells.Development The constant divisions of the cambium gradually increase the circumference of the axis. The cambium continually increases in circumference as the area of wood enlarges from the increase in xylem cells, but the tissues outside the cambiumΓÇönamely, phloem, pericycle, cortex, and epidermisΓÇösoon rupture, form deep fissures, and eventually split off. A new cambium, called the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> cambium, or phellogen, develops outside the phloem and produces successive layers of cork cells that protect the axis. As the axis continues its expansion, the layers of cork frequently develop characteristic fissures at the surface, and as each cork cambium is split by the expansion of wood, a new cork cambium develops to replace it.Maturity At maturity, the tree axis normally consists of several layers of cork cells, the outer portion of which is fissured: the cork cambium, a few layers of crushed phloem, a few layers of functioning phloem, the cambium, and many layers of xylem. The xylem layers usually constitute more than 95 percent of the diameter of the axis. The xylem layers are collectively called wood, and the layers outside the cambium are collectively called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">. The cork cambium divides the bark into outer bark and inner bark.Annual Rings Because the xylem cells produced in the spring of the year are large and those produced later in the year are smaller, and because an interruption of growth occurs during the winter, the growth of wood for each year appears as a distinct ring, called an annual, or growth, ring. The width of each ring is affected by climate and other variables, and archaeologists have studied tree rings to determine the climatic conditions and variations in environment of former times. By starting with trees the ages of which are known and comparing their rings with those of trees of unknown age, archaeologists have worked out a chronology extending back some 4000 years. This tree-dating method, called dendrochronology, has been used to date ancient structures and buildings the wooden beams of which have been preserved. Older annual rings are usually darkened and nonfunctional, and are collectively called heartwood; younger layers are lighter in color and function in transporting </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, and are therefore called sapwood.Nutrition The sapwood of the axis functions to carry water and dissolved mineral nutrients upward from the soil to the leaves (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Osmosis</a></span><span class="style1">). In the leaves the water is used, in combination with carbon dioxide taken in through the leaves, in a process of food manufacture called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">. The sapwood also transports the gaseous products of respiration, which occurs in all living cells of the plant, to the leaves, from which the gases are released into the atmosphere. Food, manufactured by photosynthesis, and oxygen, absorbed from the air and used in respiration, are transported downward to the roots by the phloem.Reproduction Reproduction in trees, as in almost all other plants, involves the alternation of generations. Ovules and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> may be borne in the same flower or the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> of a single tree. In most hollies, ashes, and maples, and in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yew</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">juniper</a></span><span class="style1">, and ginkgo, however, the trees are either ΓÇ£maleΓÇ¥ or ΓÇ£female.ΓÇ¥ Trees are usually wind- or insect-pollinated, but several species of birch produce fertile seeds without </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">.Life Span The normal age span of trees is different for each species. Some birches, for example, normally die after about 40 years of life. The sugar maple, on the other hand, frequently lives as long as 500 years, some oaks as long as 1500 years, some junipers as long as 2000 years, and some giant sequoias as long as 4000 years. Bristlecone pines, some almost 5000 years old, are the oldest living things.Uses Trees and tree products are among the most important commodities used by humans. For information on the growth of trees for timber and their subsequent use as wood, see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forestry</a></span><span class="style1">. For information on the use of trees as food sources, see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orchard</a></span><span class="style1">. Many trees are also used as ornamental plants in parks, along avenues and boulevards, and in gardens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Transpiration, evaporation of water particles from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> surfaces, especially from the surface openings, or stomata, on leaves (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Leaf</a></span><span class="style1">). Stomatal transpiration accounts for most of the water loss by a plant, but some direct evaporation also takes place through the surfaces of the epidermal cells of the leaves.</span></text>
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<id>39</id>
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card_227340.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tracheophytes, collective term applied to vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of nine divisions, or phyla, all of which grow on land. The nine divisions can be divided into three major groups: the lower, seedless vascular plants (psilopsid, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lycopsid</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horsetail</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1">; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1"> groupΓÇö</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cycad</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">conifer</a></span><span class="style1">, and gnetophytes) and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1"> division.All tracheophytes, from the simplest psilopsids to the most complex angiosperms, have vascular systems for the internal distribution of water, minerals, and food. By contrast, the other grouping of terrestrial plants, bryophytes, do not have vascular systems but absorb water directly from the base on which they grow or from the air. There are two types of vascular tissue: </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Xylem</a></span><span class="style1"> conducts water from the ground to the stems and leaves, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> conducts the food that is produced in the leaves to the stems, roots, and storage and reproductive organs. Tracheophytes are the dominant land plants and include all trees and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Psilopsids make up the division Psilophyta; lycopsids, the division Lycopodophyta; horsetails, the division Sphenophyta (or Equisetophyta); ferns, the division Filicinophyta (or Polypodophyta); cycads, the division Cycadophyta; ginkgos, the division Ginkgophyta; conifers, the division Coniferophyta; gnetophytes, the division Gnetophyta; and angiosperms, the division Angiospermophyta (or Magnoliophyta).</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tonka </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bean</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for several members of a genus of tropical American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their seeds. The plants bear purplish flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is egg-shaped, with a hard shell and pulpy flesh surrounding a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. The seed, also known as coumara </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, contains coumarin, a fragrant chemical substance used in the making of perfumes, in scenting </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">, and as a substitute for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vanilla</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Tonka beans are classified in the genus Dipteryx of the family Leguminosae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tomato, common name for a vinelike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to the Andean regions of South America. The name also refers to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the herb. Once thought to be poisonous, tomatoes have become one of the most widely grown and commercially important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> crops. They are cultivated as an annual in most regions of the world and are a valuable source of food minerals and vitamins, particularly vitamins A and C. The numerous varieties differ greatly in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> form and fruit type, the latter ranging from a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">currant</a></span><span class="style1"> size through </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1"> forms to the large, nearly round fruits, 10 cm (4 in) or more in diameter, which are the most widely grown. All forms include red- and yellow-fruited varieties.Tomatoes are propagated from seeds. In temperate regions seeds are generally started in greenhouses, hotbeds, or cold frames; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are set out in the fields when danger of frost is past. Tomatoes do best in well-fertilized, sandy loams, but they also grow well in almost any type of fertile, well-drained soil.In North America, most markets are supplied with tomatoes throughout the year. The winter crop is field-grown in Florida, Texas, California, and Mexico and grown in greenhouses in the North. Much of the southern crop is picked at a late green or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> stage, then ripened on its way to northern markets. Tomatoes for canning and processing into soups, sauces, and ketchups are widely grown in the Midwest and West, with the principal acreage in California. Harvest and handling procedures are highly mechanized. Most European markets for both fresh and processed tomatoes are supplied from the Mediterranean region and North Africa.Current research focuses on improving yield, flavor, and disease resistance. In the mid-1980s commercial production in the United States averaged about 8.2 million metric tons annually.Scientific classification: The tomato belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is classified as Lycopersicon esculentum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tobacco, common name applied to two </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family, that are cultivated for their leaves, which, when cured, are used for smoking and chewing and as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">snuff</a></span><span class="style1">. The most widely cultivated species grows from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) high and produces 10 to 20 broad leaves that branch alternately from a central stalk.History Tobacco is native to the western hemisphere and was probably first used by the ancient Maya peoples. They introduced it to Native North Americans, who believed it had medicinal properties and used it in ceremonies. The Arawak people of the Caribbean, observed by Christopher Columbus in 1492, smoked tobacco through a tube they called a tobago, from which the name originated. Brought to Spain from Santo Domingo in 1556, tobacco was introduced to France the same year by the French diplomat Jean Nicot, from whom the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> derived its generic name. In 1585 the English navigator Sir Francis Drake took it to England, and the practice of pipe smoking was introduced among the Elizabethan courtiers by the English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh. Tobacco use quickly spread throughout Europe and Russia, and by the 17th century it reached China, Japan, and the west coast of Africa.In colonial America the use of tobacco began in the settlement of Jamestown, where, as early as 1615, gardens, fields, and even streets were planted with tobacco, which became the staple crop and principal currency of the colony. After 1776 tobacco culture expanded to North Carolina and west as far as Missouri. In about 1864 an Ohio farmer happened upon a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">-deficient strain called white burley, which became a main ingredient of American blended tobaccos, especially after the invention of the cigarette-making machine in 1881. In the late 1980s the United States was the second largest tobacco producer after China and accounted for about 9 percent of world production. The United States exported more than one-third of its crop.Production Although tobacco is cultivated in about 120 climatically diverse countries and as far north as latitude 50┬░, the finer, marketable tobacco products come from only a few select regions and require much care and intensive labor in growing.Seedlings of special strainsΓÇösuch as those producing Maryland or burley for cigarettes, or filler, binder, and wrapper for cigarsΓÇöare transplanted from cold frames to fields, each calling for special </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1"> and moisture requirements. To produce the large, thin leaves for cigar wrappers, great canopies of cheesecloth are erected over fields. To concentrate growth into the leaves of large-leafed strains, the plant crowns are topped before flowering. Leaves are frequently hand-harvested in stages as they mature on the plant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. The leaves are hung in barns and cured by air, fire, or heat so that each tobacco type wilts, colors, and dries to impart a desired flavor. Air curing, used for many American cigarette and cigar tobaccos, takes six to eight weeks. In fire curing, smoke from a fire on the barn floor is allowed to permeate the leaves; in flue curing, heat (which at one time was conducted from fires through flues) is carefully applied so that the leaves ferment and dry correctly. After curing, the leaves are graded, often according to position on the plant, color, size, and other qualities before being baled and taken to tobacco warehouses for auctioning.Use Cigarette consumption, which accounts for most tobacco use in the United States, dropped slightly after 1964, when a special report to the U.S. surgeon general linked cigarette smoking with lung cancer, coronary artery disease, and other ailments. Since early 1970 the number of cigarettes smoked per capita by American adults has remained virtually unchanged at about 3900 per year.Whereas tobacco consumption in developed countries is leveling off, in developing countries it is rapidly rising. In Africa, per capita consumption during the past decade has increased 33 percent. Developing countries, where the international tobacco industries are now concentrating their efforts, are projected to increase tobacco consumption by 2.8 percent annually.From 1974 to 1987 U.S. exports in tobacco products and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> in average value from $650 million to $3.4 billion. The tobacco industry is aided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, through the Commodity Credit Corporation and the price-support system.Scientific classification: Tobacco plants belong to the family Solanaceae. They are classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nicotiana</a></span><span class="style1"> tabacum (the most widely cultivated) and Nicotiana rustica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Timothy, common name for a tall stout grass (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">), the most valuable species of its genus for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and pasturage. In the United States, timothy hay is considered one of the most valuable hays made wholly from grass and is commonly used as the standard with which to compare other hays.Scientific classification: Timothy grass belongs to the family Gramineae. It is classified as Phleum pratense.</span></text>
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card_225288.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Thyme, common name for any member of a genus of half-shrubby </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Garden thyme is about 15 to 25 cm (about 6 to 10 in) high, with narrow, almost linear leaves, and whitish or reddish flowers in whorls. Wild thyme has a creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> with many branches forming tufts; low and dense, oval leaves; and purplish flowers, arranged in whorls, which are united in a head. It is less fragrant than garden thyme, but both contain an aromatic essential oil.Scientific classification: Thyme makes up the genus Thymus of the family Labiatae. Garden thyme is classified as Thymus vulgaris and wild thyme as Thymus serpyllum.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Thyme</text>
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card_224854.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Thistle, common name for several </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. The name thistle is applied in a restricted sense to plants in several genera, usually possessing spiny leaves and branches, and sharp, spiny bracts surrounding the flowers. Technical definition of the thistle relies on the characteristics of the style and anthers. The common, plumed, or bull thistle bears purple flowers; the Canada thistle bears small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1"> or white flowers. The musk thistle is common in fields in the northeastern United States and bears purple flowers. The globe thistle, which bears whitish or blue flowers, is frequently cultivated in the United States, as is the milk thistle or lady's thistle, which bears purple flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1"> or Scotch thistle has large heads of purple flowers. The star thistle bears purplish flowers; the blessed thistle bears large heads of yellow flowers.The name thistle is also applied to other spiny plants. The sow thistles, for example, also belong to the family of composite flowers, and the Russian thistle belongs to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goosefoot</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: Thistles belong to the family Compositae. The common, plumed, or bull thistle is classified as Cirsium vulgare; the Canadian thistle as Cirsium arvense; the globe thistle as Echinops sphaerocephalus; and the milk thistle or lady's thistle as Silybum marianum. The cotton or Scotch thistle is classified as Onopordum acanthium, the star thistle as Centaurea calcitrapa, and the blessed thistle as Cnicus benedictus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Teasel, common name a small family of mostly herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> distributed mainly in Asia Minor and the Mediterranean area, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 270 species placed in 8 genera. The mature fruits of fuller's teasel are oblong and covered with flexible spines that have recurved barbs. At one time these spines, also called teasels, were used to full, or raise, the nap of cloth; they have mainly been replaced by metal teasels. Fuller's teasel is grown as an ornamental and used in dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> arrangements.The teasel family is a member of an order containing nearly 1000 species, which are placed in 4 families. The plants occur throughout the world, with most species concentrated in temperate areas. The largest family in the order is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 400 species, including many attractive and valuable ornamentals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">valerian</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 300 species, contains a few ornamentals and medicinals as well as the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1"> salad, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> used in salads. The moschatel family contains only three species of small perennial herbs, each placed in its own genus. Most plants in the order are herbs or shrubs, but some are climbers, such as honeysuckle. The plants characteristically have opposite leaves that lack stipules (leaflike appendages at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base). The flowers lack or have poorly developed sepals (outer floral whorl), and the petals (inner floral whorl) are fused to form a corolla tube. The three to five stamens (male floral parts) are attached to the inner surface of the tube, and the ovary (female flower part) is inferior (borne below and surrounded by the other flower parts).Scientific classification: Teasels make up the family Dipsacaceae in the order Dipsacales. Its representative genus is Dipsacus. Fuller's teasel is classified as Dipsacus sativus. Common corn salad belongs to the family Valerianaceae and is classified as Valerianella locusta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Teak, common name for a tall, deciduous timber </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">verbena</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The tree, which attains a height of about 30 m (about 100 ft), is native to India and the Malay Archipelago and is cultivated in the Philippine Islands and Java. The bluish to white flowers are arranged in terminal panicles, or clusters. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1">. Because of its durability and strength, teakwood is used throughout the world as lumber in shipbuilding. In the tropics, the wood is used primarily for the construction of furniture; teak furniture has been known to resist the attacks of insects and the corrosive effects of weather for hundreds of years. Substitutes for teak, which have been under extensive cultivation because of the increasing demand, are loosely termed teaks. African teak, or African </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">, is a hardwood tree of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spurge</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: The teak tree belongs to the family Verbenaceae. It is classified as Tectona grandis. The African teak, or African oak, is classified as Oldfieldia africana.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Teak</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DrupeFruitOakSpurgeTreeVerbena</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Verbena</text>
</content>
<name>Teak</name>
<script></script>
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card_224141.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tea, common name for a family of mostly woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for one of its important genera. The family, which contains about 600 species placed in 28 genera, is distributed through tropical and subtropical areas, but most species occur in eastern Asia and South America.Characteristics of the Order The order to which the tea family belongs is primarily tropical in distribution, centered in southeastern Asia, with few temperate members. Most members are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees with broad, simple, resin-containing leaves, although a few climbers and herbs occur. The flowers usually have four or five free, or unfused, sepals (outer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> whorls) and petals (inner floral whorls) and are radially symmetrical. The numerous stamens (male floral organs) are fused either into a ring, as in the tea genus, or into distinct bundles, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Saint-John's-wort</a></span><span class="style1">. When the stamens are united into a ring, the petals are often joined to the ring, as in tea genus. The ovary (female floral organ) is superior; that is, the sepals, petals, and stamens are produced from its base.The most important source of timber in the order is a family that dominates the rain forests of Malaysia and is also a source of useful resins. This family contains more than 500 species. Members of the family produce a characteristic two-winged </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, which is distributed by the wind; the wings are formed by persistent sepals.The Beverage The tea </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> itself is a native of Southeast Asia. The tea brewed from the dried leaves of this plant has been drunk in China since perhaps the 28th century BC and certainly since the 10th century BC, from which time written records of its use survive. It was first brought to Europe by the Dutch in the early 17th century AD. After the introduction of tea there in 1657, England became the only European country of tea drinkers rather than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1"> drinkers. Tea was introduced into North America by early settlers but was heavily taxed by the British, eventually resulting in the well-known Boston Tea Party of 1773, and it has never competed successfully with coffee as the staple beverage. Tea is drunk by about half of the world's population; China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Japan are the main producers.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> buds and young leaves are used in making tea, the age of the leaves determining the taste and name of the particular commercial variety. Thus, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> pekoe is made from the youngest leaves, and souchong from the fourth leaves. After picking, the leaves either are dried immediately and completely to produce green teasΓÇösuch as pan-fired, basket-fired, hyson, and gunpowderΓÇöor are partially dried and then allowed to ferment to produce various kinds of black teas, such as orange pekoe, pekoe, congou, and souchong. Oolong tea is partially fired and then steamed, thus being intermediate between green and black teas. After being sorted, all grades of tea are packed in foil-lined chests to prevent the absorption of unpleasant odors or the loss of aroma during shipment. In China, tea is sometimes allowed to absorb the scent from various flowers; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1"> is a particular favorite.Tea is an aromatic stimulant, containing various polyphenols, essential oils, and caffeine. The concentration of caffeine in tea ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 percent, as contrasted to an average concentration of about 1.5 percent in coffee.Pests The tea plant is attacked by several injurious insects, the most important of which is the fagot worm. The tea borer, which is the larva of a cossid moth, attacks the stems and branches of the tea plant. Several species of scale insects attack the tea plant. Several mites also feed on it, including a red spider and the yellow tea mite, which destroys the buds.Scientific classification: Teas make up the family Theaceae of the order Theales. The most important source of timber in the order Theales is the family Dipterocarpaceae. The tea genus is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Camellia</a></span><span class="style1">. The tea plant is classified as Camellia sinensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Taxonomy, science of classifying animals and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Probably the first scientific study of plants was the attempt to classify them. At first, because of the limited knowledge of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> structures, artificial classifications, beginning with the most ancient one into herbs, shrubs, and trees, were necessary. These simple categories merely cataloged, in a tentative way, the rapidly accumulating material, in preparation for a classification based on natural relationships. Modern taxonomic classification, based on the natural concepts and system of the Swedish botanist Carolus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linnaeus</a></span><span class="style1">, has progressed steadily since the 18th century, modified by advances in knowledge of morphology, evolution, and genetics.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Taxonomy</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>LinnaeusPlantPlants</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Linnaeus</text>
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<name>Taxonomy</name>
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card_223363.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tarragon, common name for an aromatic, bitter, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">, native to Siberia and the regions surrounding the Caspian Sea. It reaches a height of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and is cultivated as a culinary herb in western Europe. The small greenish </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads are arranged in panicles. The green parts of the tarragon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> are used for seasoning salads and for flavoring pickles, vinegar, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1">. The sweet-scented </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marigold</a></span><span class="style1"> is sometimes used as a substitute.Scientific classification: Tarragon belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Artemisia dracunculus. The sweet-scented marigold is classified as Tagetes lucida.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Taro, one of several common names for large perennial herbs of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, especially for one species, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is grown throughout the Tropics for its starchy corms (swollen underground stems), which yield about 50 percent starch but which must be cooked before eating to eliminate a poisonous substance, calcium oxalate. Taro is native to Southeast Asia, but its cultivation had spread to the Mediterranean by classical times and to the Pacific islands by 1000 years ago. Other names include dasheen, eddoe (West Indies), and cocyam (West Africa). Forms of the genus are grown ornamentally for their huge leaves, known as elephant ears. Poi, the national dish of Hawaii, is made from boiled taro that is pounded, then fermented to form a sticky, edible paste.Scientific classification: Taro belongs to the family Araceae. It is classified as Colocasia esculenta.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Taro</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumPlant</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>ArumElephant's Ear</text>
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<name>Taro</name>
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card_222739.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tansy, common name for a genus of about 70 north temperate species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. A few are native to the United States. The common tansy is an aromatic perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> growing to about 1 m (about 3 ft) high, with deeply divided leaves and yellow flowering heads. Native to Europe and now naturalized in North America, it is grown as a garden ornamental; it also has been used in cooking and to make a tonic.Scientific classification: Tansies make up the genus Tanacetum of the family Compositae. The common tansy is classified as Tanacetum vulgare.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tangerine, common name for a reddish-yellow variety of mandarin </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> developed in Florida. The mandarin orange is native to southeastern Asia and has been widely cultivated in orange-growing regions of the world. The tangerine resembles the orange but is smaller and oblate in shape and has a more pungent odor, a thinner rind, and sections that may be readily separated. It has a food value comparable to that of the orange, but the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is more delicate and subject to damage in handling.Scientific classification: The mandarin orange belongs to the family Rutaceae and is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> reticulata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Tangerine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusFruitOrange</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CitrusOrangeTangelo</text>
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<name>Tangerine</name>
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card_222101.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tangelo, name applied to any of various hybrid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> fruits produced by crossing two citrus fruits, most commonly the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shaddock</a></span><span class="style1"> with the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tangerine</a></span><span class="style1"> or mandarin </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">. Tangelos were first cultivated in the 19th century and are valued for their sweet taste and large size. They are generally orangelike in taste but are less round in shape. The term tangelo arose out of combining the words tangerine and pomelo, a less frequent term for the grapefruit and shaddock.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Tamarisk, also salt </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a genus of about 55 species of deep-rooted, deciduous trees and shrubs native to the Mediterranean region and eastward to northern China, often found in desert areas. The showy white to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, borne in terminal clusters, have four to five sepals, petals, and stamens and a single pistil. Several species are grown as seashore windbreaks; others are grown as ornamentals. Several have important medicinal properties, and still others are cultivated for their dye products. Tamarisk galls (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gall</a></span><span class="style1">) are rich in tannins. An oriental species excretes a sweet substance when the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> is punctured by a scale insect.Scientific classification: Tamarisks make up the genus Tamarix of the family Tamaricaceae. The oriental species that excretes a sweet substance when the bark is punctured is Tamarix mannifera.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Tamarisk</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkCedarGallPink</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Violet</text>
</content>
<name>Tamarisk</name>
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card_221627.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Tamarind, common name for a tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to fertile areas throughout tropical Africa and southern Asia. The tamarind is a large tree, attaining a height of 24 m (80 ft). The wood is extremely hard and is used in cabinetwork. The tamarind is cultivated widely in tropical areas of the eastern and western hemispheres as an ornamental tree and for its acidic fruits. The pale-yellow flowers, arranged in loose, terminal racemes, have a four-parted calyx, five petals, three fertile stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a tapering, indehiscent (remaining closed at maturity), many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. When it is mixed with sugar and water, tamarind juice is a popular drink in Latin America.Scientific classification: The tamarind belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Tamarindus indica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Tamarind</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFruitLegumePodTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Legume</text>
</content>
<name>Tamarind</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_221377.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Potato</a></span><span class="style1">, common name applied to a perennial, trailing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">morning glory</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, which is native to tropical America, is cultivated on sandy or loamy soils throughout many warm regions of the world, and exists as an important food staple in the southern United States. It is planted primarily for its thick, edible roots, called sweet potatoes. Two main types are commonly cultivated: a dry, mealy type, and a soft, light-to-deep-yellow, moist-fleshed type. The species often called wild sweet-potato </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">, manroot, or man-of-the-earth is not edible, but it is frequently cultivated as an ornamental vine in the eastern United States.The sweet potato yields an important starch, which is used commercially for sizing textiles and papers, for the manufacture of adhesives, and in laundries. In the United States, large quantities of sweet potatoes, either freshly harvested or shredded and dried, are used as feed for livestock. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Yam</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The sweet potato belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. It is classified as Ipomoea batatas. The species called wild sweet-potato vine, manroot, or man-of-the-earth is classified as Ipomoea pandurata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Clover</a></span><span class="style1">, also melilot, common name for any member of a genus of leguminous (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">) herbs. The genus, which contains about 20 species, is native to Eurasia, and several species are cultivated in the United States. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> produce yellow or white flowers, borne on spikes, and trifoliate leaves. The three species of agricultural importance in the United States are white sweet clover, yellow sweet clover, and sour clover. Cultivated varieties of sweet clover are biennials grown throughout the northern United States, and sour clover is a winter annual grown in the southern United States. Standing sweet clover is used for grazing and green manuring. Cut sweet clover is used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and silage; spoiled hay and poorly preserved silage contain dicumarol, a decomposition product of coumarin, that is poisonous to livestock, causing external and internal bleeding.Scientific classification: Sweet clovers make up the genus Melilotus of the family Leguminosae. White sweet clover is classified as Melilotus alba, yellow sweet clover as Melilotus officinalis, and sour clover as Melilotus indica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sweet Clover</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CloverHayLegumePlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Clover</text>
</content>
<name>Sweet Clover</name>
<script></script>
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card_219136.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Swamp </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any member of a genus of bulbous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">amaryllis</a></span><span class="style1"> family, found chiefly in tropical areas, and in particular for the southern swamp crinum found in the southern United States from Florida to Texas. The fragrant flowers vary from trumpet shaped to star shaped, and the long, straplike leaves are usually </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">. All species have a long </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> tube. The flowers of the southern swamp crinum are white, as are those of poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">, an Asiatic species cultivated in gardens. Both of these species are sometimes known as Saint-John's-lily.Scientific classification: Swamp lilies make up the genus Crinum of the family Amaryllidaceae. The southern swamp crinum is classified as Crinum americanum. Poison bulb is classified as Crinum asiaticum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sunflower, common name for annual and perennial herbs of a genus of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. The genus, which contains about 67 species, is thought to be native to South America originally, although sunflowers are now distributed almost worldwide. Some of the tall-growing forms may attain a height of 3 m (12 ft). The large, solitary blossom, sometimes less than a meter (3 ft) in diameter, is composed of yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers and a central disk of either yellow, brown, or purple flowers, depending on the species. The daily orientation of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> to the sun is a direct result of differential growth of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. A </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">-growth regulator, or auxin, accumulates on the shaded side of a plant when conditions of unequal light prevail. Because of this accumulation, the darker side grows faster than the sunlit side. Thus, the stem bends toward the sun.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are cultivated for their seeds. Refined sunflower-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> oil is edible and considered by many equal in quality to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> oil. Cruder sunflower oil is used for making soap and candles. The oil cakes (solid residues after oil is expressed) are used as cattle feed. The raw seeds are used in poultry mixes and are consumed by humans as well. The roots of one species, also called Jerusalem </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">artichoke</a></span><span class="style1">, may be eaten boiled, stewed, or baked in pies.Scientific classification: Sunflowers make up the genus Helianthus and belong to the family Compositae. The Jerusalem artichoke is classified as Helianthus tuberosus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sumac, common name for any of a genus of deciduous or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cashew</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus contains about 200 species native to temperate and subtropical regions throughout the eastern and western hemispheres. The foliage and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of most sumacs are rich in tannins, used widely for tanning leathers. Several sumacs are cultivated widely in the United States for ornamental purposes.The staghorn sumac is a tall North American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grown extensively as an ornamental for its brilliant autumn color. The greenish, clustered flowers of the staghorn produce red fruits that persist throughout winter. Smooth sumac, common in the southwestern United States, is also widely cultivated because of its large, dense, green flowers and finely cut, brilliantly colored leaves. Another popular ornamental native to eastern North America is the dwarf sumac, which has glossy foliage that turns scarlet in the fall. The Sicilian sumac, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia, is a principal source of tannin. The poison sumac which was formerly placed in the genus, is poisonous to the touch (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poison Ivy</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poisonous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Sumacs make up the genus Rhus of the family Anacardiaceae. The staghorn sumac is classified as Rhus typhina, smooth sumac as Rhus glabra, and the dwarf sumac as Rhus copallina. Sicilian sumac is classified as Rhus coriaria and the poison sumac as Toxicodendron vernix.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sugarcane, common name for certain species of perennial herbs of a genus of the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). The common sugarcane is extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries throughout the world for the sugar contained within its many-jointed stems. Sugarcane grows to a height of 3 to 6 m (about 8 to 20 ft) and has stems 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) thick. The small spikelets are borne in panicles and are surrounded by long, silky fibers. Several horticultural varieties are known, differing in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> color and height.The common sugarcane has been cultivated from stem cuttings since ancient times; some varieties do not produce fertile </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. Cane grown in the southern United States is usually planted in the winter and remains in the ground approximately eight months before being harvested. In tropical areas such as Hawaii and Cuba, cane has a growth period of from one year to 18 months and is harvested from January to August.Although several cane-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> machines have been used with some success, most of the sugarcane in the world is harvested by hand. The cutting instrument most commonly used consists of a large steel blade about 50 cm (about 18 in) long and about 13 cm (about 5 in) wide, equipped with a small hook on the back, and set into a wooden handle. Cane is cut at or near the surface of the ground, stripped of its leaves by the knife hook, and trimmed at the top near the last mature joint. The cane is then piled in rows along the ground until picked up by hand or machine, tied in bundles, and transported by cart or truck to the sugar factory, where the grinding mill extracts the sugar from the cane.Scientific classification: Sugarcanes belong to the family Gramineae. The common sugarcane is classified as Saccharum officinarum.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Sugarcane</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CuttingGrassesSeedStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsFigwortGrassesReedSapSucrose</text>
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<name>Sugarcane</name>
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card_217436.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Sugar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Beet</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a cultivar of the table beet, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goosefoot</a></span><span class="style1"> family, important as the source of about two-fifths of the world supply of sugar. The sugar beet flourishes on a rich, deep, loamy soil in a climate having a mean temperature of about 21┬░ C (about 70┬░ F) during the growing season. The rotation of the crop with other crops is carefully planned, and the proper fertilization of the fields has been a subject of much study. In commercial beet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> production, beets with about 15 percent sugar are selected, placed in pits during the winter, and set out again in the spring to produce the seed crop. In the United States, California leads in production of beet sugar. Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, and Montana are other important producers of the sugar.Scientific classification: The sugar beet belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is classified as Beta vulgaris, Crassa Group.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sugar Beet</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeetGoosefootSeed</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeetSucrose</text>
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<name>Sugar Beet</name>
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card_217215.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Sudan Grass, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> grass native to areas throughout Africa and southern Asia (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sorghum</a></span><span class="style1">). It was introduced into the United States in 1909 from Khartoum, Sudan, and has since become a valuable forage </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. It grows up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The thick, erect stems usually arise in groups from a single clump. The leaves are long and narrow and are arranged at the ends of the stems on loose-bending branches. Because of its resistance to long, hot, dry periods of weather, Sudan grass is well adapted to the Great Plains of North America, and in more humid areas it is valuable as emergency forage. In regions where the moisture content of the soil is low, the grass is usually the principal crop; where there is sufficient rainfall it is often grown with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">soybean</a></span><span class="style1">. Sudan grass is sometimes considered dangerous to grazing livestock because it may contain varying amounts of hydrocyanic acid, a toxic substance. Danger of hydrocyanic acid poisoning is eliminated by delaying grazing until the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> reach a height of 91 cm (36 in) or more, at which stage they are relatively free of the substance. The acid content of the grass may also be decreased by limiting planting to fertile soils with large water-holding capacities.Scientific classification: Sudan grass belongs to the family Gramineae. It is classified as Sorghum sudanense.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sudan Grass</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ForagePlantPlantsSorghumSoybean</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Sorghum</text>
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<name>Sudan Grass</name>
<script></script>
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card_217070.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Sucrose, a sugar with the formula C12H22011, belonging to the group of carbohydrates known as disaccharides. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, crystallizes in long, slender needles, and is dextrorotatory, rotating the plane of polarized light to the right. Upon hydrolysis it yields a mixture of glucose and fructose, which are levorotatory, turning the plane of polarized light to the left. Thus, the mixture obtained is known as invert sugar, and the process is known as inversion. Inversion is carried on in the human intestine through the aid of the enzymes known as invertase and sucrase. Sucrose is extracted chiefly from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugar beet</a></span><span class="style1"> and is commonly called cane sugar. When heated to temperatures above 180┬░ C (356┬░ F), sucrose becomes the amorphous, brown, syrupy substance called caramel.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sucrose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeetSugar BeetSugarcane</text>
</content>
<name>Sucrose</name>
<script></script>
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card_216803.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Succulent, in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, a tropical or desert </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with thick and fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> or leaves designed to retain water and minimize evaporation. Succulent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are usually found in regions of little rainfall and generally have long roots to absorb a maximum amount of water. Some of the commonest succulents are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1">, which are leafless or have short, prickly leaves, storing a lot of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1"> in the stem; and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">agave</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aloe</a></span><span class="style1">, which collect water in the stem.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Styrax, genus of deciduous or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and small trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ebony</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which contains about 100 species, is native to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions throughout the world and is cultivated widely as an ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in the eastern United States. The showy white flowers, arranged in drooping racemes, have a five-toothed outer floral envelope, five petals, ten stamens, and a solitary pistil. The several-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is often dehiscentΓÇöthat is, it splits to release the seeds. Species of styrax include a deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that is found along the Atlantic coast from Virginia to Florida and reaches a height of 3.7 m (12 ft). The hardiest species of styrax, the Japanese snowbell, is a deciduous shrub or small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, 9 m (30 ft) high, native to Japan and China. An important resinous substance called storax is obtained as an exudate from an Asian and European species. A species native to Borneo, Java, and the Malay Peninsula yields the important balsamic resin that is called benzoin.Scientific classification: The genus Styrax belongs to the family Styracaceae. The deciduous shrub found along the Atlantic coast is classified as Styrax grandifolius, the Japanese snowbell as Styrax japonicus, the species from which storax is obtained as Styrax officinalis, and the species from which benzoin is obtained as Styrax benzoin.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Styrax</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>EbonyEvergreenFruitPlantShrubTree</text>
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<name>Styrax</name>
<script></script>
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card_216299.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Strychnos, genus of trees and climbing shrubs in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gentian</a></span><span class="style1"> order. The genus, which contains about 190 species, is native to tropical countries throughout the world and has been introduced into the southern United States. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> have opposite leaves and bear cymes of white or yellowish flowers that have a four-lobed or five-lobed calyx, a four-parted or five-parted corolla, five stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">.The seeds and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of many of these plants contain powerful poisons; curare, or Indian arrow poison, is derived from one species of the genus. Strychnine and brucine are derived from the seeds both of the Saint-Ignatius's-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, a woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> native to the Philippines, and of the nux-vomica </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, a tree attaining a height of 12 m (40 ft) and native to Indonesia. The copalche, which is native to South America, contains a substance similar in action to quinine. The natal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> is a low, African tree bearing edible, orange-colored berries the size of an orange; this </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has been introduced into the southern United States, where it is cultivated for its fruit.Scientific classification: The genus Strychnos belongs to the family Loganiaceae. Curare, or Indian arrow poison, is derived from the species classified as Strychnos toxifera. Saint-Ignatius's-bean is classified as Strychnos ignatii, the nux-vomica tree as Strychnos nux-vomica, the copalche as Strychnos pseudo-quina, and the natal orange as Strychnos spinosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Strawberry, common name for low, perennial herbs of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and also for the edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of these herbs. Strawberries, which are native to temperate regions throughout the world, were first cultivated in the United States about 1835 and have since become an important and widely distributed crop on farms and in home gardens. The white flowers, which are borne in cymes, have a five-cleft calyx, five rounded petals, many stamens, and numerous pistils. The fruit is an aggregate of numerous nutlets distributed on an enlarged, pulpy, scarlet receptacle.All cultivated strawberries were developed from four principal species. The first of these, the wood strawberry, is a fragile woodland species native to the mountains of Mexico, South America, and the West Indies. The meadow strawberry of eastern North America was introduced into Europe during the 17th century. The beach strawberry is native to mountainous areas in the western hemisphere, and the fourth species of strawberry is common in central Europe. Most of the numerous varieties of strawberries under cultivation today were developed from the North American varieties, known as the Wilson, Crescent, Sharpless, and Longworth.In northern areas of the United States, strawberries are usually planted in early spring; in the South and California they are planted in midsummer or later. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> bear fruit in the spring of the following year. A variety called everbearing strawberries produces a second, smaller crop of fruit in the fall. Most strawberries are propagated naturally by means of runners that form about two months after the planting season.Common enemies of the strawberry </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> include such insects as the rose chafers, which riddle the leaves or lay eggs in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> beds; the black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> weevil; and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> rollers. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Strawberries make up the genus Fragaria of the family Rosaceae. The wood strawberry is classified as Fragaria vesca, the meadow strawberry as Fragaria virginiana, and the beach strawberry as Fragaria chiloensis. The fourth principal species from which cultivated strawberries were developed is classified as Fragaria moschata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Strawberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsFlowerFruitLeafPlantPlantsRoseVine</text>
<text><span class="style1">Stonecrop, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sedum</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> order, and for its representative genus. The family comprises about 33 genera and 1500 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and herbs and sometimes treelets, found often in arid regions and more rarely in moist habitats in both Eurasia and the Americas, but not in Australia or the western Pacific. Two European species, cultivated for rock gardens and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">-bed borders and grown extensively in gardens of the United States, are the mossy stonecrop, a low, creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> with golden flowers, and the live-forever, or garden orpine, an erect perennial with reddish blossoms. Both </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> spread from cultivation and are widely naturalized in North America.Scientific classification: Stonecrops make up the family Crassulaceae of the order Rosales. The representative genus is Sedum. The mossy stonecrop is classified as Sedum acre and the live-forever, or garden orpine, as Sedum telephium.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Stock (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">), common name applied to annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, and perennial herbs and shrubs constituting a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which contains more than 50 species, is native to many parts of Eurasia, South Africa, and Australia and is cultivated in gardens and greenhouses throughout the United States. The fragrant white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, or purple flowers, borne in erect, terminal bunches, have four sepals (parts of the outer floral whirl), four petals, six stamens (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing units), and a solitary pistil (ovary-bearing unit). The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a siliqueΓÇöa long, two-valved capsuleΓÇöas in other members of the family.Scientific classification: Stock make up the genus Matthiola of the family Cruciferae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Stem, portion of vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that commonly bears leaves and buds. It usually is aerial, upright, and elongate, but may be highly modified in structure. Subterranean stems include the rhizomes of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1"> and the runners of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">strawberry</a></span><span class="style1">; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1"> is a portion of an underground stem. Some plants, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">century plant</a></span><span class="style1">, have very short stems that bear a dense cluster of leaves. Those points on the stem at which leaves or buds arise are called nodes, and the regions of the stem between the nodes are known as internodes.The chief functions of stems are the production and support of leaves and reproductive structures, conduction of water and nutrients and food storage. In some plants, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1">, stems also have the specialized functions of storing water and manufacturing food.Conducting tissues within plant stems are arranged in columns called vascular bundles. These bundles are composed of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1">, which conducts water up the stem, and of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1">, which transports sugars produced by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> down the stem. Vascular bundles extend into leaves, in which they are called veins. As the stem grows longer, new cells are added to the vascular system, providing conductive tissue for new leaves and branches.The arrangement of vascular bundles differs in the stems of the two major groups of angiosperms (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">) or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">: the monocotyledons and the dicotyledons (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">). In monocotyledons, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, the vascular tissue occurs in many scattered bundles throughout the cross section of the stem. In dicotyledons, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">, the vascular bundles are arranged in a cylindrical ring; the remainder of the stem constitutes the fundamental tissue and is usually divided into the cortex, or portion outside the ring of vascular bundles, and the pith, the portion inside the cylindrical ring. The outer layer of the stem of herbaceous plants is called the epidermis.In the angiosperms, only dicotyledons have true woody growth. Gymnosperms (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1">), comprising the conifers and related plants, all have woody stems. Such stems have a thin layer of cells between the xylem and phloem, called the cambium. During the growing season, these cells divide actively, producing new cells that differentiate into xylem, or wood, toward the inner side of the cambium and phloem toward the outer side. As the cambium grows, the diameter of the stem increases, and the new phloem presses outward upon the soft tissues of the cortex, which become distorted and eventually die. A second layer of dividing cells, however, is formed either in the cortex or, in older stems, in the phloem. This layer of cells produces </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1">, which is the protective tissue that replaces the dead cells of the epidermis. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks, thus, is a complex tissue consisting of phloem and cork.Herbaceous stems, lacking in woody growth, may derive strength by other means. The monocotyledon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bamboo</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, which does not develop wood, is strengthened by the presence of numerous fibers in its stem.The phloem and cortex may contain fibers in addition to soft cells. Such fibers having commercial importance include linen, obtained from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jute</a></span><span class="style1">. Wood is the most important economic product of the stem.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Star-of-Bethlehem, common name for a bulbous-rooted </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The erect linear leaves of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grow in a clump from an onionlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">, reaching a height of about 30 cm (about 12 in). These are followed in spring by an attractive cluster of white, lilylike flowers. Star-of-Bethlehem was introduced from the Mediterranean region as a garden perennial but has become naturalized in grasslands throughout the eastern and central United States. The bulbs, which may be brought to the surface by plowing or by frost heaving, contain poisons that, when eaten, produce symptoms of depression, salivation, and bloat and may eventually cause death.Scientific classification: Star-of-Bethlehem belongs to the family Liliaceae. It is classified as Ornithogalum umbellatum.</span></text>
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<text>Star-of-Bethlehem</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BulbHerbLilyPlant</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous Plants</text>
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<name>Star-of-Bethlehem</name>
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card_214359.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Staff </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a dicot (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">) order comprising 12 families and about 2000 species of mostly tropical and subtropical trees, shrubs, and woody vines, and for some members of its typical genus (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bittersweet</a></span><span class="style1">). See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Holly</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Staff trees make up the order Celastrales. The typical genus is Celastrus.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Staff Tree</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BittersweetDicotsHollyTree</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BittersweetSpindle Tree</text>
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<name>Staff Tree</name>
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card_214063.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Squash (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for American trailing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their edible fruits, which are used as table vegetables. Several members of the genus are also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pumpkin</a></span><span class="style1">. Squashes have been developed in many varieties and yield fruits of widely differing forms and sizes. Summer squash, including the summer crookneck, the white or yellow scallops, and the green </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">zucchini</a></span><span class="style1">, is harvested early, before the rind has begun to harden. The Hubbard, Boston, marrow, turban, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">butternut</a></span><span class="style1"> squashes are winter varieties gathered in the autumn with hard shells when ripe. Winter squash may be stored much longer than summer squash. Other well-known types of squash include the cushaw and winter crookneck.Scientific classification: Squashes make up the genus Cucurbita of the family Cucurbitaceae. Summer squashes are varieties of the species classified as Cucurbita pepo. Hubbard, Boston, Marrow, turban, and butternut squashes are varieties of the species classified as Cucurbita maxima. The cushaw and winter crookneck squashes are varieties of the species classified as Cucurbita moschata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spurge, common name for a large family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that includes many with cactuslike growth forms, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 8000 species; it occurs primarily in the Tropics, but representatives are found throughout the world except in polar and mountainous areas. The plants range from small annual herbs to large trees. Members of this family often have milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">, which in some species is irritating to the skin and can be fatal to livestock. Rubber is derived from the latex of several members of the spurge family, most importantly the para rubber </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. The floral whorl in the members of the family is usually inconspicuous, but the flowers are often grouped together in dense clusters, below which are borne large, colored leaves, or bracts, that serve the function of petalsΓÇöthat is, they attract pollinators. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poinsettia</a></span><span class="style1">, a Central American member of the family, is an excellent example of a spurge with brightly colored bracts; it is a popular Christmas decoration. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">castor bean</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tung tree</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tallow tree</a></span><span class="style1"> are other important members of the family, producing commercially significant oils. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cassava</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">manioc</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tuber</a></span><span class="style1"> is rich in starch and is the source of tapioca.The spurge genus contains many common North American weeds. Several species have cactuslike growth forms with thick, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> stems and no leaves. This growth form is an adaptation to hot, dry habitats and occurs in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> families as well. Spurges of this type can be distinguished from cacti by their milky latex.Scientific classification: Spurges make up the family Euphorbiaceae. The representative genus is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Euphorbia</a></span><span class="style1">. The para rubber tree is classified as Hevea brasiliensis and the poinsettia as Euphorbia pulcherrima.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spruce, common name for a genus of about 40 species of coniferous trees, indigenous to the northern hemisphere, nearly half being natives of North America. The genus, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> family, was formerly combined with a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, from which it differs in having pendulous cones, persistent woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">-bases, and four-angled leaves, scattered and pointing in every direction. Spruces occur farther north than most trees, forming forests within the Arctic Circle, and extending south, especially in the mountains, as far as the Pyrenees in Europe and the Himalayas in Asia; in the United States, spruces occur as far south as North Carolina and Arizona. The white spruce and black spruce cover extensive areas in Canada, almost to the total exclusion of other trees. In Europe the Norway spruce is similarly distributed; the timber is valuable for fuel and for house building and is exported from Norway and Sweden for masts and spars of sailing vessels.In North America the prevailing species over the greatest extent of territory are the white spruce and the black spruce, although in lumbering the two species are seldom distinguished. The former is found from New York to British Columbia and northward to Newfoundland, Hudson </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bay</a></span><span class="style1">, and Alaska. The white wood is light in weight, soft, compact, nearly odorless, and with scarcely distinguishable sapwood. It is used for general building purposes and also yields some of the spruce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> of commerce.The black spruce has a distribution somewhat similar to that of the white, except that it descends along the mountains to Virginia. It is a somewhat smaller </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, but otherwise similar to the white spruce. It forms immense forests in Maine, New York, Canada, and elsewhere and is used largely for wood pulp and paper. A third species, the red spruce, a valuable timber tree, is limited essentially to New England but is also found along the Appalachians as far south as Georgia.Scientific classification: Spruces make up the genus Picea of the family Pinaceae; the genus was formerly combined with the fir genus Abies. White spruce is classified as Picea glauca, black spruce as Picea mariana, and red spruce as Picea rubens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spinach, common name for an annual crop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goosefoot</a></span><span class="style1"> family, grown for its nutritious and savory leaves. Probably native to southwestern Asia, spinach was introduced to Europe by the 12th century. It became cultivated worldwide and received sudden popularity in the 1920s when nutritionists found it contained iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B2, or riboflavin.Two varieties of spinach are now grown. Wrinkled, or savoy, spinach can be packaged and shipped without wadding or spoiling and is marketed fresh. Smooth-leaved spinach can be easily washed and is marketed frozen or canned. Spinach leaves are picked from the immature plant when in the form of a rosette close to the ground. Because extended daylight and hot temperature cause the plant to bolt, or draw growth away from the leaves and into a tall, central </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> stalk, spinach is best cultivated in cool climates during spring or fall, or in warm climates during winter. Most spinach in the United States is now produced in Texas and California. Spinach is a fast-growing crop, producing harvestable leaves about 40 days after seeding.Scientific classification: Spinach belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is classified as Spinacia oleracea.</span></text>
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<text>Spinach</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerGoosefootPlant</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GoosefootLamb's-QuartersPokeweed</text>
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card_212914.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Spikenard, also nard (Greek Nardos), perfume highly prized in biblical times, believed to be produced from a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">valerian</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plant, also called spikenard, is a native of the Himalayas and is found at least as far south as the Deccan Plateau in India. The term spikenard is also used for American spikenard, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginseng</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> oils. False, or wild, spikenard is an unrelated species (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Solomon's Seal</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Spikenard is produced from Nardostachys jatamansi, of the family Valerianaceae. American spikenard belongs to the family Araliaceae and is classified as Aralia racemosa. False, or wild, spikenard belongs to the family Liliaceae and is classified as Smilacina racemosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spike Moss, common name for a medium-size family of primitive vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The plants are mainly of tropical distribution, growing in moist, shaded habitats. A few occur in deserts, where they become dormant during the driest parts of the year; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">resurrection plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is an example of such a species. The plants of the spike moss genus are similar to those of a related genus (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Club Moss</a></span><span class="style1">), but in the spike moss a small outgrowth, called a ligule, is located on the upper surface of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> close to where it joins the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">.The spike moss is heterosporous. That is, it reproduces through the production of two kinds of spores, produced in sacs called sporangia, that are borne by specialized leaves called sporophylls. Small sacs, or microsporangia, produce many small microspores, which germinate to form short-lived, nongreen microgametophytes that produce sperm (male sexual cells). Larger sacs, or megasporangia, produce a few larger megaspores each, and these form nongreen megagametophytes that produce eggs in specialized organs called archegonia. To reach an archgonium and fertilize an egg, a sperm cell must swim in a film of water. Several species of spike moss are cultivated in tropical greenhouses for their interesting foliage.Scientific classification: Spike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> make up the family Selaginellaceae. The only genus in the family is Selaginella. The resurrection plant is classified as Selaginella lepidophylla.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spiderwort, common name for a family comprising a small group of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of worldwide distribution, usually growing in moist tropical to subtemperate habitats. The family contains about 42 genera and 700 species. It includes useful foliage ornamentals, many being houseplants. The genera commonly known as dayflower and spiderwort contain both tender and hardy species, which are widely cultivated. Dayflower is so named because its flowers open in the morning and wither by midday.The family is placed in an order in which the members vary considerably but typically have two bracts (modified leaves) below the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and usually have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> stems and leaves. The three other families in the order occur in marshes, swamps, or lakes and are of little importance. The yellow-eyed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> provide a few aquarium plants; the remaining two families are obscure and do not have common names.Scientific classification: Spiderworts make up the family Commelinaceae of the order Commelinales. Dayflowers are classified in the genus Commelina and spiderworts in the genus Tradescantia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Spices, aromatic flavorings made from parts of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The term spice is usually applied to pungent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> products, especially plants native to tropical Asia and the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. It frequently also includes herbs, which are the fragrant leaves of herbaceous plants, many of which are native to temperate regions. With few exceptions, the spices and herbs known today were being used early in human history. Spice trade with the Orient was flourishing well before the advent of Christianity. The discovery of many spices probably predates the earliest civilizations, when primitive humans were attracted to the aromatic effects produced by what are now called essential oils, which are found in various plant parts. Interestingly, many of the same oils that attracted humans evolved in nature as toxins or repellents against animals; the leaves of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> plant and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, evolved as protection against grass-eating ungulates and bark-boring insects.Besides their long use in preserving foods and enhancing food flavor, spices and herbs played important, sometimes magical, roles in medicine. Before the advent of industrially prepared medicines, herbal remedies were commonly prescribed and were often effective, as some practitioners are now rediscovering.The Spice Trade The great value put on spices is best reflected by economic developments that began before 2000 BC in the Middle East, in the form of lucrative commerce in cinnamon, cassia (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Senna</a></span><span class="style1">), and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pepper</a></span><span class="style1">. For many centuries Arab merchants controlled the overland trade routes to India, but when sea routes were discovered, Roman-controlled Alexandria, in Egypt, became a commercial center. From the 13th to the 15th century, Venice monopolized spice trade with the Middle East. Venice demanded such exorbitant prices, however, that Portugal and Spain looked eastward for routes to the Spice Islands around the Cape of Good Hope, and then, with the voyage of Christopher Columbus, searched westward. Although many of the early explorers set out to find gold, these expeditions gained much of their financial backing from trade in spices.Modern Production Today nearly all spices and herbs can be easily purchased, not only because of advances in commerce and shipping but also because many of the once-rare spices of the Orient have been naturalized in other parts of the world. The treasured cloves (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Clove</a></span><span class="style1">) of Tidore, for example, with which the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's fleet returned to Spain, are now cultivated in groves on the islands of Zanzibar and Madagascar. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ginger</a></span><span class="style1">, once found only in China, is now grown in Jamaica and Nigeria. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nutmeg</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the Moluccas, now grows in Grenada. Even </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chili</a></span><span class="style1"> peppers (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Capsicum</a></span><span class="style1">), one of the few spices discovered in the New World, are now cultivated in Kenya and Pakistan.Herbs such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oregano</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Marjoram</a></span><span class="style1">) and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">thyme</a></span><span class="style1"> are now shipped in bales to London and New York City, the two largest spice centers, for processing and distribution. Among the few spices that are not readily available are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saffron</a></span><span class="style1">, the most expensive spice, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vanilla</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöboth of which require considerable labor to produce. Saffron, used to color and flavor Mediterranean and Oriental dishes, comes from the hand-extracted stigmas of autumn-blooming crocuses grown in Spain, Italy, and the Middle East. Vanilla comes from an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchid</a></span><span class="style1">, which must be hand-pollinated and the pods specially cured before the beans produce their aroma. A much less costly vanilla is now synthesized from the hydrolysis of wood.Types of Spices and Herbs The great variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> and spice flavors are produced from nearly all parts of plants, from the leaves to the roots. Among those producing fragrant leaves are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basil</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rosemary</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sage</a></span><span class="style1">, savory, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tarragon</a></span><span class="style1">, and thyme, all of which are small annual or perennial plants. Bayleaf, or sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1">, used to flavor meats, sauces, and vinegars, comes from a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> or tree.Among the many spices derived from the ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or seeds of plants are aniseed (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Anise</a></span><span class="style1">), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">caraway</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, chili peppers, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coriander</a></span><span class="style1"> seed, dillseed (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dill</a></span><span class="style1">), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fennel</a></span><span class="style1"> seed, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">juniper</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> seed, nutmeg, pepper, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poppy</a></span><span class="style1"> seed, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sesame</a></span><span class="style1"> seed. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Licorice</a></span><span class="style1">-flavored aniseed, which comes from Pimpinella anisum, a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrot</a></span><span class="style1"> family, is used whole for baking and as an essential oil in candies and the liquors absinthe and anisette. Juniper berry, used to flavor gin, comes from the low </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrub Juniperus communis. The strongest mustard seed comes from black mustard, Brassica nigra, which was probably the large plant mentioned in the Bible and which now grows in Israel to a height of 3.7 m (12 ft). Mustard seed releases its pungent flavor when its powder is moistened. The flavor is preserved by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1"> juice, vinegar, or wine in prepared mustard. Nutmeg is the seed of an apricotlike fruit of the tropical evergreen tree Myristica fragrans. The red sheath around the seed is made into </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mace</a></span><span class="style1">, another spice used to flavor pickles, ketchups, and sauces. Sesame seeds were ground into flour by the Egyptians and used by the Chinese 5000 years ago. The pearly, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">-flavored seeds, used especially in Middle Eastern cooking, come from the annual Sesasmun indicum and are scattered by the drying </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">, making hand harvesting necessary.Among the spices derived from roots are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">garlic</a></span><span class="style1"> and ginger. Garlic, Allium sativum, which is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1"> made up of many cloves and closely related to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">onion</a></span><span class="style1">, originated in Central Asia and is one of the oldest spices. Ginger comes from the fleshy, aromatic, bulblike rhizomes of the perennial Zingiber officinale. The rhizomes are sold commercially as gingerroot or dried and ground into ginger powder. The essential oil is used to make ginger-flavored beverages, sauces, and chutneys.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sphagnum, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, the spore case of which is an urn with a smooth rim, closed by a lid that is shed explosively. A number of species, commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peat moss</a></span><span class="style1">, occur. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> tissue has many empty cells that store water. Floating masses of this moss are colonized by other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and a bog results. As these plants die, they turn into peat in the acid bog water. Both the living moss and the peat absorb water well and are frequently used as soil conditioners.Scientific classification: The genus Sphagnum makes up the family Sphagnaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sphagnum</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LeafMossesPeatPeat MossPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Peat MossPlant Propagation</text>
</content>
<name>Sphagnum</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_211224.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Spanish Moss, common name for a flowering, perennial, mosslike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pineapple</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, which is native to the western hemisphere from Argentina to the southern United States, is the only species of the pineapple family indigenous to the United States. Spanish moss is rootless, living attached to the trunks and branches of trees, especially live oaks; the plant is often seen hanging in long, gray strands from the branches of its host. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, which attains a length of 1.8 m (6 ft), is slender and threadlike and is covered with small scales that enable it to absorb moisture. The leaves and yellow flowers are inconspicuous. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule. Spanish moss is used as a packing material and yields black, horsehairlike fiber used in upholstering furniture.Scientific classification: Spanish moss belongs to the family Bromeliaceae. It is classified as Tillandsia usneoides.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Spanish Moss</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EpiphyteFruitPineapplePlantStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>EpiphyteLive OakMossesPineapple</text>
</content>
<name>Spanish Moss</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_210923.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Soybean, also soy and soya </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for an annual leguminous (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">) </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and its seeds. The soybean probably originated in eastern China and is widely cultivated as a farm crop. It is an erect, hairy plant from 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) in height, with large trifoliate leaves, small white or purple flowers, and short pods with one to four seeds. On maturity, which is reached from 100 to 150 days after planting, depending on variety, location, and weather, the leaves turn yellow and drop, and the pods rapidly become brown and dry. The seeds, which are almost spherical in shape, are usually light yellow, but some rare varieties are black, brown, or green. They have a black, brown, or yellow hilum (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> scar) and contain about 20 percent oil and 40 percent protein. In the United States, soybeans are grown as a row crop, planted in May or June, and harvested with a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> combine in the fall.The soybean, an ancient food crop in China, Japan, and Korea, was introduced into the United States in the early 1800s and was grown as a minor </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> crop for many years. The development of a soybean-processing industry in the early 1920s gave soybean cultivation a great impetus, and today the soybean is a leading crop in the United States, ranking only behind </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">. The United States produces about 60 percent of the world's soybeans, compared to 14 percent produced by Brazil, 10 percent by China, and lesser percentages by Argentina, Taiwan, Canada, and India. Production in the United States is located chiefly in the Midwest and the lower Mississippi Valley; more than 30 percent of the United States production is exported.The two basic products of the soybean are protein meal and oil. In the United States, more than 90 percent of the oil is consumed as margarine, shortening, mayonnaise, salad oils, and other edible products; the rest is used in industrial products such as paint, varnish, linoleum, and rubber fabrics. Soybean meal is the major source of the protein supplement used in livestock feeds, which utilize 98 percent of the total meal produced. In the protein-short areas of the world and elsewhere, soybean meal is finding increasing use in human food products.Scientific classification: The soybean belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Glycine max.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sour </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gum</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a small family of trees and shrubs native to eastern North America and eastern Asia and for its representative genus. The three genera and about eight species in this family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> characteristically have alternately arranged leaves and produce clusters of inconspicuous flowers. The fruits either are fleshy and enclose hard seeds or are winged.The family is of limited horticultural importance. Species known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">black gum</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tupelo</a></span><span class="style1"> as well as sour gum are planted for their brilliant scarlet autumn coloration. The soft, light, tough wood is used in rough construction, and preserves are made from the fruits of some species. The handkerchief </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, named for the large white bracts situated below the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters, is a native of China but is now widely cultivated.Scientific classification: Sour gums make up the family Nyssaceae. The representative genus is Nyssa. The handkerchief tree is classified as Davidia involucrata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sour Gum</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Black GumDicotsFlowerGumTreeTupelo</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Black GumDogwoodTupelo</text>
</content>
<name>Sour Gum</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_210333.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sorrel, common name for certain low-growing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dock</a></span><span class="style1"> genus. Garden sorrel, or sour dock, is a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with erect stems about 30 cm (about 12 in) high and arrow-shaped leaves, found in pastures throughout Europe. The leaves are cultivated for use as a salad green and as a potherb. Sheep sorrel is a smaller </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with widely spreading roots.Scientific classification: Sorrel belongs to the family Polygonaceae. Garden sorrel, or sour dock, is classified as Rumex acetosa and sheep sorrel as Rumex acetosella.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sorrel</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DockHerbPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BuckwheatDockOxalisWood Sorrel</text>
</content>
<name>Sorrel</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_210095.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sorghum, common name for cornlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> native to Africa and Asia, where they have been cultivated since ancient times. Up to 3 m (10 ft) tall, they bear seeds on terminal heads, or panicles. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grain</a></span><span class="style1"> sorghums are the staple food for millions of people in China, India, and Africa; in the U.S. sorghums serve primarily as livestock feed.Grain sorghums, which include milo, kafir, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">durra</a></span><span class="style1">, feterita, and kaoliang, are among the most drought-tolerant of grains, becoming dormant under drought and heat stress and then resuming growth when conditions improve. Sweet sorghums (sorgos) develop a sweet juice in their stalks and are grown for syrup production and fodder. Grassy sorghums, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sudan grass</a></span><span class="style1"> and hybrids of this grass and sweet or grain sorghums, are widely grown for fodder and pasture. Broomcorn sorghums produce long, stiff, strawlike stalks, or peduncles, in their flowering panicles. Historically these </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> were widely used in making brooms, but plastics are taking their place. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Johnson grass</a></span><span class="style1">, a perennial sorghum relative, is often a serious weed in the southern U.S. and other warm areas.U.S. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> breeders have developed dwarf grain-sorghum hybrids, about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, adapted for harvesting by combine. Widely grown in the central and western U.S., they have resulted in a dramatic increase in sorghum use. Current research focuses on increasing insect and disease resistance, drought tolerance, and yields of grain sorghums; and on improving the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> yield and quality of forage sorghums. Increased use of liquid sweeteners has expanded interest in sweet sorghums for this purpose. World production of sorghum grain approached 70 million metric tons in the early 1980s. More than one-fourth of this is grown in the U.S., mainly in Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Solomon's Seal, common name applied to any of the perennial herbs constituting two genera of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. These </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are so called because when they die their annual above-ground stems leave seal-like scars on the creeping, perennial, underground rhizomes. The true Solomon's seals constitute a genus that contains about 30 species native to the North Temperate Zone. The common Eurasian Solomon's seal, which has black berries, is widely cultivated as a garden and house </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The great Solomon's seal is a common wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">.The false Solomon's seals constitute a genus native to Asia and America. Several species are cultivated for their fragrant white flowers and bluish-green foliage. Notable is the false </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spikenard</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the northern United States and southern Canada, which bears berries that turn ruby red in the fall.Scientific classification: Solomon's seals belong to the family Liliaceae. The true Solomon's seals make up the genus Polygonatum; the false Solomon's seals make up the genus Smilacina. The common Eurasian Solomon's seal is classified as Polygonatum multiflorum, the great Solomon's seal as Polygonatum commutatum, and the false spikenard as Smilacina racemosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Solomon's Seal</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerLilyPlantPlantsSpikenard</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Spikenard</text>
</content>
<name>Solomon's Seal</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_209639.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Soapberry, common name for a medium-size family of mostly woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> widely distributed in tropical areas, and for its representative genus.The soapberry family includes important tropical timber, such as akee, native to West Africa. This species has been introduced in the West Indies, where the ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is fried and eaten with fish (the unripe fruit is highly toxic). Several tropical fruits, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">litchi</a></span><span class="style1">, are members of the soapberry family. The representative genus contains about 13 species; 2 occur in the United States, and the fruits of both are poisonous.Flowers of the order to which the soapberry family belongs are characteristically functionally unisexual, small, and insect pollinated. The order contains about 5400 species placed in 15 families; the two largest are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 1700 species, and the soapberry family, with about 1500 species.Scientific classification: Soapberries make up the family Sapindaceae in the order Sapindales. The representative genus is Sapindus. Akee is classified as Blighia sapida and litchi as Litchi chinensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Soapberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Flowering PlantsFruitLitchiPlantsRue</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>LitchiMahogany</text>
</content>
<name>Soapberry</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_209154.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Soap </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> or Amole, common name for any of several </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to western North America and noted for their detergent properties. The plants have long, narrow, grasslike leaves arising from an underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">. Substances called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saponins</a></span><span class="style1"> can be extracted from the bulbs and used as soap substitutes or in soap manufacture. Native Americans used the plant to make soap, and today the saponins are used in making detergents and foaming liquids for fire extinguishers. A well-known soap plant is the California soaproot; it grows more than 1 m (more than 3 ft) high and bears white, star-shaped, purple-veined flowers that open in the afternoon.Scientific classification: Soap plants belong to the family Liliaceae. The California soaproot is classified as Chlorogalum pomeridianum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Soap Plant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BulbLilyPlantPlantsSaponins</text>
</content>
<name>Soap Plant</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_209037.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Snowdrop, common name for a genus of a hardy, perennial, bulbous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> found in Europe and western Asia. The genus is characterized by solid, leafless </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> stalks and nodding flowers; three inner floral-envelope segments with two-lobed lips are complemented by three larger, outer segments. Snowdrops are grown for their single, fragrant, green and white flower, which blooms in early spring, often while snow is still on the ground. The common snowdrop, with grasslike leaves up to 23 cm (9 in) long and growing to a height of up to 30 cm (12 in), is extensively cultivated as a garden flower; its drooping flower is fragrant. A larger species, the giant snowdrop is found in the eastern Mediterranean.Scientific classification: Snowdrops make up the genus Galanthus of the family Amaryllidaceae. The common snowdrop is classified as Galanthus nivalis and the giant snowdrop as Galanthus elwesii.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Snowdrop</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerHerb</text>
</content>
<name>Snowdrop</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_208441.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Snowberry, common name for a bushy American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Snowberry is common in ornamental cultivation for its loose, leafy cluster of snow-white berries, found at the ends of the branches.Scientific classification: The snowberry belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae. It is classified as Symphoricarpos albus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Snowberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HoneysuckleShrub</text>
</content>
<name>Snowberry</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_208116.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Snowball, common name for any of various deciduous shrubs of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1"> family, distinctive for their ball-like clusters of white flowers resembling snowballs. The clusters are as much as 10 cm (4 in) wide. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> is native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia and is also cultivated in North America. A common species is the guelder </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, or snowball </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which has maplelike leaves and can grow 3.6 m (12 ft) high; it is a form of the European </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cranberry</a></span><span class="style1"> bush. Another species is the Japanese snowball.Scientific classification: Snowballs belong to the family Caprifoliaceae. The guelder rose, or snowball tree, is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Viburnum</a></span><span class="style1"> opulus cultivar sterile roseum, and the Japanese snowball as Viburnum plicatum forma plicatum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Snapdragon, common name for any member of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">figwort</a></span><span class="style1"> family, consisting of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, mainly natives of the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere. Snapdragons have a five-parted calyx and a corolla swollen at the base but no spur. The name refers to the resemblance of the plant's bilabiate </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> to the mouth of a dragon; pressed to open, the lower part of the flower and the upper part shut with a snap when released. One species is also known as dragon's-mouth.Scientific classification: Snapdragons make up the genus Antirrhinum of the family Scrophulariaceae. The species also known as dragon's-mouth is classified as Antirrhinum majus</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Snapdragon</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FigwortFlowerPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Figwort</text>
</content>
<name>Snapdragon</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_207467.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Smilax, genus of about 200 species, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, mostly herbs and woody climbing and trailing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, cosmopolitan in distribution but best represented in temperate and tropical regions. In some speciesΓÇöfor example, in the greenbriersΓÇöthe stems are often very prickly. The roots or rootstocks of several species yield </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sarsaparilla</a></span><span class="style1">, a flavoring. About 12 American species exist; the best known are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrion flower</a></span><span class="style1">, with herbaceous stems, and the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenbrier</a></span><span class="style1">, or horse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brier</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Smilax make up the genus Smilax of the family Liliaceae. The carrion flower is classified as Smilax herbacea and the common greenbriar, or horse brier, as Smilax rotundifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Skunk </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family, growing in swamps and moist ground from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Missouri and Minnesota. The hooded, shell-shaped, rather fleshy, variegated purplish spathe appears in earliest spring before the smooth, ovate or heart-shaped leaves. All parts of the plant, especially when bruised, emit a fetid skunkish odor. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, which ripens in September, is a roughened globular mass about 5 cm (about 2 in) in diameter. The fruit is also known as swamp cabbage.Scientific classification: Skunk cabbage belongs to the family Araceae. It is classified as Symplocarpus foetidus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Skunk Cabbage</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumCabbageFruitPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Arum</text>
</content>
<name>Skunk Cabbage</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_206368.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Shrub, any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that differs from herbs in being woody, and that differs from trees chiefly in height, and partly in being multistemmed. The distinction is largely artificial because of the transitions or overlappings within the groups.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Shepherd's Purse, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Europe, the plant is now a common annual weed in North America. It grows up to 60 cm (24 in) high. The leaves form a rosette cluster, the small white flowers bloom early in the spring, and the shape of the fruits gives it its name.Scientific classification: Shepherd's purse belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Capsella bursa-pastoris.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Shepherd's Purse</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MustardPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Shepherd's Purse</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_205613.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Shamrock (Irish Seamrog, ΓÇ£little </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥), common name for any of several trifoliate clovers native to Ireland. The shamrock was originally chosen as the national emblem of Ireland because of the legend that Saint Patrick used the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> to illustrate the doctrine of the Trinity. Most shamrocks, particularly the small-leaved white clover, have been considered by the Irish as good-luck symbols since earliest times, and this superstition has persisted in modern times among people of many nationalities. Shamrocks or various representations of the plant are worn by celebrants on St. Patrick's Day, March 17 of each year. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hop</a></span><span class="style1"> clover is widely accepted as the original shamrock picked by St. Patrick.Scientific classification: Shamrocks belong to the family Leguminosae. The white clover is classified as Trifolium repens and the hop clover as Medicago lupulina.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Shamrock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CloverHopPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Shamrock</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_205557.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Shaddock, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, that, like other members of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, is native to Indonesia and has long been cultivated in southern Europe. Shaddock is readily distinguished from most other citrus species by large leaves and a broad-winged leafstalk. It has very large white flowers, and the large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, also called shaddock, sometimes weighing 4.5 kg (10 lb) or even 6 kg (14 lb), is roundish and pale yellow. The bitter rind is thick, white, and spongy within; the pulp is greenish and watery, and slightly acid and aromatic. It is a pleasant, cooling fruit, often used for preserves. Finer and smaller than the shaddock proper is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1">, a variety larger than an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> that bears its fruit in clusters. Both the shaddock and the grapefruit are also called pomelo, or pummelo.Scientific classification: The shaddock belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is classified as Citrus maxima.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Shaddock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusFruitGrapefruitOrangeRueTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CitrusTangelo</text>
</content>
<name>Shaddock</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_204817.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Shadbush, common name for any of a genus of shrubs and low trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">) native to North America. The genus contains about 25 species variously known as shad-blow, service, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">serviceberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Juneberry</a></span><span class="style1">. Several species are cultivated in the northern and eastern United States for their edible fruits. Shadbushes have simple leaves that are often coated with soft, silvery fuzz. The white flowers, borne in racemes, appear in early spring; they have a five-cleft calyx, five petals, many stamens, and a single pistil. The berrylike, usually edible, purplish </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> ripens in June or July. The common shadbush of the eastern United States grows to a height of about 12 m (about 40 ft). Another widely distributed shadbush, the running shadblow, which grows to about 1 m (about 4 ft).Scientific classification: Shadbushes make up the genus Amelanchier, of the family Rosaceae. The common shadbush of the eastern United States is classified as Amelanchier canadensis and the running shadblow as Amelanchier stolonifera.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Shadbush</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitJuneberryRoseServiceberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>JuneberryRoseServiceberry</text>
</content>
<name>Shadbush</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_204363.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sesame, common name for a genus, containing about 15 species of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> native to Africa and Asia, applied especially to one of its species that is widely cultivated for its seeds. The oil extracted from sesame seeds is used in cooking, as salad oil, and in making margarine. Commercially the plants are grown as annuals from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, reaching a height of about 2 m (about 6 ft) in three to five months. The plants are cut and dried; as they dry, the seed capsules split open, and the seeds are easily extracted by shaking the plants upside down.Scientific classification: Sesame is the common name for the genus Sesamum of the family Pedaliaceae. The name is applied especially to the species Sesamum indicum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sesame</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantsSeed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FigwortSpices</text>
</content>
<name>Sesame</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_204134.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sequoia, common name for a group of huge, majestic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cypress</a></span><span class="style1"> family, characterized by a columnar, reddish-brown trunk rising 30 m (100 ft) or more above a buttressed base, conical in shape, with needlelike leaves, and small, oval cones. The trees are named for the Cherokee leader Sequoya.Once widespread in the North Temperate Zone, most sequoias suffered extinction with the advancing ice sheets of the glacial epoch. Only three species survived: the giant sequoia and coast </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">redwood</a></span><span class="style1"> in California, and the dawn redwood in southwestern China. The Petrified </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forest</a></span><span class="style1"> of Arizona consists largely of extinct sequoia species. Fossil remains of sequoia trees have been found in geological strata as old as the Jurassic Period, between 180 million and 135 million years ago; tannins in the wood protected it from decay.Giant Sequoia The giant sequoia, or ΓÇ£big </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">,ΓÇ¥ is found in a narrow strip 322 km (200 mi) long on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range at elevations between 900 and 2440 m (3000 and 8000 ft). It is the most massive of all living forms. The largest specimen, the General Sherman Tree in Sequoia National Park, is 83 m (272 ft) high, 11 m (36.5 ft) in diameter above the flaring base, and weighs about 1,950,460 kg (about 2150 tons). Other trees range from 46 to 99 m (150 to 325 ft) in height, with diameters up to 9 m (30 ft). A count of annual rings on stumps has verified ages as great as 2300 years. Some living trees, however, are believed to be close to 4000 years old.The leaves of the giant sequoia are scalelike and lie close to the branches. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the trunk is fluted and is spongy in texture; in large trees it reaches a thickness of 60 cm (2 ft). The wood is light, coarse-grained, and highly resistant to insects and fire. Most of the giant sequoia groves are included within the National Park System or are otherwise under government protection; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> of the big trees is prohibited.Coast Redwood The coast redwood grows along the humid Pacific coast from southern Oregon to central California. Its height ranges from 30 to 112 m (100 to 367 ft), a size approached only by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">eucalyptus</a></span><span class="style1"> of Australia, one specimen of which measures at least 97 m (at least 318 ft). The diameter of the trunk measures up to 7.5 m (25 ft). The life span of the coast redwood is believed to be 2500 years. The leaves are bluer in tone than the giant sequoia and are more needlelike. The wood is similar but even-grained. Unlike most other conifers (cone-bearing trees), the stump produces sprouts after cutting; these grow in 40 years to a size suitable for lumbering. For this reason, and because the tree is more plentiful and its wood harder than the giant sequoia, it has been cut extensively. Some old-growth, irreplaceable specimens are preserved in state and national parks, but survival of the redwood groves elsewhere is in question.Dawn Redwood The dawn redwood was at one time the most common sequoia tree in North America and is thought to be ancestral to the California redwood. It attains a height just under 30 m (100 ft) and averages 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter. Its leaves are flat and grow in slender, opposite branches. Unlike the evergreen sequoias, the dawn redwood is a deciduous tree. Fossil specimens were identified in 1941; a few years later, living trees were found in China. Seeds and seedlings collected in 1948 by the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts have been successfully propagated in North America.Scientific classification: Sequoias belong to the family Taxodiaceae. The giant sequoia, or ΓÇ£big tree,ΓÇ¥ is classified as Sequoiadendron giganteum, the coast redwood as Sequoia sempervirens, and the dawn redwood as Metasequoia glyptostroboides.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Senna, common name for a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 535 species widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas. The genus contains shrubs and trees as well as annual and perennial herbs. The leaves are pinnately compound (featherlike) and the flowers often showy. Many are ornamental, and some woody tropical species are among the showiest of flowering trees.Medicinal preparations used as purgatives are prepared from the dried leaflets of several species. Alexandria senna, the drug, first introduced into Europe by the Arabs, consists of the leaves of the Alexandrian senna </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, often adulterated with stems and pods of the same plant, and leaves of other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Tinnivelly, or Indian senna, consists of the leaves of another species; the leaflets of this plant are larger and finer than those in the Alexandria senna and are usually not adulterated. A common laxative preparation of senna, called black draft or black dose, includes Epsom salts and extract of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">licorice</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Sennas belong to the genus Cassia of the family Leguminosae. Alexandrian senna is classified as Cassia acutifolia; and the species from which tinnivelly, or Indian senna, is obtained as Cassia angustifolia.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Senna</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LegumeLicoricePlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Spices</text>
</content>
<name>Senna</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_203113.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Self-Heal, common name for a perennial prostrate </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The self-heal, also called heal-all or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heartsease</a></span><span class="style1">, is native to Eurasia, but has been naturalized throughout the temperate regions of the world as a weed. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is so called because of an ancient belief that it possesses medicinal qualities. It grows to a height of about 30 cm (about 1 ft). The small purplish or bluish flowers are borne in closely packed spikes. In North America, self-heal commonly grows on lawns and cultivated land and along roadsides and on the borders of wooded regions.Scientific classification: Self-heal belongs to the family Labiatae. It is classified as Prunella vulgaris.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Self-Heal</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HeartseaseHerbMintPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Heartsease</text>
</content>
<name>Self-Heal</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_202994.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Seed, term applied to the ripened </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ovule</a></span><span class="style1"> of a seed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> before germination. Seeds of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">, or flowering plant, differ from those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">conifer</a></span><span class="style1"> and related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, in being enclosed in the ovary that later forms a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">; gymnosperm seeds lie exposed on the scales of the cones.During the process of fertilization the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> tube enters the ovule through a small opening known as the micropyle. One of the two sperm nuclei in the pollen tube unites with the egg cell in the ovule to form a zygote, which develops into the embryo. In </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> the other sperm nucleus unites with two polar nuclei present in the embryo sac to form an endosperm nucleus, which later produces the nutritive endosperm tissue surrounding the embryo in the seed. In gymnosperms, the endosperm is formed from the tissue of the embryo sac itself. The nucellus, or megasporangium, is the tissue composing the main part of the ovule; it is partially digested during the development of the embryo and endosperm tissue. Surrounding the seed is a hard, tough seed coat, derived from the integument of the ovule and known as the testa. In flowering plants a second seed coat occurs within the testa; this second coat is thin and membranous and is known as the tegmen. Some seeds, in addition, have projects from the seed coat that serve to aid in the absorption of water when the seed is about to germinate or that merely form an additional protective coating about the seed. In almost every seed, the micropyle through which the pollen tube entered the ovule persists as a small opening in the seed coat. Close to the micropyle in flowering plants, a stalk, or funiculus, attaches the seed to the placenta on the inside of the fruit wall. When the seed is removed, a small scar, known as the hilum, marks the former attachment of the stalk.In a few plants, such as the orchids, the embryo is a small, undifferentiated mass of cells until after the seed has parted from the parent plant; during the period between separation from the parent plant and eventual germination, the undifferentiated cells develop into an embryonic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, stalk, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">. In most other plants this development occurs prior to seed dispersal: the embryonic root, or radicle, usually grows toward the micropyle; the embryonic bud, called plumule, or epicotyl, is at the end of the embryo opposite to the radicle; the embryonic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, or hypocotyl, connects the radicle with the seed leaves, or cotyledons. In gymnosperms, several cotyledons are usually present; among angiosperms two great groups of plants exist, one group having but one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotyledon</a></span><span class="style1"> in the seed and known as the monocotyledons, and the other with two cotyledons and known as dicotyledons. The cotyledons serve as centers of absorption and storage, drawing nutritive material from the endosperm. The cotyledons of many plants, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sunflower</a></span><span class="style1">, function as primary photosynthetic organs after germination and before the development of foliage leaves from the plumule.Seed Viability Some seeds, such as those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1">, are viable (capable of growing into healthy organisms) for only a few days after falling from the parent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. Other seeds are viable for yearsΓÇöfor example, seeds of the Oriental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lotus</a></span><span class="style1"> have been known to germinate 3000 years after dispersal. Each species of plant has its specific period of viability; seeds sown after the period of optimum viability may produce weak plants or may not germinate.Seed Testing In most of the United States, law requires dealers to test seeds for viability and purity before putting them on the market. A specific number of seeds are counted out, and the seeds are placed in an environment favorable to development; the percentage of viable seed in the batch of seed being tested is an index of viability of all seeds of the same lot. Seed testing also ensures the marketing of seed that is true to typeΓÇöthat is, seed that does not differ from the variety of plant desired.Seed Dormancy Lack of viability of seed is often confused with seed dormancy. Many seeds require a so-called resting period after falling from the parent plant before they are able to germinate into new plants. Among the members of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchid</a></span><span class="style1"> family, the seeds complete their maturation during this resting period. In other plants, chemical changes take place during the resting period that make the seed ready for germination. Still other seeds have extremely tough seed coats that must soften or decay before water and oxygen can enter the seed to take part in the growth of the embryo, or before the growing embryo is capable of bursting through the seed coat. Plant growers who wish to shorten the period of seed dormancy in seeds with undeveloped embryos can do little; germination may be induced, however, in seeds having mature embryos by abrasion of the hard coat, by soaking in water or in such chemicals as sulfuric acid, by heating to crack the seed coat, or by alternate freezing and thawing.Seed Germination The term germination is applied to the resumption of the growth of the seed embryo after the period of dormancy. Germination does not take place unless the seed has been transported to a favorable environment by one of the agencies of seed dispersal. The primary conditions of a favorable environment are adequate water and oxygen and suitable temperature. Different species of plants germinate best in different temperatures; as a rule, extremely cold or extremely warm temperatures do not favor germination. Some seeds also require adequate exposure to light before germinating.During germination, water diffuses through the seed coats into the embryo, which has been almost completely dry during the period of dormancy, causing a swelling of the seed; the swelling is often so great that the seed coat is ruptured. With the absorption of oxygen by the seed, energy is made available for growth. The foodstuffs stored in the endosperm or in the cotyledons are broken down by enzymes into simpler substances that are transported through the embryo to the various centers of growth. The radicle is the first portion of the embryo to break through the seed coat. It develops root hairs that absorb water and attach the embryo to particles of soil. The hypocotyl then lengthens, bringing the plumule and often the cotyledon or cotyledons above the surface of the soil. If the cotyledons are brought into light, they develop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1"> and carry on </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1"> until the true foliage leaves develop from the plumule. In many plants, especially members of the grass family, the cotyledons never appear above the surface of the soil, and photosynthesis does not occur until true leaves develop; the plant meanwhile subsists on food stores in the seed. From the time of germination until the plant is completely independent of food stored in the seed, the plant is known as a seedling.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Breeding</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sedge, common name for a family of grasslike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with characteristically triangular stems. The family is worldwide in distribution but is particularly abundant in wet, marshy areas of the temperate and subarctic zones, where it is ecologically important in binding and stabilizing soils.The family contains about 115 genera and 3600 species.Members of the sedge family typically possess a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhizome</a></span><span class="style1">, a rootlike underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> out of which grows a tuft of basal leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> bases expand into sheaths that entirely close around the stem. The stem itself is usually unbranched and leafless, with a cluster of inconspicuous flowers at its tip. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is borne in a single bract (modified leaf) and has either no perianth (floral envelope) or one reduced to a series of scales or bristles rather than showy petals. Sedges are generally distinguished from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> by their triangular stems and by leaves with closed sheaths.The family is of some economic importance. Stems and leaves of many genera, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulrush</a></span><span class="style1">, are used for weaving mats, baskets, and hats, as well as in papermaking. The paper </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">reed</a></span><span class="style1"> was the source of ancient Egyptian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">papyrus</a></span><span class="style1">. One genus in the sedge family includes species used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and packing materials. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cotton grass</a></span><span class="style1"> is used in pillow stuffing.Scientific classification: Sedges make up the family Cyperaceae. Bulrushes belong to the genus Scirpus. The paper reed is classified as Cyperus papyrus. The sedge species used for hay and packing materials are classified in the genus Carex, and cotton grass in the genus Eriophorum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Scrophularia, genus of about 200 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> widely distributed in the northern hemisphere but mainly in Eurasia. The common name for the genus is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">figwort</a></span><span class="style1">. Some species were once thought to be useful in treating scrofula, a form of tuberculosis, hence the generic name. The plants are coarse, strong-smelling, mostly perennial or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> herbs with four-angled stems and small, rather inconspicuous flowers borne at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> tips. A few species are cultivated as border plants.Scientific classification: The genus Scrophularia belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Scrophularia</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialFigwortPlantsStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Figwort</text>
</content>
<name>Scrophularia</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_201844.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Screw </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pine</a></span><span class="style1">, common name applied to any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the representative genus of the screw pine family, and to certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a related genus. The representative genus is typical of the screw pine family, which is the only member of its monocotyledonous (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">) order. Of worldwide distribution, the order is characterized by reduced, unisexual flowers borne in tight spikes or heads and by ovules with fleshy or mealy endosperm. The screw pine family comprises three genera. Plants in the family have rigid leaves and small, dioecious flowers. The fruits of two of the genera are drupes; those of the third genus are berries.Scientific classification: Screw pines make up the genus Pandanus and also belong to the genus Freycinetia (which produces berries) of the family Pandanaceae, order Pandanales. The remaining genus of the family is Sararanga.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Screw Pine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MonocotsPinePlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Screw Pine</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_201481.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Schleiden, Matthias Jakob (1804-81), German botanist, who, with the German physiologist Theodor Schwann, formulated the cell theory (Cell). Born in Hamburg and educated in law at Heidelberg, Schleiden left law practice to study </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, which he then taught at the University of Jena from 1839 to 1862. A man of disputatious nature, he scorned the botanists of his day who limited themselves to merely naming and describing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Schleiden investigated plants microscopically and conceived that plants were made up of recognizable units, or cells. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> growth, he stated in 1837, came about through the production of new cells, which, he speculated, were propagated from the nuclei of old cells. Although later discoveries proved him wrong about the role of the nucleus in mitosis, or cell division, his conception of the cell as the common structural unit of plants had the profound effect of shifting scientific attention to living processes as they happened on the cellular levelΓÇöa change that initiated the field of embryology. A year after Schleiden published his cell theory on plants, his friend Schwann extended it to animals, thereby bringing botany and zoology together under one unifying theory.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Schleiden</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BotanyPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Botany</text>
</content>
<name>Schleiden</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_201442.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Scab. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Scab</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Diseases of Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Scab</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_200635.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Saxifrage, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> order, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 36 genera and 475 species of usually perennial herbs, subcosmopolitan in distribution but found especially in North Temperate and colder regions. Members of the family include the ornamentals coralbells, or alumroot, the spiraeas and perennial saxifrages, and saxifrage.Saxifrage flowers usually have five sepals and five petals. The latter are often clawed or dissected and small and inconspicuous. The gynoecium is composed of two to five carpels that are usually fused at the base. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule, usually with many small seeds.Scientific classification: Saxifrages make up the family Saxifragaceae. The representative genus is Saxifraga. Coralbells, or alumroot, are classified in the genus Heuchera and the spiraeas and perennial saxifrages in the genus Astilbe.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Saxifrage</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Flowering PlantsFruitPlantsRose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CurrantGardeningMock OrangeRose</text>
</content>
<name>Saxifrage</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_200432.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Satinwood, common name for several tropical trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their satinlike wood, which is used in fine cabinetwork. The common satinwood is a moderate-size deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> growing in central and south India and Sri Lanka. West Indian satinwood is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> and comes mainly from the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and the Florida Keys. African satinwood also produces fine timber. Satinwood is hard and very close-grained and takes a fine polish.Scientific classification: Satinwoods belong to the family Rutaceae. The common satinwood is classified as Chloroxylon swietenia, the West Indian satinwood as Zanthoxylum flavum, and the African satinwood as Zanthoxylum macrophyllum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Satinwood</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenRueTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Rue</text>
</content>
<name>Satinwood</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_200187.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sassafras, genus of trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which is native to the North Temperate Zone, contains few species, the most important of which is the American sassafras, which is cultivated for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">. The American sassafras is found almost throughout the eastern United States; it grows from bush to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> size and attains a height of almost 15 m (50 ft) in the southern United States. The leaves are deciduous, and the wood is yellow and soft. The bark of the root has long been used in medicine as a stimulant and diuretic. The bark, which contains a volatile oil, oil of sassafras, is also used in perfumery. Extracts of sassafras bark are used as bitters and flavoring agents in the preparation of various beverages. The yellow flowers, which are borne in racemes, have a six-lobed calyx and a six-lobed corolla. The male flowers have nine stamens; the female flowers bear a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a blue </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> which is borne on a red pedicel or stalk.Scientific classification: Sassafras </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> make up the genus Sassafras of the family Lauraceae. The American sassafras is classified as Sassafras albidum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sassafras</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkDrupeFruitLaurelPlantsRootTree</text>
</content>
<name>Sassafras</name>
<script></script>
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card_199733.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Saponins, group of naturally occurring oily </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">glycosides</a></span><span class="style1"> that foam freely when shaken with water. They occur in a wide variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">acacia</a></span><span class="style1">, soapwort, soaproot, California </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pigweed</a></span><span class="style1">, and many others. Saponins have been, and sometimes still are, used as cleaning agents and as foam producers, notably in fire-extinguishing fluids. They have a bitter taste and when ingested orally are practically nonpoisonous to warm-blooded animals. When injected directly into the bloodstream, however, they are dangerous and quickly dissolve red blood cells. Hydrolysis of a saponin, brought about by acids or by enzymes, gives a sugar (often, but not necessarily, glucose) and a sapogenin, the latter being either a triterpene or a steroid. Some of the sugars and saponins are useful as raw materials for synthesis of steroid hormones.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Saponins</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AcaciaGlycosidesPigweedPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GlycosidesPoisonous PlantsSoap Plant</text>
</content>
<name>Saponins</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_199254.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sap, liquid that circulates in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, as distinguished from liquid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> products, such as turpentine and perfume oils, that must be extracted from plant tissues.Sap rises from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> of the plant in the form of crude sap, a solution of material that is absorbed from the soil. Passing from cell to cell, mainly by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">osmosis</a></span><span class="style1"> through cell walls, the sap ascends to the leaves, where chemical changes take place under the influence of light. Chief among these changes are the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the formation of organic compounds. When the sap, now called elaborated sap, descends, the organic compounds serve as a food supply for the plant. Elaborated sap contains sugars, amino acids (the chief components of protein), and hormones. The rate of sap circulation decreases during the winter; an increased flow is one of the first signs of the arrival of spring. The most familiar saps are those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1"> grass and the sugar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which are used as sweetening agents or confections.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sandbur, common name for various annual or perennial weedy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the grass family, having prickly, burlike fruits. Sandburs are found in sandy soil in temperate and tropical regions of the world. They have long slender leaves and minute flowers and grow as high as 91 cm (35 in). The burs are painful to flesh. The weeds are eaten as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> by animals but are dangerous to them when the burs have ripened. Two well-known species of sandbur in North America are found along shorelines and riverbanks.Other weedy plants growing in deserts are sometimes known as bur grass. One of these, also called buffalo bur, is native to the American plains and river valleys (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nightshade</a></span><span class="style1">). Another species, the bur-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ragweed</a></span><span class="style1">, is found in western deserts. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nettle</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Sandburs belong chiefly to the genus Cenchrus of the family Gramineae. The two well-known species in North America are classified as Cenchrus longispinus and Cenchrus tribuloides. Buffalo bur belongs to the family Solanaceae and is classified as Solanum rostratum. Bur-ragweed belongs to the family Compositae and is classified as Ambrosia dumosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sandbur</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ForageNettleNightshadePlantsRagweed</text>
</content>
<name>Sandbur</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_198671.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sandalwood, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> mostly parasitic on the roots and stems of other plants, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 400 tropical and subtropical species of mostly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> parasites. Members of the family can manufacture their own food through </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1"> but depend on their hosts for water and minerals. True sandalwood is a medium-size </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> widely cultivated in southern India. Sandalwood for carving and carpentry comes from its sapwood, and the sandal oil distilled from its roots and heartwood is used in soap, perfume, and ointments and for Eastern religious ceremonies. Because true sandalwood is rare and expensive, substitutes are often made from other plants.The order to which sandalwood belongs contains about 10 families with a total of about 2000 species. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mistletoe</a></span><span class="style1"> family contains about 300 species. Several species are parasitic on economically important trees in Europe and North America; other species are pests on such tropical trees as rubber and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cacao</a></span><span class="style1">. The largest family in the order contains about 900 species, some of which are also commonly called mistletoe.Members of the order characteristically attach themselves to their host by means of a haustorium (a specialized structure through which water and nutrients are absorbed). In many members of the order, the leaves are reduced to minute scales; those with full-size leaves are commonly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Sandalwoods make up the family Santalaceae in the order Santalales. The largest family in the order Santalales is Loranthaceae. The representative genus is Santalum. True sandalwood is classified as Santalum album.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Salsify, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. Salsify is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in Europe and America for its edible spindle-shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, which, when cooked, has an oysterlike flavor. Its alternate names are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oyster plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goatsbeard</a></span><span class="style1">. The root is white, about 20 to 30 cm (about 8 to 12 in) long and about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter. Salsify is hardy and may be left in the ground during the winter. The roots are used in soups and stews, are prepared as creamed or mashed vegetables, or are cooked, mashed, shaped into cakes, and fried in deep fat. In the second year of growth, the salsify plant produces many-branched stalks, 1.2 m (4 ft) high, bearing terminal heads of purple flowers. Salsify is ready for consumption late in the fall. Black salsify is the term applied to a European biennial herb in the same family as true salsify, and so called because its edible roots have a black outer covering. Black, or Spanish, salsify is used for many of the same purposes as true salsify.Scientific classification: Salsify belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Tragopogon porrifolius. Black salsify is classified as Scorzonera hispanica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Saint-John's-Wort, common name for any member of a family of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs, native to subtropical and temperate regions worldwide. Some species of one widespread genus are cultivated in garden borders and rock gardens. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are characterized by opposite, toothless leaves, generally dotted with blackish spots, which are oil-bearing glands. The flowers are perfect, with five petals and often with numerous stamens. The scrubby Saint-John's-wort, native to the United States, bears attractive, golden-yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters and is a popular garden ornamental. The common Saint-John's-wort, or Klamath weed, is the most abundant of the naturalized species in this genus, having established itself as a weed throughout the United States. The petals of its flowers are twice as long as the sepals and are golden-yellow, dotted with black along the edges. Once a serious problem for western pasture owners, it has been overcome by the introduction of its biological control, a small, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">-eating beetle. The name Aaron's-beard is applied to two well-known, frequently cultivated Saint-John's-worts: the great Saint-John's-wort, an American species that bears enormous yellow flowers and grows to a height of about 2 m (about 6 ft), and the Jerusalem star, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose of Sharon</a></span><span class="style1">, a Eurasian species that produces large yellow flowers.Scientific classification: Saint-John's-worts make up the family Hypericaceae. The scrubby Saint-John's-wort is classified as Hypericum prolificum; the common Saint-John's-wort, or Klamath weed, as Hypericum perforatum; the great Saint-John's-wort as Hypericum ascyron; and the Jerusalem star, or rose of Sharon, as Hypericum calycinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Saint-John's-Wort</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerLeafPlantsRoseRose of Sharon</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous PlantsRose of SharonTea</text>
</content>
<name>Saint-John's-Wort</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_197880.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sainfoin, common name for a perennial, cloverlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, cultivated extensively in Europe for pasturage. It has odd-pinnate leaves and elongated spikes of variegated flowers.Scientific classification: Sainfoin belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Onobrychis viciifolia.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sainfoin</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbLegume</text>
</content>
<name>Sainfoin</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_197235.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Sagebrush, common name applied to any of several related aromatic, bitter shrubs, native to the plains and mountains of western North America, but especially to the Great Basin, the extensive desert region west of the Rocky Mountains in the United States. Sagebrush are some of the few woody members of their family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">). The most common species in the United States is the common sagebrush, a many-branched </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows from 0.3 to 6 m (1 to 20 ft) in height. It has silvery, toothed leaves and terminal clusters of small, yellow flowers. A similar species, the low sagebrush, attains a maximum height of 30 cm (1 ft) and is abundant in the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. Because sagebrush often grows in regions where there are few other woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, it is sometimes used for fuel. In some areas the foliage is used as winter </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">. Overgrazing of native </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> has caused a proportionate increase in sagebrush.Scientific classification: Sagebrush are classified in the genus Artemisia of the family Compositae. The common sagebrush is classified as Artemisia tridentata. The low sagebrush is classified as Artemisia arbuscula.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Sage, common name for a large genus of about 900 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of wide distribution. The genus is a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Many species are cultivated as ornamentals for their attractive flowers or foliage, which is often hoary in appearance because of a dense covering of hairs.Common sage is native to the Mediterranean region and is now grown there, in Western Europe, in the former Soviet Union, and in the United States on a commercial scale. It is grown for its leaves, which contain a pungent oil and are used in stuffing meats, poultry, and sausage. A </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1"> may also be made from the leaves.Scientific classification: Sage is the common name for the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Salvia</a></span><span class="style1">, of the family Labiatae. The common sage is classified as Salvia officinalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Sage</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Flowering PlantsMintPlantsSalviaTea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningMintSalviaSpices</text>
</content>
<name>Sage</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_196614.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Saffron, bright-yellow flavoring and coloring material, consisting of the dried stigmas and style branches of the saffron </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crocus</a></span><span class="style1">, the bulbs of which were introduced to Europe from Asia Minor.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Safflower, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. The safflower bears large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads. A native of the Indian subcontinent, it is widely cultivated in warm countries for a dye, carthamin, obtained from its flowers and for an oil from its seeds.Scientific classification: The safflower belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Carthamus tinctorius.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Safflower</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Composite FlowersFlowerHerb</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Composite Flowers</text>
</content>
<name>Safflower</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_196262.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Rye (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for an annual cereal grain, of the grass family, allied to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barley</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cereals</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). Rye is native to temperate Eurasia where it is most heavily used as a bread grain (mixed with other grains) and as a livestock feed. It is less important as a grain crop in other parts of the world. Rye is also used as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and straw; its straw, tougher than that of other cereals, is valued for straw plait. In addition, mashes of more than 50 percent rye are used to make rye whiskey.The rye </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is characterized by slender </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> spikes that consist of two or more flowered spikelets. The florets, which have rows of barbs and long terminal beards, or awns, must be cross-pollinated by the wind, unlike the florets of wheat and other grains. Several varieties of rye have been developed. All are hardier in winter than other cereals; the most extensively cultivated varieties, specifically called winter ryes, are adapted for sowing in autumn, whereas others are sown in the spring.Rye was first cultivated rather late in human history, perhaps as recently as 2000 to 3000 years ago. It is still grown extensively in northern Europe and Asia. It lacks the proteins that make wheat suitable for leavening, and rye bread is denser and usually darker than wheat bread. Rye infested with a fungus called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ergot</a></span><span class="style1"> was responsible for several epidemics in medieval times.Two other species exist in the same genus as the rye plant. A distantly related genus contains species known as wild ryes that are used as cover and for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">; a wheat hybrid is known as giant rye.Scientific classification: Rye belongs to the family Gramineae. It is classified as Secale cereale. Wild ryes are classified in the genus Elymus. The giant rye is classified as Elymus condensafus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rutabaga, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family; it is a cultivar of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rape</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The rutabaga, also called Swedish or Russian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">turnip</a></span><span class="style1">, or swede, is similar in most of its botanical characteristics to other herbs of its genus and is native to the temperate countries of Eurasia. It is widely cultivated in cool, moist regions of the northern hemisphere for its large, elongated roots, with solid yellow or white flesh, which are used as food for humans and livestock. Like the turnip, the rutabaga contains about 90 percent water, with its chief nutritive constituent being carbohydrate.Scientific classification: The rutabaga belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica napus napobrassica.</span></text>
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<text>Rutabaga</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialHerbMustardPlantRapeTurnip</text>
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card_195690.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Rush, common name for a small family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with inconspicuous flowers, and for its representative genus. None of the approximately 325 members of the family produce edible parts, but some are an important source of fibers. Rushes are worldwide in distribution but are most abundant in moist, cool habitats.Rushes are mostly herbaceous, but one, the palmiet, native to South Africa, is a woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers are adapted to wind </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> and thus have their petals and sepals reduced to inconspicuous scalelike structures.The rush genus is the largest in the family, with about 225 species, and its stems produce many useful fibers. One soft-fibered species, the Japanese mat rush is used in weaving Japanese floor mats called tatami, and it is widely cultivated in Japan for this purpose. This and similar species are also the source of split rushes for chair caning and basket weaving. Other plants commonly called rushesΓÇöthe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulrush</a></span><span class="style1">, flowering rush, and scouring rushΓÇöare not actually members of the rush family.Scientific classification: Rushes make up the family Juncaceae. The representative genus is Juncus. The palmiet is classified as Prionium serratum and the Japanese mat rush as Juncus effusus. Bulrushes are classified in the genus Scirpus, of the family Cyperaceae; flowering rushes in the genus Butomus, of the family Butomaceae; and scouring rushes in the genus Equisetum, of the family Equisetaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rue, common name for a medium-size family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, mostly shrubs and trees, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 1700 species placed in 161 genera.Chemicals useful in tanning, medicine, and perfumery are produced by many members of the family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Yellowwood</a></span><span class="style1"> is an important hardwood. The wood of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">satinwood</a></span><span class="style1"> is used in fine cabinetry. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orange</a></span><span class="style1"> jessamine and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> are ornamental members of the family. The bark of Hercules'-club and prickly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> are used medicinally. Members of the representative genus are sometimes grown for their aromatic and medicinal properties.Scientific classification: Rues make up the family Rutaceae. The representative genus is Ruta. Yellowwood is classified as Flindersia oxleyana. Satinwood is classified in the genus Chloroxylon. Orange jessamine is classified as Murraya paniculata. Cork bark is classified in the genus Phellodendron. Hercules'-club is classified as Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and prickly ash as Zanthoxylum americanum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rudbeckia, genus of about 15 species of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">, native to North America, commonly called coneflowers. Plants are usually hairy and produce flowering heads with yellow, brown, or purple-black disk florets and yellow to red-brown </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> florets. The disk florets are borne on a cone-shaped receptacle (the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> part from which the flowers arise), giving the genus its common name. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Black-eyed Susan</a></span><span class="style1"> is a well-known member of the genus, native to the eastern United States and now widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas. Several other species of coneflowers are also cultivated. Purple coneflowers belong to a closely related genus.Scientific classification: The genus Rudbeckia belongs to the family Compositae. The black-eyed Susan is classified as Rudbeckia hirta. Purple coneflowers are classified in the genus Echinacea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rosewood, commercial name for the wood of several tropical trees. Rosewood is characteristically reddish purple, often streaked with black, and is used in cabinetwork in making ornamental furniture, musical instruments, and handles. Most commercial rosewood is derived from trees of two genera of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family and one genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bignonia</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Brazilian rosewood and East Indian rosewood, or blackwood, are two types of rosewood. African rosewood and Amboina wood are important sources of rosewood in Eurasia but less important in the United States.Scientific classification: Most commercial rosewood comes from the genera Dalbergia and Pterocarpus of the family Leguminosae, and from the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Jacaranda</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family Bignoniaceae. Brazilian rosewood is classified as Dalbergia nigra, East Indian rosewood as Dalbergia latifolia, African rosewood as Pterocarpus erinaceous, and Amboina wood as Pterocarpus indicus.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Rosewood</text>
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<id>39</id>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Jacaranda</text>
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<name>Rosewood</name>
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card_194642.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Rosemary, common name for an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The rosemary is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in dry soils for its aromatic, linear leaves, used for seasoning, which yield a volatile oil. Rosemary oil is used in medicine as a stimulant and as a constituent of liniments; it is also used in perfumes. During the spring the shrub produces clusters of small blue flowers. It is cultivated as a hedge </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> along the Pacific coast of the United States. The name rosemary is also applied to several unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, including the marsh rosemary and the bog rosemary.Scientific classification: Rosemary belongs to the family Labiatae. It is classified as Rosmarinus officinalis. The marsh rosemary belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae and is classified as Limonium vulgare. The bog rosemary belongs to the family Ericaceae and is classified as Andromeda polifolia.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Rosemary</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenMintPlantPlantsShrub</text>
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<id>38</id>
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card_194505.xml
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<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1"> of Sharon, common name for either of two unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">: one is also known as Aaron's beard, or goldflower (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Saint-John's-Wort</a></span><span class="style1">), and the other is also known as althaea. The biblical rose of Sharon, made famous in the Song of Solomon, has not been identified; it is believed by some botanists to be a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">narcissus</a></span><span class="style1"> and by others to be the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">autumn crocus</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> also known as Aaron's beard, or goldflower, belongs to the family Hypericaceae and is classified as Hypericum calycinum. The plant also known as althaea belongs to the family Malvaceae and is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hibiscus</a></span><span class="style1"> syriacus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1"> of Jericho, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">resurrection plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to Syria. It is seldom more than 15 cm (6 in) high and has small white flowers. After the herb has flowered, the leaves fall off and the branches become incurved toward the center, so that the plant assumes an almost globular form. In this state it is often blown about by the wind in the desert. When it happens to be blown into water the branches expand again, and the pods open and spill out the seeds.Scientific classification: The rose of Jericho belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Anastatica hierochuntica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rose, common name for a medium-size family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with many important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> and ornamental species, and for its representative genus. Worldwide in distribution, the rose family contains about 107 genera and 3100 species.The rose family is placed in an order with 24 other families. This order is sometimes referred to as the rose order. Other important members of the order include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saxifrage</a></span><span class="style1"> family and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stonecrop</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Another family, the coco-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1"> family, occurs in the lowland Tropics and contains about 400 species, several of which are used locally for their timber, oilseeds, and fruits. Perhaps the best-known member of the family is the coco plum, found in southern Florida on sandy beaches and swamps; its sweet fruits are made into jelly or preserves.Plants of the rose order may vary greatly in habit, from trees to shrubs or often perennial herbs. The leaves usually have stipules (leaflike appendages at the base of the leafstalk) and are often compound. The flowers usually have five sepals (outer floral whorl) and five petals (inner floral whorl) and numerous stamens (male floral organs). The female portion of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of from one to many pistils, which are free from one another or are variously fused. The ovary or ovaries (egg-producing portion of the pistil) are hypogynous or, more often, perigynous (half-inferior), with the sepals, petals, and stamen borne on the rim of a tubular structure surrounding the ovary base.Rose Family About 70 genera of the rose family are cultivated for food, ornament, flowers, timber, or other uses. Although worldwide in distribution, the family is most abundant in north temperate regions and contains many of the most important fruit trees grown in temperate areas. These include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, plum, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apricot</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">almond</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectarine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">prune</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">loquat</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">quince</a></span><span class="style1">. The rambling, usually thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">raspberry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blackberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dewberry</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">loganberry</a></span><span class="style1">, are members of a genus of the rose family that also includes the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bramble</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">strawberry</a></span><span class="style1"> is also a member of the family. In addition the family contains many important ornamentals: chokeberry, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinquefoil</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hawthorn</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shadbush</a></span><span class="style1">, cotoneaster, firethorn, flowering cherry, flowering quince, and mountain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">.Rose Genus and Hybrids The rose has been grown and appreciated for its fragrance and beauty since ancient times and today is the most popular and widely cultivated garden flower in the world. The genus contains some 100 species, most of them native to the North Temperate Zone. Some are cultivated in their natural form or as various similar cultivars, but most of the more than 20,000 cultivars are the result of careful hybridization and selection from a few species. The cultivars are classed either as old rosesΓÇöthat is, plants that have essentially reached the end of their horticultural development, with no new varieties having been introduced in the past 60 yearsΓÇöor as contemporary rosesΓÇöthat is, plants that are currently being hybridized and selected for new forms. Several hundred new contemporary rose cultivars are introduced each year. In the United States, some 20 million rose plants are commercially cultivated annually for cut flowers, and some 40 million plants are produced for landscape and ornamental use.The classification of cultivated roses is complicated, because of the great numbers of cultivars involved and the amount of artificial hybridization that has taken place. Generally, the classes of old roses are based on selection from one or a few ancestral species or hybrids. Among the popular classes are the hybrid perpetuals, or remontant roses, which produce large, fragrant double flowers in early summer and fewer flowers in autumn. The class of polyantha roses includes many dwarf forms, with flowers produced in dense clusters. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tea</a></span><span class="style1"> roses and China roses are old-rose classes from which the contemporary hybrid tea roses have been derived through hybridization with hybrid perpetual roses. Hybrid tea roses are less hardy but more recurrent-blooming than the old hybrid perpetuals and contain a much wider variety of color and flower form. Many other contemporary-rose classes are based on the hybrid tea rosesΓÇöfor example, floribunda roses were derived from crosses between hybrid tea roses and hybrid polyantha roses, the latter in turn being based on crosses between the old polyantha roses and hybrid tea roses.Cultivation Roses may be grown in any good, well-drained soil. Although different varieties respond better to certain soil and climate than to others, sandy soils are usually not as favorable as clay soils, warm temperatures are always preferred, and the plants grow best when not set among other plants. Cow manure is the preferred </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1">, but other organic fertilizers, especially composts, are also used. The plants usually require severe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pruning</a></span><span class="style1">, which must be adapted to the intended use of the flowers. Most rose varieties are grown by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1"> on an understock (lower portion of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">) propagated from seeds or cuttings. Roses must be sprayed frequently with insect poisons and fungicides.Scientific classification: Roses make up the family Rosaceae of the order Rosales. The representative genus is Rosa. Hybrid perpetuals, or remontant roses, are derived mainly from the hybrid species Rosa borboniana; polyantha roses from the hybrid species Rosa rehderana; tea roses from Rosa odorata; and China roses from Rosa odorata and Rosa chinensis.</span></text>
<text>AlmondAppleApricotArbutusAshBlackberryBranchingBrooklyn Botanic GardenChristmas RoseCinchonaCinquefoilCrab AppleEglantineFlowerFuchsiaGaillardiaGardeningHawthornHelleboreHennaHibiscusHollyhockHorticultureKalmiaLilacLoquatMedlarOleanderPeachPearPelargoniumPlumPortulacaPotatoQuinceRaspberryResurrection PlantRose of JerichoRose of SharonSaint-John's-WortSaxifrageShadbushSnowballStockStonecropStrawberryTobaccoVetch</text>
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card_193510.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Root (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">), organ of higher </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, usually subterranean and having several functions, including the absorption and conduction of water and dissolved minerals, food storage, and anchorage of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in the soil. The root is distinguished from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> by its structure, by the manner in which it is formed, and by the lack of such appendages as buds and leaves. The first root of the plant, known as the radicle, elongates during germination of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> and forms the primary root. Roots that branch from the primary root are called secondary roots. In many plants the primary root is known as a taproot because it is much larger than secondary roots and penetrates deeper into the soil. Beets and carrots are examples of plants with very large taproots. Some plants having taproots cannot be transplanted easily, for breaking the taproot may result in the loss of most of the root system and cause the death of the plant.Roots arising from the stem are known as adventitious roots. Such roots may be seen near the base of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1"> stem. Adventitious roots formed high up on a stem are termed aerial roots or prop roots. Such roots aid in supporting the stem, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banyan</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mangrove</a></span><span class="style1">, and certain orchids.Composition The root is composed of three types of tissue: the epidermis, or surface layer; the ground tissue, or cortex; and the vascular core, situated at the center of the root. Certain cells of the epidermis are modified for an absorptive function. Long, tubelike projections, called root hairs, grow from these cells into the absorptive surface of the root and anchor the root to soil particles. Water absorbed by root hairs is transferred across the cortex, the region of water and food storage, and into the vascular core, which carries it up into the stem. Organization of the vascular core in a root is markedly different from that in a stem. In the stem the vascular tissues </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> are grouped together in vascular bundles. In the root a central core of xylem has radial bands that extend outward toward the cortex, and between these bands are strands of phloem. In aerial roots the xylem core, which is usually solid in subterranean roots, often has a central zone of pith.Growth Under normal conditions the growth of roots is influenced chiefly by gravity and by the presence of water. Roots tend to grow downward into soil, unless water is more readily available at the surface. In addition to the primary growth in length occurring at the apex of the root, a secondary growth occurs that adds xylem, or wood, to the inside of the root and phloem toward the outside. Phloem produced in this manner becomes involved in the formation of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, which covers old roots as well as old stems. Old roots often are virtually identical therefore with old stems.Because in many plants roots can be formed from a cut end of a stem, cuttings may be used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant propagation</a></span><span class="style1">. Some plants, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">geranium</a></span><span class="style1">, root quite easily, whereas others, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">conifer</a></span><span class="style1">, rarely root without special treatment. Root formation can be stimulated on cuttings of many plants by the application of the so-called root hormones, substances found naturally in the plant when new roots are formed. Most commercial preparations of root hormones contain indoleacetic acid, one of the most common root-stimulating substances. Occasionally roots may be formed from leaves, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">African violet</a></span><span class="style1">, which may be propagated by rooting the cut end of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base in water. In some plants roots may give rise to shoots. For example, the stems that are formed at various distances from the base of a Lombardy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poplar</a></span><span class="style1"> arise from roots.Use Roots of many plants are edible and contain considerable quantities of food materials, particularly starch. Root crops important in agriculture include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet potato</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beet</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">turnip</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrot</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsnip</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cassava</a></span><span class="style1">. The wild forms of these plants have much smaller roots than the cultivated forms because continued development by agricultural peoples has improved the size, texture, food value, and flavor of the roots in cultivated varieties.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rice</a></span><span class="style1">-Paper </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for either of two unrelated trees. One, also called the paper </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mulberry</a></span><span class="style1">, may reach a height of 12 m (40 ft). Male and female flowers are borne on separate trees. A type of paper is made from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the tree. The bark fibers are scraped, then soaked, beaten, and treated with a bleach. The fiber mass is mixed with mucilage, then spread in a very thin layer to dry and smoothed with a hot iron. This process, which is still done primarily by hand in rural areas of Japan, produces sheets of paper that are used to make lantern shades and umbrellas and as crude writing paper. The other rice-paper tree has green to white flowers that bloom in autumn, and large, lobed leaves. The tree is extensively grown on the island of Taiwan and in Japan. Rice paper, made from the tree's pith (the central, soft </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> tissue), is fine, soft, and lint-free.Scientific classification: The rice-paper tree that is also known as the paper mulberry belongs to the family Moraceae and is classified as Broussonetia papyrifera. The other rice-paper tree belongs to the family Araliaceae and is classified as Tetrapanax papyriferus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Rice-Paper Tree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkMulberryRiceStemTree</text>
</content>
<name>Rice-Paper Tree</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_192587.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Rice, common name for about 19 species of annual herbs, of the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). Common rice is the only species of importance to humans. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been cultivated for more than 7000 years; evidence of cultivation has been found in eastern China dating from before 5000 BC, and in a cave in northern Thailand from about 6000 BC. Common rice thrives in areas of considerable warmth and moisture. It reaches a height of about 1 m (about 3 ft), with perfect flowers bearing six stamens and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">, is produced on a nodding panicle of spikelets at the top of the stalk. When the grain is ripe, rice resembles the oat </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The white endosperm is enclosed by a layer of bran surrounded by a brown husk.Rice grains are extensively used as human food; rice constitutes the principal food of almost one-half the human race. The bran of the rice grain contains protein and vitamins B complex, E, and K. White rice, which is rice from which the nutritious bran has been removed, is an inferior food. A diet of white rice causes such deficiency diseases as beriberi. Recognition of the nutritional value of the rice bran has led to some increase in the consumption of brown rice, which is the rice grain from which the bran has not been removed.Polished rice contains approximately 25 percent carbohydrate; small amounts of iodine, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus; and almost negligible amounts of protein and fat. In East Asia, starch is sometimes extracted from rice and fermented to produce rice wine. Unlike most other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1">, rice is rarely made into bread; it is generally eaten boiled and flavored according to custom. Rice grain is not commonly used as feed for farm animals; its by-products, however (meal, bran, or rice polish), are used as feed, especially in rice-growing areas. The straw is also fed to livestock.Cultivation Rice is cultivated in most countries of East Asia. Egypt and the countries of southernmost Europe, the southern United States, and Brazil are other important rice-producing regions. Rice requires an extremely moist soil, either rain-fed or artificially flooded. A few varieties, known as upland rice, do not require flooding. In the developing rice-growing countries, almost all cultivation is performed by hand. Rice growing in the United States is aided by the use of machinery. A flooded field, or paddy, is sown with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> from an airplane. The field is kept underwater during most of the growing season, and the crop is harvested and threshed by a single machine. Rice mills are usually located near the growing regions. Brown rice is dried and cleaned before it is packed. When white rice is desired, the bran is removed in special machines; care is taken not to break the white internal kernel. The rice kernels are then polished with glucose and talc in order to enhance their appearance.In the late 1960s, experiments by the International Rice Research Institute produced a variety of rice that promised to increase world output dramatically. Working with dwarf varieties of rice from Taiwan and with disease-resistant, high-yield varieties from other Asian countries, researchers developed a short, vigorous, narrow-leaved rice that yielded more grain and survived unfavorable weather more successfully than traditional varieties. The new rice was a nonlodging rice; it did not bend over when ripe and was thus more easily harvested, did not rot because of immersion, and was less subject to rodent damage. Development and testing of new strains and new cultivating procedures continue in an effort to increase world yield.Diseases of Rice The most serious diseases of rice are seedling </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blight</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> and leaf-sheath spots, leaf smut, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> rot, kernel spots, and straighthead. Seedling blight is an infection of seedlings, caused by any of four fungi. Blast, a form of leaf spot caused by a fungus, is one of the most serious rice diseases of Asia and also affects American rice-growing areas. Leaf smut, also caused by a fungus, attacks rice in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Stem rot, caused by either of two fungi, attacks the stalks of rice, causing them to break; stem rot is common throughout the American rice-growing area. Several fungi produce discoloration, or spotting of rice kernels. Straighthead is the most important nonfungal disease of the American rice. This condition, which is characterized by the failure of seemingly healthy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> to develop seeds, is caused by insufficient preparation of the soil. Only a few American insects are considered serious pests on growing rice. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Statistics The annual world rice harvest in the early 1990s exceeded 510 million metric tons, an increase of about 30 percent over the average during the period from 1979 to 1981. The leading rice producers were China, with 36 percent of world output, and India, with 22 percent. In the United States, production averaged close to 7 million metric tons; Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and Texas were the leading rice-producing states.Scientific classification: Rice makes up the genus Oryza, of the family Gramineae. Common rice is classified as Oryza sativa.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Wild Rice</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Rice</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BlightCerealsDiseases of PlantsFruitGrainGrassesLeafPlantPlantsSeedStemWild Rice</text>
<text><span class="style1">Rhubarb, common name for any member of a genus of herbs, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckwheat</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus contains about 50 species of large herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are native to Asia. They have strong, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1">, almost fleshy roots; erect, thick, branching stems, sometimes up to 2.4 m (8 ft) high; and stems and branches that, while in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, are covered with large membranous sheaths. The leaves are large, stalked, and entire or lobed. The flowers are small, whitish or red, and generally very numerous, in large loose panicles of many-flowered clusters. The leafstalks contain an agreeable mixture of citric and malic acids and are often used to make preserves and pie filling. Garden rhubarb and medicinal rhubarb are two species.Scientific classification: Rhubarbs make up the genus Rheum of the family Polygonaceae. Garden rhubarb is classified as Rheum rhabarbarum and medicinal rhubarb as Rheum officinale.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Rhubarb</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BranchingBuckwheatBudPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BuckwheatDockPoisonous Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Rhubarb</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_191898.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Rhododendron, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heath</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus contains some 850 species, the majority of which are cultivated. The natural distribution of rhododendrons is interesting and unexplained. About 700 species occur in the Himalayas of northeastern India, Burma, and southwestern China, and an additional 300 or so species occur in New Guinea. They exhibit great variety in size, habit, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> color, ranging from small, ground-hugging shrubs to small trees, and from white to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, dark-purple, or yellow flowers. Most species have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves; the deciduous species are known as azaleas in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Rhododendrons make up the genus Rhododendron of the family Ericaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rhizome, any fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows horizontally, as a food-storing organ, beneath the surface of the ground, and enables a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> to reproduce itself. A rhizome, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1">, is not a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, which is a food-gathering organ; rather, it grows roots on its lower side and shoots from its upper side. Unlike true roots, rhizomes have nodes, buds, and tiny leaves and do not die when cut; replanted, they yield new </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bulb</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tuber</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Resurrection </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a fernlike, perennial desert plant, of the family of spike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, that ranges from the southwestern United States down to El Salvador. The flowerless plant has small, scalelike leaves and grows to a height of 10 cm (4 in). It requires little water to survive, but when completely deprived of moisture it contracts into a ball and may be borne by the wind. When it settles near water, it unfolds and is renewedΓÇöhence the name. In their dried-up state, resurrection </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are sometimes sold as novelties. The plant is sometimes called the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose of Jericho</a></span><span class="style1">, just as that plant is often called the resurrection plant.Scientific classification: The resurrection plant belongs to the family Selaginellaceae. It is classified as Selaginella lepidophylla.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Resurrection Plant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MossesPlantPlantsRoseRose of Jericho</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Rose of JerichoSpike Moss</text>
</content>
<name>Resurrection Plant</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_191203.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Reindeer Moss, species of lichen of great importance in arctic ecosystems. It is the chief winter food of reindeer, moose, and caribou. Reindeer moss is variable in form but typically has a many-branched, erect, tubular thallus, or body, and small perforations in the axils. It grows very slowly and is easily destroyed by overgrazing and fires. Reindeer moss grows most rapidly in spring and fall, when temperature and humidity are highest. It readily concentrates pollutants and radioactive substances, which can be harmful to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and to animals that eat it.Scientific classification: Reindeer moss is classified as Cladonia rangiferina.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Reindeer Moss</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Plant</text>
</content>
<name>Reindeer Moss</name>
<script></script>
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card_190917.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Reed, common name for two genera of tall, coarse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> growing in wet places, the stems of which are used in various ways.One genus comprises three species native to tropical and subtropical parts of Eurasia. The giant reed, native to the Mediterranean area and now cultivated around the world, resembles </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1"> and reaches 5.5 m (18 ft) in height. It grows in thick clumps, and its many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> blades are linear in shape and conspicuously two-ranked along the stems. Small, thin pieces of the stems have served for thousands of years as the reeds used in woodwind instruments, and the hollow stems themselves have been used to make musical instruments. The giant reed is also grown as an ornamental, and because it grows quickly and produces large clumps of thick rhizomes, it is planted to help control soil erosion. It also has potential as a quickly renewable source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cellulose</a></span><span class="style1"> and pulp for making paper. Stems of the giant reed are important, as well, in wattlework, a form of building in which slender poles or reeds are interwoven to form the framework for supporting crude plastering or thatch roofs.The other genus, native to all the continents except Antarctica, contains four species. The common, or ditch, reed is cosmopolitan in marshy, wet areas. Its stems, which reach 5.5 m (18 ft), are used in latticework. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is also a valuable soil stabilizer because of its dense </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> system.Scientific classification: Reeds constitute the genera Arundo and Phragmites of the family Gramineae. The giant reed is classified as Arundo donax and the common, or ditch, reed as Phragmites australisΓÇöalso, but incorrectly, Phragmites communis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ray, John (1627-1705), English naturalist, who pioneered in the systematic classification of organisms, which led to the work of the Swedish botanist Carolus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linnaeus</a></span><span class="style1">. Ray was born in Black Notley, Essex, the son of a blacksmith. A trust fund enabled him to attend the University of Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1648. He then worked for 13 years on a fellowship, cataloging </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the vicinity. He later also studied plants elsewhere in Britain and Europe. As a Puritan sympathizer, he lost his fellowship in 1662, thereafter being supported by friends who were mainly former students.Ray published a large amount of work, and in 1682 he presented his innovative taxonomic methodology, which established species as the basic unit in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1"> and stressed the difference between monocotyledons and dicotyledons (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">). In the zoological studies that he took over from others, he used a wide range of structural characteristics as a basis for classification rather than artificially selecting some single feature as had been done before. His masterwork, the three-volume Historia Plantarum, appeared between 1686 and 1704. Ray also wrote influential books on religion, based on the orderliness he observed in nature.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rattan </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Palm</a></span><span class="style1">, common name applied to any of numerous species of climbing palms, native to tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> regions of Eurasia, especially of the East Indies. Rattan palms have long, slender stems that maintain an almost uniform diameter throughout their length. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> grows as long as 182 m (600 ft). The cortical, or outer, portion of the stem is extremely hard and durable; the medullary, or inner, portion is softer and somewhat porous. The stems are cut at the base of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and are pulled free of other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> by which the climbing palms are supported; the leaves and tendrils are then removed, and the stems are cut into short lengths for shipment. Whole sections of rattan stem are used in making walking sticks and cane furniture; long, thin strips of the cortical layer of the stem are used in making wicker furniture and chair seats, mats, baskets, cords, and twine. Malacca walking sticks are made from one species of rattan palm.Scientific classification: Rattan palms belong to the genera Calamus and Daemonorops of the family Palmae. Malacca walking sticks are made from the species classified as Calamus scipionum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Rattan Palm</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ForestPalmPlantPlantsStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Dragon's Blood</text>
</content>
<name>Rattan Palm</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_189205.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Raspberry, common name for certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their ripe, cap-shaped fruits, which separate from the floral stalk or receptacle when picked. Raspberries are native to the North Temperate Zone. The European red raspberry was one of the first European plants to be introduced into America. The American red raspberry, native to the eastern United States, produces </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> that is slightly inferior in quality to the European species, although it is better suited to the climate of the United States. The black raspberry of the northern United States is also hardy and productive. Many varieties of raspberry now common in cultivation in commercial and garden plantings are derived from the above-mentioned three species; their fruits, ranging from black through purple and red to yellow, are used fresh, for home and commercial preserving, and for flavors and syrups. The insect enemies of cultivated raspberries include the raspberry sawfly and two cane-boring beetles. The principal diseases of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> are the virus-caused mosaic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> yellows, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anthracnose</a></span><span class="style1">, and the raspberry </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> rust.Scientific classification: Raspberries belong to the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae. The European red raspberry is classified as Rubus idaeus, the American red raspberry as Rubus idaeus variety strigosus, and the black raspberry as Rubus occidentalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rape (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">), common name applied to an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, belonging to the same genus as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">turnip</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Botanical characteristics of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> are similar to those of other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the genus. Rape, also known as colza, is widely cultivated in Asia (mainly in China and India), throughout Europe, and in Canada as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> crop for hogs and sheep and as a cover crop. Occasionally the plant becomes a weed. The seeds of the rape plant are valued for their oil, which is used in cooking and as a lubricant. Summer rape, cultivated in Europe, is used as bird feed. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rutabaga</a></span><span class="style1"> is a cultivar of rape.Scientific classification: Rape belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica napus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ramie, name of a natural fiber and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> from whose </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> it is derived. The perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nettle</a></span><span class="style1"> family is native to East Asia. Lustrous, durable, soft, stronger than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, and resistant to chemicals, mildew, and shrinking, the fiber is also readily dyed, but hard to spin. Twine and thread are made from the fiber, and the cloth (often mixed with other fibers) is used in upholstery, tapestries, and other materials.Scientific classification: Ramie belongs to the family Urticaceae. It is classified as Boehmeria nivea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Ramie</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkCottonNettlePlantShrub</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Nettle</text>
</content>
<name>Ramie</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_188636.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Rain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forest</a></span><span class="style1">, tropical woodland, characterized by lush vegetation and great biological diversity. There are more species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and animals in tropical rain forests than in all the rest of the world's ecosystems combined. About 70 percent of all </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> species in these forests are trees. Tropical rain forests are vertically stratified, having three to five layers of plant life: visible emergent trees protruding partly or entirely above the upper canopy; one to three closed canopies; and an understory. The upper canopy of trees reaches 30 to 50 m (100 to 165 ft) above the ground. Woody vines called lianas that can exceed 20 cm (8 in) in diameter are often common, and their tops can reach the upper canopy. There is often a rich </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1"> community, such as orchids and bromeliads, that grow on trunks and branches of treesΓÇölocations that allow them access to more sunlight. Ferns can also be members of the epiphyte community. Epiphytes derive most of their nutrients from dust particles, animal droppings, and other matter that becomes attached to trees. In rain forests, little light reaches the forest floor. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> litter is minimal and nutrients released through decomposition are quickly reabsorbed by the trees.The word jungle is derived from the Hindi jangal, meaning a wild, rough, or waterless place, but the English term has come to mean thick, impenetrable rain forest vegetation. In this sense most rain forest is not jungle, although the popular image is still widespread. Most of the world's tropical rain forests are within 10┬░ of the equator. The largest tropical rain forests are located in the Amazon Basin in South America; in southern Asia, including the large archipelagoes; and in the Congo Basin in Africa. Tropical rain forests contain most of the planet's biodiversity, and there are probably still millions of insect species, as well as many plant species, that have not been described scientifically.Types of Rain Forests Rain forests are commonly classified by climate, altitude, and latitude, either alone or in combination. The phrase equatorial rain forest refers to forests found in the equatorial zone 10┬░ either side of the equator; in some cases the rain forest extends beyond the Tropics, where it is referred to as subtropical rain forest. In areas that experience pronounced changes in season (a cycle of wet and dry seasons), the forests are classified as monsoon rain forests. Rain forest also can establish itself on tropical mountains, hence the phrase montane rain forest.The term rain forest has also been used to describe some temperate communities, such as the northwest coastal coniferous forest of North America, where rainfall and humidity are high and winters mild. These temperate latitude forests, however, are dominated by one or two species of large trees and are thus quite different from highly diverse tropical rain forests.Equatorial Rain Forest The equatorial rain forest is a broad-leaved </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> formation found in the warm and moist areas of the Tropics at low elevation. Overall, moisture is the main factor influencing the distribution of equatorial rain forest, although other factors, such as soils, can be important locally. Annual precipitation averages 1500 to 4000 mm (55 to 160 in), and average temperatures range from 25┬░ to 35┬░ C (77┬░ to 95┬░ F). The consistent temperature and humidity and the absence of an intense dry season combine to create this diverse and fragile ecosystem. The upper canopy and emergents do not form a continuous layer. Some of the largest emergents can reach heights of 60 m (200 ft) and their trunks are buttressed for added support. The lower layers, or strata, of trees often form a more continuous canopy, along with abundant vines and epiphytes. This thick growth allows very little light through to the forest floorΓÇöin fact, only 1 percent of the light just above the upper canopy reaches the forest floor. This lowest level is usually free of growth, except for a few seedlings and shade-tolerant plant species.Subtropical Rain Forests In general, the subtropical rain forests occupy windward coasts within a range 10┬░ north and south of the equator, although they can extend beyond that range. They are found in parts of Central America, the West Indies, the southwest coast of India, coastal Burma, Southeast Asia, the coast of Brazil, and the eastern coast of Madagascar. As distance from the equator increases, so does the temperature range. Fluctuations in temperature and more pronounced seasonal changes decrease the diversity of plant species found in these forests. The upper canopy of trees is more open than in equatorial rain forests, and there are fewer lianas in the middle strata.Monsoon Rain Forest Monsoon forests replace equatorial rain forest at the latter's climatic and latitudinal limits. Most monsoon forests are found at elevations below 1000 m (547 ft). Generally the growth in monsoon forests is shorter in stature than in equatorial rain forests. Well-drained soils characterize these forests. There is a marked dry season, when plant growth is limited by lack of water. Many species become leafless during the dry season, and because more light reaches the understory, monsoon forests often have a dense and rich undergrowth. Lianas can be diverse and abundant. Due to seasonal drought, monsoon forests are flammable, and when burned they degrade into savannas or sparse woodlands. Monsoon forests are especially widespread in Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia (especially Java and Celebes), where annual rainfall is less than 1300 mm (less than 51 in) and the dry season can last four or five months. They are also extensive in West Africa, but less so in South America.Montane Rain Forest As elevations increase in a tropical forest, the species and vegetation structure begin to change. The latitudinal gradient of climateΓÇöincluding rainfall, temperature, wind, and moistureΓÇöis the most important factor affecting vegetation, although local geology also plays an important role. Mean temperature decreases about 0.5 Celsius degrees per 100 m (about 0.9 Fahrenheit degrees per 328 ft) on tropical mountains. Montane rain forest can be found from 1000 to 3000 m (3280 to 9842 ft), within or bordering tropical rain forest. The plant species cease to be purely tropical and are derived from more temperate plant groups. The trees become smaller as altitude increases and diversity is reduced. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks become twisted and gnarled and overgrown with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> and liverworts, which thrive in a misty or cloudy environment. Ferns and bamboos can be common. Montane rain forests are especially abundant in parts of Central Africa and Indonesia and along the eastern flanks of the Andes in South America. Sometimes they are called cloud forests.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mangrove</a></span><span class="style1"> Forest Tropical and subtropical coasts are often bordered by intertidal forest communities consisting of plants highly adapted to periodic inundation, boggy soils, and saline conditions. These mangrove formations are not rain forests, but they often fringe the rain forests at their coastal limits. Plant diversity is low in mangrove forests compared to that in rain forests because of the stressful conditions presented by salt water or brackish water, and to some extent by tidal flooding. Trees reach heights of 2 to 10 m (7 to 33 ft). The greatest development of mangroves is found in brackish water areas. In the Americas there are fewer than ten mangrove species, but there are more than 35 species in the Indo-Pacific region. The mangrove genera Avicennia (called black mangrove in the United States) and Rhizopora (red mangrove) are widely spread in the Tropics and also extend beyond them.Soil Conditions Tropical soils are generally diverse, ranging from volcanics to almost pure quartz sands, although perhaps one-half of the total rain forest area is composed of reddish latosols (soils from which the nutrients have been stripped). Warm climates and copious precipitation in the humid Tropics leads to strong weathering of the soils. Minerals are continuously leached (dissolved by rainwater) from the upper layers. Latosols are very poor in most mineralsΓÇöalthough quartz, aluminum, and iron become concentrated because they are not heavily leached by rainwater. Clay soils, although poor in nutrients, have relatively good water retention, and the rain forest has evolved to take advantage of this. The paucity of most nutrients in most tropical soils was overcome during rain forest evolution through nutrient cycling. Accelerated biological activity in the leaf litter on the forest floor, along with high levels of precipitation, means that nutrientsΓÇöunless somehow capturedΓÇöwill be leached away rapidly. Given the poor soils on which most rain forests grow, plants can capture nutrients in several ways: by ΓÇ£withdrawingΓÇ¥ them to stems before leaves fall, by accumulating them from rainwater in epiphytes and on trunks, and, most importantly, by taking them into the roots before they are leached away. Leaching is avoided with the help of nutrient-absorbing fungi that become integral parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> mats. These symbiotic associations between fungi and plants are called mycorrhizae; the fungi supply nutrients to the rain forest trees and the trees in turn furnish energy to the fungi.Plant Life Vertical stratification of trees and plants is a characteristic feature of rain forests. The upper canopy consists of trees reaching heights of 30 to 50 m (100 to 165 ft). This canopy is relatively open, with large spaces between treetops through which sunlight can pass. Even the tallest of these trees, many of which are dicotyledons (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">), have only shallow root systems. Much of the rainwater traveling down these tall trunks is lost to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">transpiration</a></span><span class="style1">. The upper canopy is permanently occupied by animals, many of whom never leave the upper reaches for the forest floor. The next lowest layer consists of a more enclosed canopy of trees, entangled with lianas and strangler figs. The bird-and-bat-dispersed seeds of strangler figs come to rest atop other trees. As the stranglers grow downward, they establish a parasitic relationship, entwining and eventually killing the host tree. Below this middle canopy, at the level of the forest floor, there are relatively few plants. The small amount of sunlight able to pass the upper canopies is sufficient only for seedlings.Plant life in the tropical rain forest is dominated by angiosperms, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The vast majority of species are woody (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Xylem</a></span><span class="style1">). Roughly between 80 and 200 woody species can be found in 1 hectare (about 2.5 acres) of most mature rain forests. Often, however, there are no more than one or two individuals of the same species in a given hectare. Only in highly stressful habitats, such as in some swamp areas, will one or a few species dominate. The predominantly woody nature of rain forests means that most species need a long time before they can </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">. Many species probably do not reach maturity for 30 years or more.Animal Life Rain forests are the most diverse ecosystems on earth because of the enormous numbers of animal species present. Most of this animal diversity is made up of insects, but many other invertebrate groups are also represented. A large rain forest region, such as the Amazon Basin, may have more than ten million animal species, although most of these have yet to be described scientifically. In contrast to temperate latitude forests, animal diversity in rain forests is heavily arboreal and always greater than that found living on the ground. Even some large vertebrates, such as the orangutan of North Sumatra and Borneo, have evolved to spend most of their lives in the trees. The great diversity of many animal groups, such as birds, can in large part be explained by the fact that various unique combinations of species tend to inhabit different layers of rain forest. In the riparian rain forests of the Amazon, vertebrate diversity is also greatly increased because of the large numbers of fish species that colonize these habitats during the annual floods to feed on fruits, seeds, insects, and other foods that fall out of the trees and into the water.Life based in tropical trees has led to the evolution of several peculiar adaptations. In American rain forests various mammal groups, such as many of the monkeys and some of the porcupines, have prehensile tails, which aid in mobility but also allow the animals to hang down to reach food that might otherwise be inaccessible. Some Asian rain forests are especially known for animals with the ability to glide. Borneo alone has more than 30 species of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians that can glide from one tree to anotherΓÇöan efficient mode of travel in a rain forest.Mutualistic interactions between plants and animals are characteristic of rain forests. Many animal groups, especially insects and birds, pollinate rain forest trees. Wind is not an effective pollinator for most plant species in this relatively closed environment. The insects receive food from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1"> and other substances, and in return they pollinate the next flowers they visit. After </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is formed, rain forest plants rely on animals to disperse their seeds. Birds and mammals are important dispersal agents in nearly all rain forests; on Amazonian floodplains, fish also play an important role in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> dispersal (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1">). Some animal groups provide protection to a plant species, while the host plants provide the animals with a home. Ants are the most common and abundant animals found in rain forests, and they have evolved to occupy all strata, from the understory to the emergents. Many tropical plants have hollow structures in their stems or twigs that stinging or biting ants use as homes. Ants supply nutrients to the trees and in many cases also protect the trees from leaf and seed predators.Importance It is now generally accepted by scientists that rain forests are of more potential value on a long-term sustainable basis when left more or less intact than when converted to pastures or other simplified habitats. Rain forests have built up the largest standing biomass of any plant community on earth, and they have done this almost independent of soil conditions by recycling nutrients. Managed rain forests can thus provide huge amounts of valuable timber, retain the naturally thin topsoil layers, regulate runoff, and stabilize local climate.Because rain forests contain the earth's greatest diversity of plants and animals, they also represent giant gene banks that can provide new drugs, foods, and other products. Medicinal substances already discovered in rain forests include diosgenin, an active agent in contraceptive pills; reserpine, used to treat cardiac problems; and curare, used in heart and lung surgery. Only a very small percentage of rain forest plants have thus far been assayed for potential chemical value.Human Impact There are a large number of natural phenomena and human activities that have had an impact on rain forests. Cyclones, lightning fires, disease, landslides, and other natural forces are now of rather minimal influence compared to human activities such as logging, road building, mining, and large-scale clearing for cattle pasture and other agricultural crops. Traditional societies practiced slash-and-burn cultivation in which only relatively small areas were cleared. After two or three years, when the nutrients in the soils had been depleted, the plot was abandoned and another cleared. Because the plots were small, they would be quickly colonized by the surrounding forest after they had been abandoned. In modern practice, however, the large-scale clearing that takes place in nearly all rain forest areas is so extensive that hundreds of years would probably be needed for anything resembling the original vegetation to return.Since the 1970s the rate of tropical deforestation has accelerated greatly. The eastern region, in places such as Australia, Sumatra, Malaysia, and Melanesia, began to suffer huge losses due to timber and agricultural operations. Amazonia, which became a focus of world attention, was being cleared mostly for large cattle ranches and ambitious government programs, such as colonization along the Trans-Amazon Highway. Total rates of tropical deforestation are difficult to estimate, but probably about 100,000 sq km (about 40,000 sq mi) of rain forest are destroyed or seriously degraded every year. Some highly unique rain forests have been almost totally destroyed. For example, less than 2 percent of the original Atlantic coastal rain forest of Brazil remains today.There is growing concern about the loss of biodiversity and global warming (due to increased levels of carbon dioxide) that may result from rain forest destruction. It now seems clear, however, that the loss of species is by far the more important concern. So little is yet known about rain forest diversity and ecology that large-scale extinctions could take place as a result of human activities before anything can be done to understand the consequences of such extinctions and prevent them from happening. A number of national and international organizations have been established since the 1970s to deal specifically with rain forest conversion and conservation. Efforts are now under way to find economic alternatives to massive deforestation.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ragweed, common name for several species of herbs of the family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">, characterized by small, greenish flowers borne on upright terminal spikes and by deep-green lobed or dissected leaves. They are native to the United States and Canada. The best-known species of ragweed are the common ragweed, or Roman </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wormwood</a></span><span class="style1">, which grows to a height of 1.5 m (5 ft), and the giant ragweed, which may attain a height of 3.6 m (12 ft). Ragweed is a hardy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, usually found in dry soil in fields, pastures, and along the roadside. A common source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> fever, ragweed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> is wind-borne in great quantities in late summer, at which time it causes serious discomfort to allergic people.Scientific classification: Ragweeds belong to the family Compositae. The common ragweed, or Roman wormwood, is classified as Ambrosia artemisiifolia and the giant ragweed as Ambrosia trifida.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Rafflesia, genus of various parasitic, stemless, leafless </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, distinctive for their putrid, carrion odor. The plants are native to the Malay Archipelago and Indonesia and live on the stems and roots of certain woody vines. The large, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, five-lobed flowers are pollinated by carrion flies. The blossom of one species, the corpse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">, is recognized as the largest </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> in the world. It grows up to 91 cm (36 in) in width, with petals 3 cm (1 in) thick and 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs as much as 7 kg (15 lb).Scientific classification: Rafflesia make up the genus Rafflesia of the family Rafflesiaceae. The corpse lily is classified as Rafflesia arnoldii.</span></text>
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<text>Rafflesia</text>
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card_187579.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Raffia, common name for a cultivated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> of Madagascar and the adjacent African mainland, the leaves of which furnish fiber for making hats, mats, and baskets.Scientific classification: Raffia belongs to the family Palmae. It is classified as Raphia farinifera.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Raffia</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Palm</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Palm</text>
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<name>Raffia</name>
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card_187197.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Radish, common name for any member of a genus of annual or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family, particularly the common garden radish. Radishes apparently originated in China. They are grown throughout the North Temperate Zone for their pungent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, commonly used as a relish. Varieties differ in size and shape, and range from white to red or yellow in color, depending somewhat on the growing season. Thus, spring radishes are small and round, whereas summer varieties are larger and more slender; both are usually eaten raw, but the still larger fall varieties are generally boiled. The Japanese large, white radish, called the daikon, may also be pickled or eaten raw.Scientific classification: Radishes make up the genus Raphanus of the family Cruciferae. The common garden radish is classified as Raphanus sativus.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Radish</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialMustardRoot</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Mustard</text>
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card_187048.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Quince, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its pearlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. A native of western Asia, it is a low tree with twisted branches; ovate, entire, deciduous leaves; and large whitish flowers, which are solitary at the end of young branches. The fruit is globose or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped, of a rich yellow or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> color, with a strong aroma.Scientific classification: The quince belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Cydonia oblonga.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Quince</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FruitOrangePearRoseTree</text>
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<id>38</id>
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<name>Quince</name>
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card_186549.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Pumpkin, one of the common names for a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are characteristically spreading vines with showy yellow-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, large lobed leaves, and long twisting tendrils. The pumpkin genus is native to warmer parts of America and is an economically important member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Pumpkins, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">squash</a></span><span class="style1">, and some kinds of gourd are the fruits of four different species of this genus. Summer squash is eaten when the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is immature. Winter squash is derived from all four species and is eaten after the fruit has matured. Winter squash may be stored for winter consumption, hence the name. All four species also produce pumpkins, which are similar to winter squash. They are used mainly as pie filling and as jack-o'-lanterns.Scientific classification: Pumpkins make up the genus Cucurbita of the family Cucurbitaceae. The four different species of the genus producing pumpkins, squash, and some kinds of gourd are classified as Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita moschata, and Cucurbita pepo. Summer squash is from Cucurbita pepo.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pruning, removal of parts of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, usually branches or branch tips, to relieve the burden on the remaining parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, to cut out diseased or broken parts, to increase the quantity and quality of flowers or fruits, to train individual parts to positions structurally favorable to the health of the plant, or to shape the plant into some artificial form. Natural pruning is effected by the action of wind, excessive </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> loads, and ice or snow. Such natural pruning frequently leaves stubs or slowly healing wounds that are susceptible to decay and disease. The hollows that result provide feeding areas, nesting sites, and shelter for arboreal animals. Artificial pruning prevents decay and promotes quick healing of wounds.Plants that produce spring-blooming buds in the fall are pruned in the summer. In the eastern U.S., pruning may be done during the winter months, but in the Midwest winter pruning may result in sufficient loss of water through evaporation to kill the plants. In dry, hot areas, excessive pruning of trees frequently results in sunscald of the branches and trunks. Summer pruning of trees usually stimulates </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and fruit production, whereas winter pruning increases the production of leaves and branches. When the branches of trees and shrubs are pruned, wood or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> production is encouraged; the pruning of roots reduces wood production but increases fruit bearing.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Privet, common name applied to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Privets are shrubs or small trees with opposite leaves, which are simple and entire at the margin. The flowers are small, white, and in terminal panicles.Scientific classification: Privets make up the genus Ligustrum of the family Oleaceae.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Privet</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>OlivePlants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningLilacOlive</text>
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<name>Privet</name>
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card_184920.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Primrose, also primula, common name for a medium-size family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of wide distribution and for its representative genus. The family, comprising about 1000 species placed in 28 genera, is made up of annual and perennial herbs and is most abundant in the North Temperate Zone. Many species produce showy flowers on erect, leafless stalks. The family contains many popular ornamentals, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cowslip</a></span><span class="style1">. Members of a representative genus in particular, such as the common primrose, are useful in rock gardens and are also grown as houseplants. Primroses are among the earliest-blooming spring flowers. Cyclamens are grown both outdoors and indoors for their interestingly shaped, early-appearing flowers. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Loosestrife</a></span><span class="style1"> and shooting star are also often cultivated. A few members of the family yield medicinally useful chemicals, and others produce dyes.The family is placed in an order with two other families. The myrsine family, with about 1000 species placed in 32 genera, is a group of mostly tropical African, Asian, and American trees and shrubs of little economic value, except for a few genera that are grown as ornamentals in tropical and subtropical areas. The theophrasta family contains about 100 species of tropical American trees and shrubs placed in 5 genera.Scientific classification: Primroses make up the family Primulaceae of the order Primulales. The common primrose is classified as Primula vulgaris. Cyclamens are classified in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cyclamen</a></span><span class="style1">, loosestrife in the genus Lysimachia, and shooting stars in the genus Dodecatheon. The two other families in the order Primulales are Myrsinaceae and Theophrastaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Prickly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pear</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plants are characterized by flat-jointed stems covered with small clusters of stiff hairs called glochids, and usually also spines. The flowers are commonly yellow and develop into warty, pear-shaped edible fruits. The most important species are the tuna and the Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fig</a></span><span class="style1">. These species originated in American subtropical and tropical areas, and they have been naturalized in tropical regions throughout the world. As </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> for cattle, prickly pears are cultivated in arid lands of the western United States.Scientific classification: Prickly pears belong to the genus Opuntia of the family Cactaceae. The tuna is classified as Opuntia tuna and the Indian fig as Opuntia ficus-indica.</span></text>
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<text>Prickly Pear</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CactusFigForagePearPlants</text>
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<name>Prickly Pear</name>
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card_184328.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Potato, edible starchy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tuber</a></span><span class="style1">. It is produced by certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family, especially the common white potato. The name is also applied to the plants. The white-potato tuber is a food staple in most countries of the temperate regions of the world. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is grown as an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> attains a length of up to almost 1 m (almost 3 ft), erect or prostrate, with pointed leaves and white to purple flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> about the size of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">. Like the stems and the foliage, the fruit contains significant amounts of solanin, a poisonous alkaloid characteristic of the genus. The plant, native to the Peruvian Andes, was brought to Europe in the 16th century by Spanish explorers. The cultivation of the potato spread rapidly, especially in the temperate regions, and early in the 18th century the plant was introduced into North America. The earliest authentic record of its cultivation there was dated 1719, at Londonderry, New Hampshire. Production in the United States during the mid-1980s involved a harvest of almost 500,000 hectares (about 1.2 million acres), yielding about 16.1 million metric tons of potatoes annually. The principal potato-producing states are, in order, Idaho, Washington, Maine, Wisconsin, North Dakota, California, and Pennsylvania. The early crop is produced by California and the Gulf states; as the season advances, the harvest moves to the states of the Great Plains, the Pacific Northwest, and the Northeast.In ordinary cultivation, propagation is accomplished by planting the tuber or a section of the tuber containing an eye, which is an undeveloped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">. New varieties are developed from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> produced after controlled </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">. Improved varieties may be propagated rapidly by using cuttings from the sprouts. Rich, sandy loams are most suitable for producing the light, mealy types favored by American and British taste; heavy, moist soils produce the firm type preferred by Europeans. Named varieties popular in the United States include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">, Idaho, Cobbler, Early Ohio, Green Mountain, Hebron, Rural, and Burbank. Freshly dug potatoes contain 78 percent water, 18 percent starch, 2.2 percent protein, 1 percent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">, and 0.1 percent fat. About 75 percent of the dry weight is carbohydrate. The potato is an important source of starch for the manufacture of adhesives and alcohol.The most important disease of the potato is late </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blight</a></span><span class="style1">, caused by a fungus that rots leaves, stems, and tubers. The early blight, caused by a different fungus, is not so destructive but causes lesions that permit entry of the various forms of bacterial rot. Several forms of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosaic disease</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> curl are caused by infection with viruses. The Colorado potato beetle is the most destructive of the insect pests; others include the potato leafhopper, the potato flea beetle, and species of aphids and psyllids. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sweet Potato</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Potatoes are produced by plants of the genus Solanum, of the family Solanaceae. The common white potato is classified as Solanum tuberosum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Portulaca, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> order, comprising a small, widespread group of more or less </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> herbs and subshrubs, with concentrations of species along the Pacific Coast of North America and in southern Africa, and for its representative genus. About 21 genera and 400 species make up this family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">. The leaves are opposite or alternate and bear stipules (appendages, usually leaflike, at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base) that are often modified into membranous scales or hairs. The usually small flowers characteristically have only two green sepals, five petals and stamens, and a single ovary borne above and free from the other floral parts. The common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">purslane</a></span><span class="style1"> has long been used as a pot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> and in salads. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1"> moss is used as a bedding </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, and the fame </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, rock purslane, and several other species are also used as ornamentals.Scientific classification: Portulaca plants make up the family Portulacaceae. The representative genus is Portulaca. The common purslane is classified as Portulaca oleracea and the rose moss as Portulaca grandiflora. The fame flower is classified in the genus Talinum and the rock purslane in the genus Calandrinia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Poppy, common name for a small family of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> occurring principally in the North Temperate Zone, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 23 genera and 210 species; many are important as ornamentals, and one species is the source of opium. Members of the family occupy varied habitats, but they are more common in open, well-drained areas. This preference helps explain why several members of the family, especially poppies, are bothersome weeds in cultivated fields. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bloodroot</a></span><span class="style1">.The representative genus contains about 50 species. The Oriental poppy is widely cultivated as an ornamental, and many color forms have been developed. The opium poppy produces several useful products. Its tiny seeds, produced in huge quantities in each of the plant's dry fruits, or capsules, are used in baking and produce an important drying oil. Opium is the dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">, that is harvested from the capsules while they are still young. It contains many alkaloids, including morphine and codeine, that are useful in medicine. Heroin is synthesized from the morphine purified from the complex mixture of alkaloids in opium.The family shares its order with the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fumitory</a></span><span class="style1"> family. This family contains about 16 genera and 400 species, also mostly found in the North Temperate Zone, with a few species located in mountainous regions of tropical Africa and South Africa. The most familiar member of the family is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bleeding heart</a></span><span class="style1">; others are of minor ornamental importance.The leaves are usually deeply divided and arranged in a rosette around the base of the short </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers have two to four sepals (outer floral whorls) and twice as many petals (inner floral whorls). The stamens (male floral organs) vary in number from six to many more, and the ovary (female floral organ) is superior (borne above and free from the other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts). The order characteristically has sap that is rich in alkaloids. The sap is clear and watery in the fumitory family, milky in the poppy family.Scientific classification: Poppies make up the family Papaveraceae in the order Papaverales. The Oriental poppy is classified as Papaver orientale, and the opium poppy as Papaver somniferum. The family Fumariaceae is the only other family in the order Papaverales.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Poplar, common name for any of about 35 species of trees in a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Poplars are short-lived, fast-growing trees native mostly to the northern hemisphere. The soft wood of poplars is used for paper pulp, in light construction, and in crate making. Poplars are divided into three groups, or subgenera: aspens; balsam poplars; and cottonwoods, so called because of the abundant, cottonlike seeds they produce. The Lombardy poplar, with close, erect branches, is planted as a windbreak. The black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cottonwood</a></span><span class="style1"> of western North America is the largest poplar on the continent, attaining heights of more than 80 m (200 ft). See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Aspen</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Poplars belong to the genus Populus of the family Salicaceae. The Lombardy poplar is classified as Populus nigra cultivar italica, and the black cottonwoods as Populus trichocarpa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pondweed, any of a genus of about 100 species of perennial water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, found widespread in lakes, streams, and coastal waters. Pondweeds branch upward from their beds, usually but not always extending some of their straight to elliptical leaves above the surface. The small green to brown flowers are borne in clusters on spikes, and the fruits are hard, tiny nuts. Pondweeds are an important food source for ducks and other waterfowl.Scientific classification: Pondweeds are classified in the genus Potamogeton of the family Potamogetonaceae.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Pondweed</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Plants</text>
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<name>Pondweed</name>
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card_182896.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Pomegranate, common name for a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> or thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> in the pomegranate family; its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is also called pomegranate. The only genus is native to tropical Asia and is characterized by large solitary flowers with numerous stamens and pistils. The pomegranate is of bushy growth with glossy leaves and red flowers. The fruit is about the size of a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> and is filled with seeds, the fleshy outer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> coats of which consist of a sweet, acid, edible, orange-red pulp. The astringent rind is used in medicine and in tanning. The tree is cultivated for its fruit in warm regions throughout the world. Dwarf varieties bear ornamental blossoms.Scientific classification: Pomegranate belongs to the family Punicaceae. It is classified as Punica granatum.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Pomegranate</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FruitOrangeSeedShrubTree</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Myrtle</text>
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<name>Pomegranate</name>
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card_182523.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Pollination, transfer of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> from the stamen, or male structure of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, to the stigma of the pistil, or female structure, of the same or a different flower. In self-pollination, or autogamy, the pollen is transferred from the stamen to the stigma of the same flower; in cross-pollination, or allogamy, pollen is transferred from one flower to another on the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (geitonogamy) or to a flower of another plant of the same species (xenogamy).Self-pollination is the simpler and more certain of the two fertilization processes, especially for many species that colonize by copiously repeating the same parental strain. A species producing such uniform offspring, however, runs the risk of having its entire population wiped out by a single evolutionary event. Cross-pollination produces more varied offspring that are better able to cope with a changed environment. Cross-pollinating </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> also tend to produce more and better-quality seeds.The advantages of cross-pollination are such that plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to prevent self-pollination and to have their pollen carried to distant plants. Many plants ensure against self-pollination by producing chemicals that prevent pollen from growing on the stigma of the same flower, or from developing pollen tubes in the style. Other plants, such as date palms and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchard</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, have become dioecious, producing only male (staminate) flowers on some plants and female (pistillate) flowers on others. Some plants are dichogamous, that is, the pistil ripens before or after the stigma in the same flower becomes receptive.Wind is the most common pollen carrier for cross-pollination. Because wind scatters pollen indiscriminately over wide areas, such trees as conifers must produce huge quantities of pollen to ensure fertilization, often enveloping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> forests in a haze of pollen. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">date palm</a></span><span class="style1"> is wind-pollinated in nature but has been hand-pollinated in the Middle East for many centuries.Bees, other insects, birds, and bats are more discriminate pollen carriers because each flies from flower to flower of the same species. The relationship between some plants and bees is very specific; for example, only certain bumble bees, entering such flowers as Scotch </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broom</a></span><span class="style1">, Cytisus scoparius, cause the stamens to spring up and dust the underside of the bees with pollen. Perhaps the most important cross-pollinators of flowers are honeybees, whose hives are placed in orchards for this purpose. Species of big-tongued tropical bats are drawn to specialized flowers that attract the animals by nocturnal odors, abundant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">, and protein-rich pollen.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Propagation</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pokeweed, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, comprising about 18 genera and 65 species, and for its representative genus. The representative genus contains about 25 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees that occur in tropical and subtropical regions. The small flowers lack petals, have many stamens (male floral organs), and produce fleshy berries at maturity. The common pokeweed, or pokeberry, native to the eastern United States, may grow 3 m (10 ft) tall. Its young leaves are used as a substitute for greens and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spinach</a></span><span class="style1">; the young shoots, properly prepared, taste like </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1">; but the large, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> produces a cathartic poison, phytolaccin. The purple berries contain a dye.Scientific classification: Pokeweeds make up the family Phytolaccaceae. The common pokeweed, or pokeberry, is classified as Phytolacca americana.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Pokeweed</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>AsparagusPlantRootSpinach</text>
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<name>Pokeweed</name>
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card_181450.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Poisonous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1">, plants containing substances that, taken into the body of humans or animals in small or moderate amounts, provoke a harmful reaction resulting in illness or death. Possibly as many as one out of each 100 species of plants is poisonous, but not all have been recognized as such. Dangerous plants are widely distributed in woods (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">baneberry</a></span><span class="style1">) and fields (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">star-of-Bethlehem</a></span><span class="style1">), swamps (false </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hellebore</a></span><span class="style1">) and dry ranges (scrub </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">), roadsides (climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bittersweet</a></span><span class="style1">) and parks (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kalmia</a></span><span class="style1">), and may be wild (celandine) or cultivated (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wisteria</a></span><span class="style1">). Many ornamental plants, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oleander</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily of the valley</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mistletoe</a></span><span class="style1">, are poisonous.Botanists have no set rules to determine accurately whether any given </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is poisonous. Toxic species are scattered geographically, in habitat, and in botanical relationship. They contain more than 20 kinds of poisonous principles, primarily alkaloids, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">glycosides</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saponins</a></span><span class="style1">, resinoids, oxalates, photosensitizing compounds, and mineral compounds such as selenium or nitrates accumulated from the soil. The poisonous compound may be distributed throughout all parts of the plant (poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">), or it may accumulate in one part more than any other, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> (water hemlock), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">daphne</a></span><span class="style1">), or foliage (wild cherries). A plant may vary in toxicity as it grows, generally becoming more toxic with maturity; certain plants, however, can be highly toxic when young and harmless later (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cocklebur</a></span><span class="style1">).Some active principles cause skin irritation directly (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nettle</a></span><span class="style1">); others bring about an allergenic reaction (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poison ivy</a></span><span class="style1">). Most poisons, however, must enter the body before they act, and in almost all cases this happens when they are eaten. Usually more than 57 g (2 oz) of the poisonous portion of the plant must be eaten by an average adult before poisoning will result (the amount is proportionately less for children). Some plants, however, are toxic in small amounts; for instance, one or two castor beans, the seeds of the castor-oil plant, may kill a child.After ingestion, the poison may act immediately on the digestive tract (dumbcane, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">euphorbia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1">), producing severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and possibly internal bleeding, or it may be absorbed into the bloodstream. If so, it passes first to the liver, which may be injured. Oxalates crystallize in the kidneys (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhubarb</a></span><span class="style1">), rupturing the tubules. Some plants affect the heart (oleander). Small amounts of principles in some of these (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">digitalis</a></span><span class="style1">) may be used in medicine. Plants containing alkaloids often produce unpleasant or dangerous reactions in the nervous system. Examples are paralysis (poison hemlock), hallucinations (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jimsonweed</a></span><span class="style1">), or heart block (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yew</a></span><span class="style1">). A few poisons act directly within the cells of the body. The best example is cyanide, released from a glycoside in the plant (wild cherries), which prevents cells of the body from using oxygen. In contrast, unusually high levels of nitrates in plants combine with the hemoglobin of the blood so that it can no longer carry oxygen to the body cells. Some reactions are highly specific. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bracken</a></span><span class="style1"> destroys bone marrow, in which blood cells are formed. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Saint-John's-wort</a></span><span class="style1"> contains a poison that, when ingested by animals, reacts with sunlight to produce severe sunburn and lesions on exposed skin.Poisonous plants are too numerous to eradicate, and many are highly prized as houseplants or garden ornamentals. If poisoning is suspected, a physician or the local poison control center should be consulted immediately.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Poisonous Plants</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
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<text>BaneberryBerryBittersweetBrackenCockleburDaphneDigitalisEuphorbiaGlycosidesHelleboreHemlockIvyJimsonweedKalmiaLilyLily of the ValleyMistletoeNettleNightshadeOakOleanderPlantPlantsPoison IvyRhubarbRootSaint-John's-WortSaponinsStar-of-BethlehemWisteriaYew</text>
<text><span class="style1">Poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ivy</a></span><span class="style1">, Poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Oak</a></span><span class="style1">, and Poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sumac</a></span><span class="style1">, common names applied to three </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cashew</a></span><span class="style1"> family, capable of producing an allergic reaction in people who have become sensitized to them. Poison ivy and poison oak are variants of a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (sometimes treated as separate species by botanists), different mainly in the shape of their leaflets. Both are woody perennial plants of roadsides, thickets, hedgerows, and open woods, and one or the other is found throughout the United States and southern Canada. They may take the form of vines climbing up </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks to considerable height, shrubs or subshrubs standing erect by themselves, or vines trailing on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> floor, sometimes also trailing out into meadows from hedgerows. Distinguishing characteristics include the regular grouping of three leaflets in each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">, and stiff clusters of small, yellowish or white berries that appear in summer and fall. Other characteristics vary considerably, especially size of leaflet, notching, whether the surface is shiny or dull, or color.Poison sumac is a tall, smooth-stemmed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows in swamps throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It bears pinnately compound leaves with about 7 to 13 leaflets, including one at the tip. The fruits are white or yellowish berries in clusters similar to those of poison ivy.Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contain a lacquerlike resin in their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. The resin is composed of active substances that provoke a sensitizing reaction in most, if not all, persons the first time effective contact occurs. Contact may be made by brushing past the leaves or the bare stems. Contact with exposed pets, clothing, or garden tools many induce a reaction. Smoke from burning ivy plants may carry the resin and affect all uncovered parts of the body.After a person has become sensitized, subsequent contact with the resin produces the typical allergic reaction of ivy poisoning. The effects do not become apparent for some hours. First, the skin reddens and begins to itch. Small watery blisters soon appear, often in lines indicating the point of contact with the plant, and the itching becomes intense. Finally, in severe cases, large watery swellings appear and coalesce. The condition is self-limiting, and recovery takes place in one to four weeks, even without treatment. A physician should be consulted in severe cases or if sensitive parts of the body, such as the eyelids, become involved. Scratching slows healing, invites infection, and may spread the resin from one location to another; the watery fluid in the blisters does not spread the reaction. Boric acid solution or calamine lotion are commonly used to relieve itching. Some or all of the resin may be removed by prompt and vigorous scrubbing with strong soap. Persons whose occupation exposes them to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac should consider desensitization.Scientific classification: Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac belong to the genus Toxicodendron of the family Anacardiaceae. Poison ivy and poison oak are variants of Toxicodendron radicans. Poison sumac is classified as Toxicodendron vernix.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Plum (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> tree of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which also contains the other trees that produce drupes (hard-pitted fruits): </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">almond</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apricot</a></span><span class="style1">. About 12 plum species are cultivated throughout temperate regions for their fruit and as flowering ornamentals. The trees are rarely more than 10 m (33 ft) high. The plum varieties, which are suited to both warm and cool climates, exceed the other drupes.The common European plum, the most important species, has been cultivated since ancient times and probably originated near the Caspian Sea. It was introduced into North America, possibly by the Pilgrims, and is now mostly cultivated in the western United States. Fruits of varieties of this species range in color from yellow or red to green, but purplish-blue is most common. Dried plums, or prunes, are made from the varieties that are richest in sugar and solids.The Japanese plum, probably originating in China, was introduced into the United States in 1870. The fruit is more pointed at the apex than that of the common European plum, and its varieties are yellow or light red but never purplish-blue. The Damson plumΓÇöa small, oval, sweet fruit used mostly in jamsΓÇöwas first cultivated in ancient times in the region of Damascus.Scientific classification: Plums belong to the genus Prunus of the family Rosaceae. The common European plum is classified as Prunus domestica, the Japanese plum as Prunus salicina, and the Damson plum as Prunus insititia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Plantain, common name applied to any member of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that is primarily native to temperate regions. Plantains bear regular flowers, usually in elongated spikes. The calyx and corolla are each four-partite, and the petals are usually chaffy. The four stamens have long, threadlike filaments. The name plantain is also applied to a large-fruited, starchy variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banana</a></span><span class="style1">, which belongs to a different order.Scientific classification: Plaintains make up the family Plantaginaceae.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> Propagation, the art and science of establishing plant life and replacing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are used in daily life. The methods of propagation involved fall into two categories: sexual and asexual propagation.Sexual Propagation Sexual propagation by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> involves two individuals, male and female, in practically all instances. This makes for the possibility of endless combinations of genotypes; that is, in the process of fertilization, the genes of the parent plants recombine randomly, creating new genetic entities similar to but differing from one another and from the parents as well. This diversity contributes to the development of new plant forms and species. It also protects a species from disaster in the form of disease or insect epidemics, or from gradual changes in the environment.Most plant propagation is, in fact, from seed, including all annual and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> plants. Among such plants are all the grains, most of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> plants, and many of the horticultural and floral plants in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> trade. In addition, virtually all </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> trees are produced from seed, as are those plants used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> (see below). Very occasionally, seeds can be produced apomicticallyΓÇöthat is, without fertilizationΓÇöbut they do not have the genetic diversity found in seeds produced normally.Seeds from most plants are ready to germinate when they ripen. Many of the woody perennials have some type of dormancy, however, which must be broken prior to planting. If the dormancy is of the embryo typeΓÇöthat is, if the embryo itself must go through a period of dormancy or maturingΓÇöthe seed is placed in a cold room (1.6┬░-4.4┬░ C/35┬░-40┬░ F) in containers with abundant moisture. This process, called stratification, lasts for 30 to 120 days, depending on the species. If the dormancy is of the seed-coat typeΓÇöthat is, if the coat is tough and must be softened before germination can take placeΓÇöthe seed may be placed in a cement mixer with limestone chips or treated with concentrated sulfuric acid; this process is called scarification. Occasionally, seeds have both types of dormancy and must be treated by being both stratified and scarified.Seeds are usually drilled (planted in rows), either by hand or mechanically, in a well-prepared soil. They are then covered with a light coat of soil, up to twice the diameter of the seed. Sowing usually is done in the spring, when environmental conditions for germination are most suitable. As soon as a sufficient amount of water is absorbed by the seed, biochemical changes take place, cell division begins, and germination occurs.Asexual Propagation When identical genotypes of a plant are to be reproduced, the plant must be propagated by asexual, or vegetative, means (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Vegetative Reproduction</a></span><span class="style1">). In this way, for example, the Golden Delicious </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1"> was perpetuated and multiplied from the single branch where the mutation, or ΓÇ£sport,ΓÇ¥ first appeared, to thousands of other trees by the process called grafting.Grafting A graft is made by collecting a portion, or scion, of the plant to be propagated. The base of the scion is cut to a wedge-shaped point. A cut is also made into a seedling, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">, of the same species, usually at a point where the diameter of the stock and the scion are equal. The scion is placed in the cut, matching the stock's cambiumΓÇöthe growth layer of lateral meristemsΓÇöwith that of the scion. The two are held together by winding a grafting rubber band spirally from the bottom of the cut to the top. The whole graft area is then covered with grafting wax. In a relatively short period of time, often three to four weeks, the scion and stock plant will unite; the stock plant is then cut just above the graft union.Many kinds of grafts can be made. The one described above, for example, is called a side graft; another common graft is the cleft graft. The basic principle of successful grafting, however, is the same in all cases, and certain conditions should always be met: The stock plant should be growing actively, the scion should be dormant, and the grafting knife should be sharp to make clean cuts.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Budding</a></span><span class="style1"> In this variation of grafting, a dormant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> is used for scion material. The bud is removed from its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> along with a shield of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> and is inserted in a T-shaped cut at the base of the stock plant. The site is then wrapped with a grafting rubber band. When the bud breaks dormancy and is well established and growing, the part of the stock plant that is above the graft is removed.Rooting Cuttings Some plant species can produce roots on an excised twig or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">, if it is taken at the proper time. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> is inserted in the proper medium for rooting, such as vermiculite or a sand mixture, and provided with proper heat and humidity. Cuttings of some species such as willows and true poplars can be planted directly in the field.Marcottage, or Air Layering A process known as marcottage is successful with certain hard-to-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> species. A branch tip is girdledΓÇöthat is, a ring of bark is removed from around the branch, down to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1"> layer, cutting off the flow of nutrients to the branch tip. The area surrounding the girdle is then packed with moist </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sphagnum</a></span><span class="style1"> moss and wrapped in plastic. Eventually, a pronounced callus (thick new tissue) forms at the upper side of the girdle, and roots appear. These grow into the sphagnum moss. When a sufficient root mass is present, the twig is excised at the lower end of the girdle and potted.Tissue Culture This newest and most technical method of vegetative propagation involves cloning. Any plant tissue with cells that can divide can be used for tissue culture. Although cultures have been started from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, endosperm, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">, and embryos, tissues taken from the vascular area of stems or roots have been the most successful. A nutrient medium containing essential salts and amino acids is prepared in an agar solution, which is placed in a flask and sterilized. Sections of tissue are excised under aseptic (pathogen-free) conditions and placed on the surface of the medium. The flasks are stoppered with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1"> (or some equivalent) and placed in a controlled environment. Within a short period of time the callus proliferates; it is then cut aseptically into small pieces and transferred to a medium rich in auxin, a plant chemical that promotes root formation, or kinetin, which promotes shoot initiation. Once roots and tops have developed, the plantlet is removed from aseptic conditions and planted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Tissue culture can be accomplished readily with such species as grapes, orchids, chrysanthemums, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gladiolus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gloxinia</a></span><span class="style1">, and carrots. With other species, especially the long-lived perennials such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">, it is a very difficult procedure.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> Distribution, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phytogeography</a></span><span class="style1">, study of all factors that influence the distribution of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Such studies include determining the actual distribution of particular species, charting that information on maps that show the plants' natural range, and illustrating or listing plant species and associations that occur in a given region. The most important determinants of the distribution of plant species are geology, ecology, and the dispersal ability of the reproductive bodies of the plant itself. No two plant species have identical distribution patterns.Geology The many changes in land areas and climates during the past have greatly affected the survival and distribution of plant species. The most dramatic changes have come about as a result of continental drift. These movements of the earth's crust caused large landmasses to break apart, coalesce, form mountains, and move into new climatic zones, which also changed through geologic time. The most recent major land shift is thought to have begun some 200 million years ago during the Triassic period, when a single large continent called Pangaea broke up into smaller landmasses. These geologic changes provide a plausible explanation for the puzzling distribution of many plant species, the ranges of which cannot otherwise be explained. The conifers of the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Araucaria</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, have very large seeds that do not float in seawater and can disperse only short distances, but they have been found either as fossils or as actively growing plants on all continents and on some islands that appear to be continental fragments. Other geologic eventsΓÇöthe recurring ice ages, for exampleΓÇöhave also affected plant distribution. The most recent major glacial period, some 1 million years ago, froze or buried vast terrains and confined plant life to the downslopes of mountains and the lower latitudes.Ecology The tolerance of a plant species that lives and reproduces in a given geographic region must lie within the extremes of its climatic conditions, including temperature and precipitation, and the plant must be able to grow in the soil of the region. Plants known as xerophytes are able to survive very dry conditions. Desert shrubs are typical xerophytes, but plants that grow in alpine regions where the ground freezesΓÇöand thus water is unavailable to the plant rootsΓÇömay also be xerophytes. Mesophytes are usually found in regions of moderate rainfall but may also grow as desert annuals that </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> during the rainy season. Hydrophytes, plants that live in aquatic habitats, are adapted to conditions in which the oxygen and carbon dioxide gases essential to plant life are dissolved in water and thus are not readily available to the plant.Plants found in widely separated geographic regions and belonging to different families often closely resemble one another in appearance because they have evolved similar adaptations to the ecological conditions of their range. Cacti of western hemisphere deserts, for example, look very much like the unrelated euphorbias, aloes, and succulents of deserts in southern Africa. Similarly, many unrelated rain-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> trees have the same general shape and similar foliage.Dispersal Ability The reproductive bodies of plants vary widely in their ability to disperse. The tiny spores of ferns and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> disperse over a wide range because they can float for long distances in air currents. The seeds of beach plants can also disperse great distances because they have the ability to germinate after floating in ocean currents for many days. The seeds of plants adapted to rain forests (such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mango</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">avocado</a></span><span class="style1">) do not disperse very far, however, because they are usually large, fall close to the plant, and germinate almost at once.The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origin and thus are an example of originally bare, isolated land that became populated with plants by means of long-distance dispersal. Many of the plants now considered native to these islands developed from seeds carried either by seawater or air currents or deposited in the droppings of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">-eating migratory birds. Nearly all the rain-forest trees growing on volcanic islands were introduced by humans.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> Breeding, the practical application of genetic principles to the development of improved strains of agricultural and horticultural crops. Plant breeders can adapt old crops to new areas and uses; increase yields; improve resistance to disease; enhance the nutritional quality and flavor of fruits and vegetables; and develop traits that are useful for storage, shipping, and processing of foods. Improved </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1"> varieties sparked the green revolution in the developing world during the 1960s and '70s. In ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, breeders have developed larger and showier flowers, greater plant vigor, and myriad types, shapes, and colors.History Stone Age farmers improved crops through selection, choosing at each harvest the largest seeds from the best plants for sowing the following year. In so doing, over thousands of years, they converted favored wild grass and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> species into such crops as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, wheat, and soybeans. In the 18th and 19th centuries farmers attempted to speed up crop improvement. Some advances were made, partly through selection and partly through trial and error, such as in the procedures used by the American horticulturist Luther Burbank. Through the work of Gregor Mendel, Hugo De Vries, and others, the development of the science of genetics at the beginning of the 20th century established a firm scientific base for plant breeding. Since that time it has continued to develop in both sophistication and accomplishments, enabling professional plant breeders to achieve predictable results and uniform quality.Plant breeders use numerous methods to develop new varieties, but their primary techniques of development are selection, hybridization, and the use of mutations.Selection Individuals within a species vary widely in a number of characteristics. Many of these traits are heritable and can be passed on to their progeny. In practicing selection, plant breeders choose plants with desirable traits for further propagation and discard plants that are inferior for that trait. By doing so, plant breeders can select and reselect for the trait through successive generations, shifting the population in the desired direction.Hybridization Hybridization involves crossing plants of different strains or types to join in the progeny the desirable traits of both parents. Undesirable traits also enter the combination, however, so hybridization is usually followed by several generations of selection. This allows breeders to discard undesirable plants, choosing for further propagation only those plants with the desired combination of traits.Backcrossing is a common variation on hybridization. This technique is often used to transfer into a desirable variety a beneficial trait from an otherwise undesirable parent. First the hybrid between the two parents is made; then the hybrid is crossed with the desirable parent. The progeny from this backcrossing normally segregate widely, with individual plants showing a mixture of the characteristics of both parents. By continued backcrossing and selection the plant breeder concentrates the qualities desired, and, if all goes well, in six or seven generations the variety once again breeds true but now exhibits its new trait. Backcrossing is valuable for adding single gene characteristics to crop plants, particularly for resistance to specific insects and diseases.When desirable characteristics are fully developed in a hybrid plant, and the plant can be propagated asexually by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1">, or cloning, then no further selection is necessary. A hybrid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, is propagated by grafting, so all resultant plants are identical.Hybrids are often more vigorous than either parent. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor and has been widely used by plant breeders to increase crop yields. Hybrid seeds have helped to double U.S. corn yields since the 1940s, and almost all the corn now grown in the United States and Europe is started annually from hybrid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. Hybrid breeding has expanded in recent years, and hybrid varieties are now common in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> crops (corn, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorghum</a></span><span class="style1">), vegetables (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, tomatoes, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">squash</a></span><span class="style1">), and many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> species.Mutation Occasionally an individual plant shows an important change in one or more traits arising from a spontaneous mutation. Usually a change in a single gene is involved. Most mutations are deleterious, but occasionally one has a distinct advantage. The plant showing the mutation may be used directly as a variety, a common practice in apples and other fruits, or the new trait may be added to existing varieties through hybridization and backcrossing. Plant mutations caused by single-gene changes have found wide use in ornamentals, resulting in double-flowered forms, weeping stems, dwarfism or unusual growth habits, and a wide diversity of color variations. Mutations can be induced artificially by X rays or ultraviolet light.Doubling the number of chromosomes is another plant-breeding technique that has been useful in improving some flower and crop plants, sometimes producing forms with increased vigor and with larger leaves, flowers, and fruits. The chemical colchicine, an alkaloid extracted from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">autumn crocus</a></span><span class="style1">, is useful for this purpose.New Techniques Developments in plant tissue culture and genetic engineering are opening up new opportunities for plant breeders. In tissue culture, a single laboratory dish of plant cells can be the equivalent of a field with thousands of plants from which to select improved strains. As genetic engineering techniques are perfected, breeders may be able to transfer a gene for pest resistance to a crop plant directly from a wild relative or even from an unrelated species, thus reducing the need for pesticides over vast fields of crops. Such attempts were meeting with only quite limited success by the late 1980s, however, and genetic modification through somoclonal variation techniques may prove more immediately useful.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Propagation</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising about 260,000 known species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, liverworts, ferns, herbaceous and woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, bushes, vines, trees, and various other forms that mantle the earth and are also found in its waters. Plants range in size and complexity from small, nonvascular mosses, which depend on direct contact with surface water, to giant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">redwood</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, the largest living organisms, which can draw water and minerals through their vascular systems to elevations of more than 100 m (more than 330 ft).Only a tiny percentage of plant species are directly used by humans for food, shelter, fiber, and drugs. At the head of the list are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, legumes, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, conifers, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">, on which whole economies and nations depend. Of even greater importance to humans are the indirect benefits reaped from the entire plant kingdom and its more than 3 billion years of carrying out </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">. Plants have laid down the fossil fuels that provide power for industrial society, and throughout their long history plants have supplied sufficient oxygen to the atmosphere to support the evolution of higher animals. Today the world's biomass is composed overwhelmingly of plants, which not only underpin all food webs but also modify climates and create and hold down soil, making what would otherwise be stony, sandy masses habitable for life.Differentiation from Other Kingdoms Plants are multicellular green organisms; their cells contain eukaryotic (nucleated) protoplasm held within more or less rigid cell walls composed primarily of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cellulose</a></span><span class="style1">. The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesizeΓÇöthat is, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energyΓÇöa process carried out in the green, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">-containing plastids (cellular organelles) called chloroplasts. A few plants have lost their chlorophyll and have become saprophytic or parasitic in nutritionΓÇöthat is, they absorb their food from dead organic matter or living organic matter, respectivelyΓÇöbut details of their structure show that they are evolved plant forms.Fungi, also eukaryotic and long considered members of the plant kingdom, have now been placed in a separate kingdom because they lack chlorophyll and plastids and because their rigid cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. Fungi do not manufacture their own food; instead they absorb it from either dead or living organic matter.The various groups of algae were also formerly placed in the plant kingdom because many are eukaryotic and because most have rigid cell walls and carry out photosynthesis. Nonetheless, because of the variety of pigment types, cell wall types, and morphological expression found in the algae, they are now recognized as part of two separate kingdoms, containing a diversity of plantlike and other organisms that are not necessarily closely related. One of the phyla of algaeΓÇöthe green algaeΓÇöis believed to have given rise to the plant kingdom, because its chlorophylls, cell walls, and other details of cellular structure are similar to those of plants.The animal kingdom is also multicellular and eukaryotic, but its members differ from the plants in deriving nutrition from other organic matter; by ingesting food rather than absorbing it, as in the fungi; by lacking rigid cell walls; and, usually, by having sensory capabilities and being motile, at least at some stage.Plant Phyla The many species of organisms in the plant kingdom are divided into several phyla or divisions totaling about 260,000 species. The bryophytes are a diverse polyphyletic assemblage of three phyla of nonvascular plants, with about 16,000 species, that includes the mosses, liverworts (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Liverwort</a></span><span class="style1">), and hornworts. Bryophytes lack a well-developed vascular system for the internal conduction of water and nutrients and have been called nonvascular plants. The familiar leafy plant of bryophytes is the sexual, or gamete-producing, generation of the life cycle of these organisms. Because of the lack of a vascular system and because the gametes require a film of water for dispersal, bryophytes are generally small plants that tend to occur in moist conditions, although some attain large size under favorable circumstances and others (usually very small) are adapted to desert life.The other phyla are collectively termed vascular plants or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tracheophytes</a></span><span class="style1">. Vascular tissue is internal conducting tissue for the movement of water, minerals, and food. There are two types of vascular tissue: </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1">, which conducts water and minerals from the ground to stems and leaves, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1">, which conducts food produced in the leaves to the stems, roots, and storage and reproductive organs. Besides the presence of vascular tissue, tracheophytes contrast with bryophytes in that tracheophyte leafy plants are the asexual, or spore-producing, generation of their life cycle. In the evolution of tracheophytes, the spore-producing generation became much larger and more complex, whereas the gamete-producing generation became reduced and merely contained in the sporophyte tissue. This ability to evolve into larger and more diverse sporophytes, together with the ability of the vascular system to elevate water, freed tracheophytes from direct dependence on surface water. They were thus able to dominate all the terrestrial habitats of the earth, except the higher arctic zones, and to provide food and shelter for its diverse animal inhabitants.Cell Structure and Function The tremendous variety of plant species is, in part, a reflection of the many distinct cell types that make up individual plants. Fundamental similarities exist among all these cell types, however, and these similarities indicate the common origin and the interrelationships of the different plant species. Each individual plant cell is at least partly self-sufficient, being isolated from its neighbors by a cell membrane, or plasma membrane, and a cell wall. The membrane and wall allow the individual cell to carry out its functions; at the same time, communication with surrounding cells is made possible through cytoplasmic connections called plasmodesmata.Cell Wall The most important feature distinguishing the cells of plants from those of animals is the cell wall. In plants this wall protects the cellular contents and limits cell size. It also has important structural and physiological roles in the life of the plant, being involved in transport, absorption, and secretion.A plant's cell wall is composed of several chemicals, of which cellulose (made up of molecules of the sugar glucose) is the most important. Cellulose molecules are united into fibrils, which form the structural framework of the wall. Other important constituents of many cell walls are lignins, which add rigidity, and waxes, such as cutin and suberin, which reduce water loss from cells. Many plant cells produce both a primary cell wall, while the cell is growing, and a secondary cell wall, laid down inside the primary wall after growth has ceased. Plasmodesmata penetrate both primary and secondary cell walls, providing pathways for transporting substances.Protoplast Within the cell wall are the living contents of the cell, called the protoplast. These contents are bounded by a single, three-layered cell membrane. The protoplast contains the cytoplasm, which in turn contains various membrane-bound organelles and vacuoles and the nucleus, which is the hereditary unit of the cell.Vacuoles Vacuoles are membrane-bound cavities filled with cell </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, which is made up mostly of water containing various dissolved sugars, salts, and other chemicals. Vacuoles are not found in animal cells.Plastids Plastids are organellesΓÇöspecialized cellular parts that are analogous to organsΓÇöbounded by two membranes. Three kinds of plastids are important here. Chloroplasts contain chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments; they are the site of photosynthesis, the process in which light energy from the sun is fixed as chemical energy in the bonds of various carbon compounds. Leucoplasts, which contain no pigments, are involved in the synthesis of starch, oils, and proteins. Chromoplasts manufacture carotenoids.Mitochondria Whereas plastids are involved in various ways in storing energy, another class of cellular organelles, the mitochondria, are the sites of respiration. This process involves the transfer of chemical energy from carbon-containing compounds to adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the chief energy source for cells. The transfer takes place in three stages: glycolysis (in which acids are produced from carbohydrates), the Krebs cycle (see Citric Acid Cycle), and electron transfer. Like plastids, mitochondria are bounded by two membranes, of which the inner one is extensively folded; the folds serve as the surfaces on which the respiratory reactions take place.Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Two other important cellular contents are the ribosomes, the sites at which amino acids are linked together to form proteins, and the Golgi apparatus, which plays a role in the secretion of materials from cells. In addition, a complex membrane system called the endoplasmic reticulum runs through much of the cytoplasm and appears to function as a communication system; various kinds of cellular substances are channeled through it from place to place. Ribosomes are often connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, which is continuous with the double membrane surrounding the nucleus of the cell.Nucleus The nucleus controls the ongoing functions of the cell by specifying which proteins are produced. It also stores and passes on genetic information to future generations of cells during cell division. See Cell.Tissue Systems There are many variants of the generalized plant cell and its parts. Similar kinds of cells are organized into structural and functional units, or tissues, which make up the plant as a whole, and new cells (and tissues) are formed at growing points of actively dividing cells. These growing points, called meristems, are located either at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> tips (apical meristems), where they are responsible for the primary growth of plants, or laterally in stems and roots (lateral meristems), where they are responsible for secondary plant growth. Three tissue systems are recognized in vascular plants: dermal, vascular, and ground (or fundamental).Dermal System The dermal system consists of the epidermis, or outermost layer, of the plant body. It forms the skin of the plant, covering the leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. Epidermal cells vary greatly in function and structure.The epidermis may contain stomata, openings through which gases are exchanged with the atmosphere. These openings are surrounded by specialized cells called guard cells, which, through changes in their size and shape, alter the size of the stomatal openings and thus regulate the gas exchange. The epidermis is covered with a waxy coating called the cuticle, which functions as a waterproofing layer and thus reduces water loss from the plant surface through evaporation. If the plant undergoes secondary growthΓÇögrowth that increases the diameter of roots and stems through the activity of lateral meristemsΓÇöthe epidermis is replaced by a peridermis made up of heavily waterproofed cells (mainly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> tissue) that are dead at maturity.Vascular System The vascular tissue system consists of two kinds of conducting tissues: the xylem, responsible for conduction of water and dissolved mineral nutrients, and the phloem, responsible for conduction of food. The xylem also stores food and helps support the plant.Xylem The xylem consists of two types of conducting cells: tracheids and vessels. Elongated cells, with tapered ends and secondary walls, both types lack cytoplasm and are dead at maturity. The walls have pitsΓÇöareas in which secondary thickening does not occurΓÇöthrough which water moves from cell to cell. Vessels usually are shorter and broader than tracheids, and in addition to pits they have perforationΓÇöareas of the cell wall that lack both primary and secondary thickenings and through which water and dissolved nutrients may freely pass.Phloem The phloem, or food-conducting tissue, consists of cells that are living at maturity. The principal cells of phloem, the sieve elements, are so called because of the clusters of pores in their walls through which the protoplasts of adjoining cells are connected. Two types of sieve elements occur: sieve cells, with narrow pores in rather uniform clusters on the cell walls, and sieve-tube members, with larger pores on some walls of the cell than on others. Although the sieve elements contain cytoplasm at maturity, the nucleus and other organelles are lacking. Associated with the sieve elements are companion cells that do contain nuclei and that are responsible for manufacturing and secreting substances into the sieve elements and removing waste products from them.Ground System The ground, or fundamental, tissue systems of plants consist of three types of tissue. The first, called parenchyma, is found throughout the plant and is living and capable of cell division at maturity. Usually only primary walls are present, and these are uniformly thickened. The cells of parenchyma tissue carry out many specialized physiological functionsΓÇöfor example, photosynthesis, storage, secretion, and wound healing. They also occur in the xylem and phloem tissues.Collenchyma, the second type of ground tissue, is also living at maturity and is made up of cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls. Collenchyma tissue is pliable and functions as support tissue in young, growing portions of plants.Sclerenchyma tissue, the third type, consists of cells that lack protoplasts at maturity and that have thick secondary walls usually containing lignin. Sclerenchyma tissue is important in supporting and strengthening those portions of plants that have finished growing.Plant Organs The body of a vascular plant is organized into three general kinds of organs: roots, stems, and leaves. These organs all contain the three kinds of tissue systems mentioned above, but they differ in the way the cells are specialized to carry out different functions.Roots The function of roots is to anchor the plant to its substrate and to absorb water and minerals. Thus, roots are generally found underground and grow downward, or in the direction of gravity. Unlike stems, they have no leaves or nodes. The epidermis is just behind the growing tip of roots and is covered with root hairs, which are outgrowths of the epidermal cells. The root hairs increase the surface area of the roots and serve as the surface through which water and nutrients are absorbed.Internally, roots consist largely of xylem and phloem, although many are highly modified to carry out specialized functions. Thus, some roots are important food and storage organsΓÇöfor example, beets, carrots, and radishes. Such roots have an abundance of parenchyma tissue. Many tropical trees have aerial prop roots that serve to hold the stem in an upright position. Epiphytes (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1">) have roots modified for quick absorption of rainwater that flows over the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the host plants.Roots increase in length through the activity of apical meristems and in diameter through the activity of lateral meristems. Branch roots originate internally at some distance behind the growing tip, when certain cells become meristematic.Stems Stems usually are above ground, grow upward, and bear leaves, which are attached in a regular pattern at nodes along the stem. The portions of the stem between nodes are called internodes. Stems increase in length through the activity of an apical meristem at the stem tip. This growing point also gives rise to new leaves, which surround and protect the stem tip, or apical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, before they expand. Apical buds of deciduous trees, which lose their leaves during part of the year, are usually protected by modified leaves called bud scales.Stems are more variable in external appearance and internal structure than are roots, but they also consist of the three tissue systems and have several features in common. Vascular tissue is present in bundles that run the length of the stem, forming a continuous network with the vascular tissue in the leaves and the roots. The vascular tissue of herbaceous plants is surrounded by parenchyma tissue, whereas the stems of woody plants consist mostly of hard xylem tissue. Stems increase in diameter through the activity of lateral meristems, which produce the bark and wood in woody plants. The bark, which also contains the phloem, serves as a protective outer covering, preventing damage and water loss.Within the plant kingdom are many modifications of the basic stem, such as the thorns of hawthorns. Climbing stems, such as the tendrils of grapes and Boston </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ivy</a></span><span class="style1">, have special modifications that allow them to grow up and attach to their substrate. Many plants have reduced leaves or no leaves at all, and their stems act as the photosynthetic surface (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cactus</a></span><span class="style1">). Some stems creep along the surface of the ground and serve to reproduce the plants through vegetative means; many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> reproduce in this way (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Vegetative Reproduction</a></span><span class="style1">). Other stems are borne underground and serve as food-storage organs, often allowing the plant to survive through the winter; the so-called bulbs of tulips and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crocus</a></span><span class="style1"> are examples.Leaves Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of most plants. They usually are flattened blades that consist, internally, mostly of parenchyma tissue called the mesophyll, which is made up of loosely arranged cells with spaces between them. The spaces are filled with air, from which the cells absorb carbon dioxide and into which they expel oxygen. The mesophyll is bounded by the upper and lower surface of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> blade, which is covered by epidermal tissue. A vascular network runs through the mesophyll, providing the cell walls with water and removing the food products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plants.The leaf blade is connected to the stem through a narrowed portion called the petiole, or stalk, which consists mostly of vascular tissue. Appendages called stipules are often present at the base of the petiole.Many specialized forms of leaves occur. Some are modified as spines, which help protect plants from predators. Certain groups of plants possess highly modified leaves that trap and digest insects, providing needed nutrients (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Insectivorous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">). Some leaves are brightly colored and petal-like, serving to attract pollinators to otherwise small, unattractive flowers. Perhaps the most highly modified leaves are flowers themselves. The individual parts of flowersΓÇöcarpels, stamens, petals, and sepalsΓÇöare all modified leaves that have taken on reproductive functions. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1">.Growth and Differentiation The growth and differentiation of the various plant tissue and organ systems are controlled by various internal and external factors.Hormones Plant hormones, specialized chemical substances produced by plants, are the main internal factors controlling growth and development (see Hormone). Hormones are produced in one part of a plant and transported to others, where they are effective in very small amounts. Depending on the target tissue, a given hormone may have different effects. Thus, auxin, one of the most important plant hormones, is produced by growing stem tips and transported to other areas where it may either promote growth or inhibit it. In stems, for example, auxin promotes cell elongation and the differentiation of vascular tissue, whereas in roots it inhibits growth in the main system but promotes the formation of adventitious roots. It also retards the abscission (dropping off) of flowers, fruits, and leaves.Gibberellins are other important plant-growth hormones; more than 50 kinds are known. They control the elongation of stems, and they cause the germination of some grass seeds by initiating the production of enzymes that break down starch into sugars to nourish the plant embryo. Cytokinins promote the growth of lateral buds, acting in opposition to auxin; they also promote bud formation. In addition, plants produce the gas ethylene through the partial decomposition of certain hydrocarbons, and ethylene in turn regulates </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> maturation and abscission.Tropisms Various external factors, often acting together with hormones, are also important in plant growth and development. One important class of responses to external stimuli is that of the tropismsΓÇöresponses that cause a change in the direction of a plant's growth. Examples are phototropism, the bending of a stem toward light, and geotropism, the response of a stem or root to gravity. Stems are negatively geotropic, growing away from gravity, whereas roots are positively geotropic (see Tropism). Photoperiodism, the response to 24-hour cycles of dark and light, is particularly important in the initiation of flowering. Some plants are short-day, flowering only when periods of light are less than a certain length (see Biological Clocks). Other variablesΓÇöboth internal, such as the age of the plant, and external, such as temperatureΓÇöare also involved with the complex beginnings of flowering.Ecology Rooted as they are in the ground, plants are commonly thought of as leading sedentary, vegetative, passive lives. A look, however, at the ingeniously developed interactions that plants have with their biological surroundings quickly corrects this notion.Cooperation and Competition Many plant species exist as separate male and female plants, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> from male flowers must reach the female flowers in order for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> development to take place (see Seed). The agent of pollination is sometimes the wind (a part of the physical environment), but in many cases it is an insect, bat, or bird (members of the biological environment). Plants may also rely on agents for dispersing their seed. Thus, after pollination, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1"> trees develop cherries that attract birds, which ingest the fruit and excrete the cherry stones in more distant terrains.Plants have evolved many other mutually beneficial relationships, such as the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that occur in the nodules on the roots of legumes. Many prairie grasses and other plants that flourish on open land depend on various herbivores to keep forests from closing in and shading them.In the competition among plants for light, many species have evolved such mechanisms as leaf shape, crown shape, and increased height in order to intercept the sun's rays. In addition, many plants produce chemical substances that inhibit the germination or establishment of seeds of other species near them, thus excluding competing species from mineral resources as well as light. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Walnut</a></span><span class="style1"> species, for example, use such an allelopathy, or chemical inhibition.The Food Web Because plants are autotrophic organismsΓÇöthat is, they are able to manufacture their own foodΓÇöthey lie at the very foundation of the food web. Heterotrophic organisms (organisms that cannot manufacture their own food) usually lead less sedentary lives than plants, but they ultimately depend on autotrophs as sources of food. Plants are first fed upon by primary consumers, or herbivores, which in turn are fed upon by secondary consumers, or carnivores. Decomposers act upon all levels of the food web. A large portion of energy is lost at each step in the food web; only about 10 percent of the energy in one level is stored by the next. Thus, most food webs contain only a few steps.Plants and Humans From the prehistoric beginnings of agriculture until recent times, only a few of the total plant species have been taken from the wild and refined to become primary sources of food, fiber, shelter, and drugs. This process of plant cultivation and breeding began largely by accident, possibly as the seeds of wild fruits and vegetables, gathered near human habitations, sprouted and were crudely cultivated. Plants such as wheat, which possibly originated in the eastern Mediterranean region more than 9000 years ago, were selected and replanted year after year for their superior food value; today many domesticated plants can scarcely be traced back to their wild ancestors or to the original plant communities in which they originated. This selective process took place with no prior knowledge of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant breeding</a></span><span class="style1"> but, rather, through the constant and close familiarity that preindustrial humans had with plants.Today, however, the human relationship with plants is nearly reversed: An increasing majority of people have little or no contact with plant cultivation, and the farmers that do have such contact are becoming more and more specialized in single crops. The breeding process, on the other hand, has been greatly accelerated, largely through advances in genetics. Plant geneticists are now able to develop, in only a few years, such plant strains as wind-resistant corn, thus greatly increasing crop yields.At the same time, humans have accelerated the demand for food and energy to the extent that entire species and ecosystems of plants are being destroyed before scientists can take proper inventory of the world's plant populations or develop an understanding of which plant species have the potential to benefit humanity. Most species remain little known; those that seem to offer the greatest hope exist in tropical areas where rapidly growing human populations can quickly reduce the land to arid, sandy wastes. A basic knowledge of plants is important in its own right, but it is also useful in attempting to solve many of the problems facing the human world today. See Agriculture; Food Supply, World.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">; Fruit; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nut</a></span><span class="style1">; Plant Breeding; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Distribution</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Propagation</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poisonous Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and articles on major plant groups.</span></text>
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<text>BarkBudCactusCelluloseCherryChlorophyllCorkCornCottonCrocusDicotsDiseases of PlantsEpiphyteFlowerFruitGrassesInsectivorous PlantsIvyLeafLiverwortMonocotsMossesNutPhloemPhotosynthesisPlant BreedingPlant DistributionPlant PropagationPlantsPoisonous PlantsPollenPollinationRedwoodRiceRootSapSeedStemTobaccoTracheophytesVegetative ReproductionWalnutWheatXylem</text>
<text><span class="style1">Plane </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family comprising a small group of large deciduous trees widely planted as ornamentals because of their quick growth and attractive scaly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">. The family contains only one genus, which in turn contains about seven species found throughout temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The leaves are simple and palmately lobed, with the base of the petiole (leafstalk) swollen. The flowers are small and individually inconspicuous but are clustered into globose heads, or inflorescences. Separate male and female flowers occur on the same tree. The female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters mature into globe-shaped structures that consist of many tightly packed separate fruits, each containing one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">.The best-known and most widely distributed species is usually known as American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sycamore</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttonwood</a></span><span class="style1">. Its natural range is throughout the eastern United States, with scattered populations in northern Mexico. Typically, it grows in wet, poorly drained soils along the floodplains of streams. Although the American sycamore is widely planted as a street tree, the London plane tree, a hybrid between the American sycamore and the Oriental plane tree, is more tolerant of urban conditions. It resembles the American sycamore, but its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters are borne in pairs rather than singly.Scientific classification: Plane trees make up the family Platanaceae. The American sycamore is classified as Platanus occidentalis, the London plane tree as Platanus acerifolia, and the Oriental plane tree as Platanus orientalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pitcher </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for three families of flowering dicot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">), members of which have leaves modified as pitchers for trapping and digesting insects. The entire leaves of all these plants are tubular and hollow and lined with downward-pointing hairs. When an insect enters, it cannot climb back out against the hairs and ultimately falls to the bottom of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">, to be digested by juices contained there. Pitcher plants typically occur in poor soils and depend partly on nutrients obtained from the digested insects.The most common pitcher plants are the members of a genus of eight species found in eastern North America, and the California pitcher plant, native to northern California and the coastal Pacific Northwest. The family of East Indian pitcher plants contains only one genus of about 75 species, found in tropical Asia. The family of Australian pitcher plants contains a single species, which is native to Australia. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Insectivorous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The three families of pitcher plants are Sarraceniaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Cephalotaceae. The most common genus is Sarracenia of the family Sarraceniaceae. The California pitcher plant belongs to the family Sarraceniaceae and is classified as Darlingtonia californica. The genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nepenthes</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs to the family Nepenthaceae. The family Cephalotaceae contains the single species classified as Cephalotus follicularis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pistachio, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cashew</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which have dioecious flowers without petals, and a dry </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> with a bonelike stone. The pistachio, or pistacia, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is a small tree about 6 m (about 20 ft) high. Native to Iran and Syria, it is now cultivated in all parts of southern Europe and northern Africa and in many other places. Pistachio nuts are much esteemed as food and also yield an oil used for cooking. The turpentine tree yields the turpentine known in commerce as Cyprus turpentine. It has a greenish-yellow color, an agreeable odor, and a mild taste; in its properties it resembles the turpentine obtained from conifers.Scientific classification: Pistachios make up the genus Pistacia of the family Anacardiaceae. The pistachio, or pistacia, tree is classified as Pistacia vera, and the turpentine tree as Pistacia terebinthus.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Pink, common name for a family of mostly herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains more than 2000 species placed in about 80 genera. The representative genus, with about 300 species of annual and perennial herbs, mostly natives of Europe and temperate Asia, contains the familiar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carnation</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet william</a></span><span class="style1">. Other members of the family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chickweed</a></span><span class="style1">, soapwort, and catchfly or campion. Members of the pink family occupy habitats ranging from salt marshes and beach areas to mesic forests.The family is placed in an order that consists of 12 families and about 10,000 species. The order is most common in moist areas of the temperate and tropical zones. Many members, however, are adapted to alkaline areas (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goosefoot</a></span><span class="style1">), or to dry areas (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1">).Botanically, the order varies considerably, but nearly all members have leaves that lack stipules (leaflike appendages at the base of the leafstalk). Pinks also exhibit a distinctive form of growth in the stems and roots. In most </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">, growth of tissue for conducting food and water is localized in specialized cells called cambial cells, which form a single, continuous ring near the surface of the stems and roots. In most members of the pink order, however, this growth takes place in several layers of cambial cells at various depths within the roots and stems.Flowers of the order have sepals (outer floral whorls). What appear to be petals in many members of the order, such as carnations and four-o'clocks, are actually highly modified sepals, and what appear to be sepals are actually bracts (leaves borne on the floral axis). The flowers have one to three whorls of stamens (male floral organs), and the styles of the pistil (female floral organ) are separate rather than united. The pigments responsible for the red to blue and yellow to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> colors in the order are mostly betalains, namely betacyanins and betaxanthins, while, in most flowering plants, the pigments are flavonoids, namely, anthocyanins and anthoxanthins.Scientific classification: Pinks make up the family Caryophyllaceae in the order Caryophyllales. The family's representative genus is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dianthus</a></span><span class="style1">. The familiar carnation is classified as Dianthus caryophyllus, the sweet william as Dianthus barbatus. The chickweed is classified in the genus Stellaria. The soapwort is classified as Saponaria officinalis. The catchflies, or campions, make up the genus Silene.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pineapple, common name for a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, characterized by unique water-absorbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> scales and regular three-parted flowers. The leaves are spirally arranged sheaths or blades, usually occurring in layers. The plant embryos have one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> leaf (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">). The family, which contains more than 2000 species placed in 46 genera, is almost exclusively confined to the tropics and subtropics of America, with one species occurring in western Africa. The most economically important species is the familiar pineapple. A few species are sources of fiber; others are cultivated for their showy flowers or foliage. The family constitutes an order, and the term bromeliad is used for its members.Bromeliads exhibit an interesting gradation from relatively primitive to highly evolved forms, with tremendous variations in size and adaptations to their environments. Primitive members include a genus that reaches a height of 10 m (30 ft) and grows high in the Andes. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of this genus are terrestrial and have elongated stems, fully developed roots, leaves with narrow petioles (leafstalks), and hairs that retard water loss by providing a dense covering. A second stage in bromeliad advancement is the familiar pineapple, native to South America but now widely cultivated in tropical areas, primarily for its sweet, juicy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. Pineapples are terrestrial, growing to about 1 m (about 3 ft), but the stems are short and the petioles are expanded, fitting together to form a water-holding tank at the base of the plant. The leaves act as catchment basins and the tanks as reservoirs. Water is absorbed from the tank as needed by adventitious roots or leaf hairs. An extreme form of bromeliad adaptation is reached in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spanish moss</a></span><span class="style1">; it has roots only when young, water absorption being taken over by specialized leaf scales. Spanish moss occurs throughout the range of the order as an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1">, growing on other plants for support.Bromeliads with water-holding bases have developed complex relationships with other organisms. Within these reservoirs live ecological communities ranging from unicellular algae and protozoans to aquatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and insects, crabs, and frogs. Bromeliads receive dissolved nutrients from their wastes and decomposing remains and are thereby less dependent on roots in the soil.The pineapple was probably first domesticated in the high plateaus of central South America; it was widely planted for its fiber before Europeans first saw it in the Caribbean. Thereafter, cultivation spread to warm regions around the globe. Hawaiian plantations produce almost a third of the world's crop and supply 60 percent of canned pineapple products. Other leading producers are China, Brazil, and Mexico.Scientific classification: Pineapples make up the family Bromeliaceae and the order Bromeliales. The familiar pineapple is classified as Ananas comosus. The primitive pineapples that grow high in the Andes are classified in the genus Puya. Spanish moss is classified as Tillandsia usneoides.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pine, common name for a medium-size family of trees, mostly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, of widespread distribution in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, and for its representative genus. The family, which contains about 210 species placed in 10 genera, has enormous economic importance as a source of timber and pulpwood, among other products. Members of the family characteristically have helically arranged, needlelike leaves. In several generaΓÇöfor example, pine, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">larch</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöthe leaves are borne in clusters that are actually short branches, or spurs, on which the leaves are arranged in tight helices.The members of the pine family have separate female and male cones; the former produce the seeds, and the latter, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">. Male and female cones are produced on the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing cones are woody when mature; the seeds are winged. The family is distinguished from other conifers on the basis of its seed cones. Each of the flattened scales on which the seeds are borne is underlaid by a distinct, sterile bract (reduced </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">) that is usually shorter than the scale. The seed cones are drooping in all members of the family except the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> and a small genus confined to South China and Southeast Asia. All members of the family have evergreen leaves except the golden larch and the larch.The pine genus itself is the largest in the family, with about 110 species, about 35 of which are in North America. Pines grow in a wide range of habitats, from sea level to altitudes of 4000 m (13,000 ft) and are distinguished from other members of the family by the leaves, which are in bundles. Each bundle contains a specific number of leaves, depending on the species, with a sheath of short, scalelike leaves at the base.Pines are divided into two groups, based on the scale leaves and other characteristics. The soft pines have leaves in bundles of five, and the scale leaves fall away from mature leaf bundles. Their wood is soft and has a coarse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">. Well-known soft pines are the eastern white pine, of northeastern North America; pinyon pine, of the Southwest, the seeds of which are edible; bristlecone pine, the Rocky Mountain species; and the Great Basin bristlecone, which can live more than 5000 years and is the oldest known living thing on the planet. Through analysis of bristlecone rings, scientists can tell what the climate was more than 10,000 years ago. The hard pines have leaves in clusters of two or three, and the scale leaves persist in mature clusters. The wood is usually hard, with a close grain. Well-known species include lodgepole pine, extending from Alaska to Baja California; longleaf pine, of the southeastern coastal plain; and ponderosa pine, of the American West. Both pine groups are economically important for their timber, pulp, tar, and turpentine and for their use as ornamentals. Members of a pine family thought to be extinct for 50 million years were discovered in a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rain forest</a></span><span class="style1"> near Sydney, Australia, in 1994. Other members of the pine family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas fir</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Pines make up the family Pinaceae. Its representative genus is Pinus. Cedars are classified in the genus Cedrus, the larches in the genus Larix, firs in the genus Abies. The genus confined to South China and Southeast Asia is Keteleeria. The golden larch is classified in the genus Pseudolarix. The eastern white pine is classified as Pinus Strobus, the pinyon pine as Pinus edulis, and the bristlecone pine as Pinus aristata. The Great Basin bristlecone is classified as Pinus longaeva, the lodgepole pine as Pinus contorta latifolia, the longleaf pine as Pinus palustris, and the ponderosa pine as Pinus ponderosa. The newly discovered Australian conifers belong to Auracariaceae, a family of primitive trees.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pimpernel, common name for about 20 mostly creeping but also erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">primrose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and found nearly worldwide. The scarlet pimpernel is a small, spreading annual native to Europe and now found in North America. It grows in fields as a weed, reaching from 6 to 30 cm (2.7 to 12 in) in height, and has red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or blue bell-shaped flowers 6 mm (0.2 in) wide. The flowers close at the approach of rain and open in bright sunshine; therefore, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has been called shepherd's barometer and poor man's weatherglass. The blue pimpernel is abundant in parts of Europe. The bog pimpernel is common in bogs in England.Scientific classification: Pimpernels belong to the genus Anagallis of the family Primulaceae. The scarlet pimpernel is classified as Anagallis arvensis, the blue pimpernel as Anagallis monelli, and the bog pimpernel as Anagallis tenella.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Pimpernel</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbPinkPlantPrimrose</text>
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<name>Pimpernel</name>
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card_175708.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Pimento, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">allspice</a></span><span class="style1"> or Jamaica </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pepper</a></span><span class="style1">, common name applied to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> of a small West Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrtle</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The tree grows to a height of about 9 m (about 30 ft) and has aromatic, glossy green leaves and terminal cymes of white flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, when dried, is widely used as a spice. The name pimento is sometimes applied to the pimiento, a variety of sweet pepper, also used as a spice. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Capsicum</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The tree on which the pimento grows belongs to the family Myrtaceae and is classified as Pimenta dioica. The pimiento belongs to the family Solanaceae and is classified as Capiscum annuum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Photosynthesis, the process by which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">-containing organismsΓÇögreen </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, algae, and some bacteriaΓÇöcapture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy. Virtually all the energy available for life in the earth's biosphereΓÇöthe zone in which life can existΓÇöis made available through photosynthesis.A quite generalized, unbalanced chemical equation for photosynthesis isCO2 + 2H2A + light energy ┬▒ (CH2) + H2O + H2AThe formula H2A represents a compound that can be oxidized, that is, from which electrons can be removed; CO2 is carbon dioxide; and CH2 is a generalization for the hydrocarbons incorporated by the growing organism. In the vast majority of photosynthetic organismsΓÇöthat is, algae and green plantsΓÇöH2A is water (H2O); in some photosynthetic bacteria, however, H2A is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Photosynthesis involving water is the most important and best understood and, therefore, will be discussed here in detail.Photosynthesis consists of two stages: a series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature independent And a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light independent. The rate of the first series, called the light reaction, can be increased by increasing light intensity (within certain limits) but not by increasing temperature. In the second series, called the dark reaction, the rate can be increased by increasing temperature (within certain limits) but not by increasing light intensity.Light Reaction The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by pigments. Chlorophyll is the most important of these because it is essential for the process. It captures light energy in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> and red portions of the spectrum and transforms it into chemical energy through a series of reactions. Different forms of chlorophyll and other pigments known as carotenoids and phycobilins absorb slightly different wavelengths of light and pass the energy to chlorophyll a for the completion of the transformation process. These accessory pigments thus broaden the spectrum of light energy that can be fixed through photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place within cells, in organelles called chloroplasts that contain the chlorophylls and other chemicals, especially enzymes, necessary for the various reactions. The chemicals involved are organized into units of the chloroplasts called thylakoids, and the pigments are embedded in the thylakoids in subunits called photosystems. Light is absorbed by the pigments, raising their electrons to higher energy levels. The energy is then transferred to a special form of chlorophyll a called a reaction center.Two photosystems, numbered I and II, are now recognized. Light energy is first trapped by photosystem II, and the energized electrons are boosted to an electron receptor. They are replaced in photosystem II by electrons from water molecules, and oxygen is released. The energized electrons are passed along an electron transport chain back to photosystem I, and energy-rich adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is generated in the process. Light absorbed by photosystem I is then passed to its reaction center, and energized electrons are boosted to its electron acceptor. They are passed by means of another transport chain to energize the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, or NADP, resulting in its reduction to NADPH2. The electrons lost by photosystem I are replaced by those passed along the electron transport chain from photosystem II. The light reaction ends with the energy yield stored in the ATP and NADPH2.Dark Reaction The dark reaction takes place in the stroma (matrix) of the chloroplast, where the energy stored in the ATP and NADPH2 is used to reduce carbon dioxide to organic carbon. This is accomplished through a series of reactions known as the Calvin cycle, driven by the energy in the ATP and NADPH2. At each turn of the cycle one molecule of carbon dioxide enters and is initially combined with a five-carbon sugar called RuBP (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate) to form two molecules of a three-carbon compound called PGA (3-phosphoglycerate). Three turns of the cycleΓÇöeach of which consumes one molecule of carbon dioxide, two of NADPH2, and three of ATPΓÇöproduce a three-carbon molecule, glycer-aldehyde 3-phosphate, two molecules of which combine to form a six-carbon sugar, glucose. The RuBP is regenerated with each turn of the cycle.Thus, the net effect of photosynthesis is the temporary capture of light energy in the chemical bonds of ATP and NADPH2 through the light reaction, and the permanent capture of the energy in glucose through the dark reaction. Water is split during the light reaction to provide electrons which transfer the light energy to form ATP and NADPH2. Carbon dioxide is reduced in the dark reaction to provide the basis for the sugar molecule. The complete, balanced equation for photosynthesis in which water serves as the electron donor is 6 CO2 + 12H2O┬▒C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2OArtificial Photosynthesis Were chemists able to duplicate photosynthesis by artificial means, resulting systems would have enormous potential for tapping solar energy on a large scale. Much research is now being devoted to this effort. An artificial molecule that remains polarized sufficiently long to react usefully with other molecules has not yet been perfected, but the prospects are promising.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Phlox, common name for a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, containing about 300 species, and for one of its well-known genera. The family includes such ornamentals as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Jacob's ladder</a></span><span class="style1"> in addition to the phlox genus itself, a genus of some 67 species. Numerous cultivars of different habit and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> color have been developed from the common annual phlox, native to Texas. Other cultivated phloxes are perennials, and many species are now in cultivation.Scientific classification: Phloxes make up the family Polemoniaceae. Jacob's ladder is classified in the genus Polemonium. The common annual phlox is classified as Phlox drummondii.</span></text>
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<text>Phlox</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerJacob's LadderPlant</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsGardeningJacob's LadderNightshade</text>
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card_174288.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Phloem, in higher </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, vascular tissue that conducts sugars and other synthesized food materials from the regions of manufacture in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> to those of consumption and storage. Phloem is found in the vascular bundles, the longitudinal strands of conductive tissue, in association with the water-conducting tissue, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1">. The vascular bundles constitute major structural units in herbaceous stems and are the veins in leaves. In the vascular cylinder traversing the center of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, the xylem forms a star-shaped central core, and bands of phloem are present in the grooves of this core. Typically, the xylem is on the side of the vascular bundle closest to the pith, although other arrangements are not uncommon. In the older portions of a plant the soft cells of the phloem are crushed as new phloem is formed in the growing process and pushed outward. This new phloem is formed by the action of the cambium, or growing zone, a layer of cells that separates the xylem and phloem and produces phloem cells toward the outside of the plant.Phloem consists of two types of conducting cells, the characteristic type known as sieve-tube elements and another type called companion cells. Sieve-tube elements are elongate cells that have end walls perforated by numerous minute pores through which dissolved materials can pass. Such sieve-tube elements are connected in vertical series known as sieve tubes. Sieve-tube elements are alive at maturity, although their nuclei disintegrate before the element begins its conductive function. Companion cells, which are smaller, have nuclei at maturity and are living; they are found adjacent to the sieve-tube elements and are believed to control the process of conduction in the sieve tubes.Phloem may contain bast fibers. These fibers are very strong and in certain plants are the source of such commercial fibers as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jute</a></span><span class="style1">, used to make linen fabric and burlap and sacking.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Philodendron, genus of tropical American climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Philodendrons, with their attractive foliage, are among the most common houseplants. They can grow or persist for long periods with little light and under conditions of neglect. Under some circumstances, the tissues of philodendrons may contain quantities of microscopic, needle-shaped (raphide) crystals of calcium oxalate, which may cause a burning sensation if the foliage is eaten. Some cases of poisoning among domestic cats have been attributed to eating of philodendrons.Scientific classification: The genus Philodendron belongs to the family Araceae.</span></text>
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<text>Philodendron</text>
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<id>39</id>
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card_173800.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Peyote, common name for a small, spineless, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">turnip</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1">, native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. The grayish, mushroom-shaped tops, called peyote or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mescal</a></span><span class="style1"> buttons, yield nine alkaloids, of which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mescaline</a></span><span class="style1"> is the principal active agent. The dried buttons are eaten, brewed into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1">, or powdered and packaged in capsules. The mescaline in these preparations alters perception, producing vivid color hallucinations, inaccurate estimation of time, and a feeling of anxiety. It is not known to be habit-forming, but use of impure or large doses can have toxic effects, such as nausea and depressed breathing. Peyote has been used since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans in their religious rites; the practice has been incorporated into their modern Christian ceremonies. Mescaline has been used experimentally in investigations of schizophrenia and other psychoses.Peyote and mescaline have become drugs of abuse in recent years.Scientific classification: Peyote belongs to the family Cactaceae. It is classified as Lophophora williamsii.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Peyote</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CactusMescalMescalineTeaTurnip</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>MescalMescaline</text>
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<name>Peyote</name>
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card_173403.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Petunia, genus of perennial herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which contains about 35 species, is native to South America, chiefly Argentina and southern Brazil, is naturalized in Central America and Mexico, and is widely cultivated for its showy flowers. The leaves are alternate; the slender stems are weak, causing the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> to sprawl. Petunia flowers, which are funnel-shaped and usually solitary, have five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a two-celled, many-seeded capsule. The common petunia cultivated as a bedding </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in gardens in the United States is a hybrid between two Argentine species: the large white petunia and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">-flowered petunia. This plant is popular for use in window boxes, because its stems droop over the sides, hence the name balcony petunias. Many strains of the common petunia have been developed by horticulturists, including fringed and doubled flowers. Red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, purple, and parti-colored flowers have been produced. Newer dwarf varieties with stronger stems, growing as a low mound, are popular as edging plants for garden borders.Scientific classification: Petunias make up the genus Petunia of the family Solanaceae. The common petunia is classified as Petunia hybrida, the large white petunia as Petunia axillaris, and the violet-flowered petunia as Petunia violacea.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Petunia</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitNightshadePinkPlantPlantsViolet</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningNightshade</text>
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<name>Petunia</name>
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card_173136.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Persimmon, common name for trees of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ebony</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The common persimmon is native to the eastern United States, growing wild from Connecticut and Iowa south to Florida and Texas; it grows up to 15 m (up to 50 ft) and has oblong leaves and unisexual flowers. The edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> about the size of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apricot</a></span><span class="style1">, with a tomatolike skin; it is extremely astringent until very ripe, when it becomes sweet and palatable. The persimmon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> yields a heavy, hard, close-grained wood that is used for shuttles and bobbins in the textile industry and for golf-club heads and other sports equipment. The Japanese persimmon is cultivated in the warm sections of the United States, particularly in California, for its fruit.Scientific classification: Persimmons make up the genus Diospyros, of the family Ebenaceae. The common persimmon is classified as Diospyros virginiana and the Japanese persimmon as Diospyros kaki.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Persimmon</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ApricotBerryEbonyFruitTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Ebony</text>
</content>
<name>Persimmon</name>
<script></script>
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card_172815.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Periwinkle (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for herbs in a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogbane</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The leaves are opposite and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers grow singly or in pairs from the axils of the leaves. The lesser periwinkle is a native of many parts of Europe, growing in woods and thickets. The greater periwinkle, which has much larger flowers and ovatocordate, or egg-shaped, leaves, is a native of southern Europe. Periwinkles are the source of alkaloids that are often used to treat cancer.Scientific classification: Periwinkles make up the genus Vinca, of the family Apocynaceae. The lesser periwinkle is classified as Vinca minor and the greater periwinkle as Vinca major.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Periwinkle</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DogbaneEvergreenHerb</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>DogbaneGardeningGentian</text>
</content>
<name>Periwinkle</name>
<script></script>
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card_172795.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Pepper, common name for a family comprising a medium-size group of shrubby or herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains between 5 and 10 genera and about 2000 species. Pantropical in distribution, it is particularly abundant in moist areas. Other than the representative genus, the only economically important member of the family is a genus sometimes called pepper </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elder</a></span><span class="style1">. An ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, it is grown in greenhouses.Pepper, the world's most important spice (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spices</a></span><span class="style1">), is prepared from the peppercorn, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the pepper plant, a climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> native to India and widely cultivated in hot, moist areas of tropical Asia. Peppercorns that are harvested while green and immature and then allowed to dry yield black pepper. To produce white pepper, red and ripe peppercorns are soaked in water and their outer covering is rubbed off. Pepper is one of the oldest known spices, in use for at least 3000 years. Although pepper contains several alkaloids, its pungency is caused by a resin, chavicine. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Chili</a></span><span class="style1"> and sweet peppers are derived from plants of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family.The popular Polynesian beverage kava is produced from the roots of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, which are mashed and fermented in water. The active ingredient is not alcohol, but an alkaloid.The pepper family is the largest of three in its order. The flowers of the order are small and borne in spikes that are subtended by bracts. Neither sepals nor petals are present; a single superior ovary is borne free from other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts. Stamens (male floral structures) vary in number from one to ten. The fruits are often single-seeded, such as the familiar peppercorn.The lizard's-tail family, in the same order as the pepper family, occurs in eastern Asia and North America and consists of fewer than ten species in five genera, most of which are found in moist habitats. Unlike the peppers, the bracts below the flower spike are colored and showy. A few species are cultivated as ground cover or in bog gardens, and the western North American yerba mansa has been used medicinally. The other family in the order, the chloranthus family, with about 5 genera and 75 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and herbs, is a taxonomically isolated group sometimes placed in its own order. Although disparate in the order in terms of anatomical features, the family shares the reduced floral characters and presence of oil cells with the other two families. Some recent classification systems place the pepper elders in a separate family of the order.Scientific classification: Peppers make up the family Piperaceae of the order Piperales. Its representative genus is Piper. Pepper elders constitute the genus Peperomia. The pepper plant is classified as Piper nigrum. Chili and sweet peppers are derived from plants of the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Capsicum</a></span><span class="style1">, of the family Solanaceae. The Polynesian beverage kava is produced from the plant classified as Piper methysticum. The lizard's-tail family is Saururaceae. The yerba mansa is classified as Anemopsis californica. The other family in the order Piperales is Chloranthaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Peony, common name for any of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> having large showy flowers composed of five leafy sepals, five to ten petals, numerous stamens, and two to five carpels, each with numerous round, black, shiny seeds. The leaves are compound, the leaflets variously and irregularly divided. The fibers of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> are often thickened and tuberous. Peony species are large herbaceous perennials or, rarely, half-shrubby plants, native to Europe, Asia, and the northwestern United States. Because of the beauty of their flowers, some species are cultivated, particularly the common peony, a native of the mountain woods of southern Europe. This species has carmine or blood-red flowers. A variety with double flowers is common. The white peony is another favorite garden species. The mountain peony in favorable circumstances may attain large size and a height of about 4 m (about 12 ft). It is propagated by cuttings and also by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Peonies make up the family Paeoniaceae. The common peony is classified as Paeonia officinalis, the white peony as Paeonia lactiflora, and the mountain peony as Paeonia moutan.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Peony</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>GraftingPlantsRoot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Fruit</text>
</content>
<name>Peony</name>
<script></script>
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card_171522.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Pelargonium, genus of about 280 species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">geranium</a></span><span class="style1"> family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the genus have showy flowers of various shades of red and white and are widely grown in gardens and in pots in the United States and Europe. The term geranium is frequently used as the common name of certain species of pelargonium. Four distinct groups are recognized, of which the Martha Washington has the largest and showiest flowers. The zonal (fancy-leaved) geranium is probably the most popular of the groups. Species in the zonal group include the variegated forms, which commonly have leaves of green and white. The miniature and semidwarf pelargonium are grown for their large flowers and very small leaves. The fourth group, the scented-leaved geraniums, includes more than 200 varieties, among which are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nutmeg</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> geraniums. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peppermint</a></span><span class="style1"> geranium grows to about 1.5 m (about 5 ft), with 4 to 20 white flowers in a cluster.Scientific classification: The genus Pelargonium belongs to the family Geraniaceae. The Martha Washington is classified as Pelargonium domesticum and the peppermint geranium as Pelargonium tomentosum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Pectin, any of a group of complex carbohydrate derivatives produced in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Pectins are white amorphous substances that yield a viscous solution with water; when combined in the proper proportions with sugar and acids, they form a gelatinous substance that is the thickening agent in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> jellies. Commercial pectin, obtained from apples or lemons, is used in preparing jelly from fruits deficient in pectin.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Pectin</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Fruit</text>
</content>
<name>Pectin</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_171088.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Pecan, common name for a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hickory</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">walnut</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The name is applied also to the tree's edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1"> enclosed in the fleshy ripened hypanthium. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which grows 23 to 30 m (75 to 100 ft) high, is native to North America. It grows in river bottoms from Iowa and Indiana southwest into Texas and Mexico, and is now grown commercially in a number of southeastern states and in California. The pecan has not proved commercially successful north of latitude 40┬░. Pecans grow on nearly all soils, but for nut production a sandy loam soil with a clay subsoil has proved most satisfactory in the southern states.The nuts have a rounded oblong shape and vary in weight from 25 to 100 to the pound. The varieties called papershell pecans are considered most desirable. Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida furnish the bulk of the commercial crop.Scientific classification: The pecan belongs to the family Juglandaceae. It is classified as Carya illinoensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Pecan</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHickoryNutTreeWalnut</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Hickory</text>
</content>
<name>Pecan</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_170952.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Peat, compact, dark brown organic material with high carbon content, built up by the partial decay and carbonization of vegetation in the acid water of bogs. In the northern hemisphere, peat-forming vegetation consists mostly of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">. Salt peat is a kind of peat that develops in salt marshes from the partially decayed portions of such </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> as the cordgrasses. The formation of peat represents the first stage in the transformation of vegetation into coal. Peat bogs are distributed throughout the world. Extensive deposits are found in the northern United States, Canada, Russia, the Scandinavian countries, England, and Ireland. Dried peat, often compressed into briquettes, is used in many European countries, particularly Ireland, as a fuel, although it is not as efficient as coal because of its large content of water and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">. Peat and commercial preparations of partly decayed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> matter that are also called peat have excellent moisture-retaining qualities and are used as mulching and soil-improving material for plants.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Peat</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AshMossesPlantsVegetable</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Peat MossSphagnum</text>
</content>
<name>Peat</name>
<script></script>
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card_170279.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Pear, common name for about 20 species of trees of a genus in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The common pear is native to Europe; the Chinese sand pear is native to the Orient. Both species are extensively cultivated for their fruit in cool, humid, temperate regions throughout the world.Under cultivation, standard pear trees attain heights of up to 9 m (30 ft), with trunks 30 cm (12 in) or more in diameter. The leaves are oval and simple and, unlike those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, smooth and glossy. The white flowers, which are borne in umbels, have five sepals, five petals, many stamens, and a single pistil. The fruit is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pome</a></span><span class="style1">, juicier than the apple, and varying from apple-shaped to teardrop-shaped. Among different varieties, the thin skin varies in color from light yellow and green through red and brown. The thick flesh varies in flavor among different varieties. In young, unripe common pears, and in young and mature Chinese sand pears, the flesh contains numerous gritty cells called stone cells. Pears are gathered from the trees before they are completely ripe and are allowed to ripen in storage. Cold retards ripening, and heat speeds it. Pears are eaten fresh and canned. Pears contain about 16 percent carbohydrate and negligible amounts of fat and protein. They are good sources of the B-complex vitamins and also contain vitamin C; in addition, they contain small amounts of phosphorus and iodine.Commercial pear production in the United States averages about 700,000 metric tons annually. The best North American pear-growing districts are in California, Washington, and Oregon and, to a lesser degree, in the northern United States from New England to the Great Lakes and in lower Canada. Pears are grown extensively in home orchards in the United States. Most pear varieties may be grown in either standard or dwarf sizes. Dwarf pears are propagated by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> a pear scion on a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">quince</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">. Angoulême, Elizabeth, Louis Bonne, and Deal pears are desirable dessert varieties usually cultivated as dwarfs. Anjou, Boussoc, and Tyson pears are about equally good in either standard or dwarf sizes. Bosc, Washington, and Dix pears are usually grown as dwarfs by a type of grafting called double working, in which stocks are grafted onto stocks that have previously been dwarfed by grafting on quince. Bartlett, Seckel, and Doyenné pears are usually grown in standard sizes.Scientific classification: Pears belong to the family Rosaceae. The common pear is classified as Pyrus communis and the Chinese sand pear as Pyrus pyrifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Peanut, common name for an annual warm-season </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its seeds. Peanuts originated in South America, probably in Brazil, and have been cultivated since ancient times by Native Americans. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> grow about 75 cm (about 30 in) tall and can spread 1.2 m (4 ft). Some types develop a bunchy erect growth; others, called runners, spread over the ground. The peanut is unusual in that, after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is fertilized, the elongated receptacle, called the peg, turns downward from the base of the flower stalk to bury the ovary tip in the soil, where the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> develops.Many types of peanuts exist, and both large- and small-seeded kinds are grown extensively in the United States. Large-seeded varieties are used for roasting and confections, and small-seeded types are used for peanut butter and oil. After peanuts are harvested, the plants are used as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> for livestock. The traditional use as fodder and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> feeds for cattle and hogs has declined.Peanuts require sunshine, a warm growing season of 120 to 140 days, and moderate rainfall. They do best on well-drained sandy soils; dark soils tend to stain the shells. Traditionally, production has been in the southern United States and in the warm-season areas of South America, Africa, and Asia.Peanuts are nutritious and high in energy. The seeds contain 40 to 50 percent oil and 20 to 30 percent protein, and they are an excellent source of B vitamins. About half the peanuts grown in the United States are made into peanut butter, and one-fourth are sold as roasted peanuts. Peanut oil is also popular as a high-quality salad and cooking oil and is commonly used in margarine.The leading peanut-producing countries, in order of production, are China, India, and the United States. In the United States peanuts are grown primarily for food; in other countries they are used principally for edible oil. Production in the United States averages 1.9 million metric tons annually, about one-tenth of the world crop, with nearly half the United States crop grown in Georgia.Scientific classification: The peanut belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Arachis hypogaea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Peach, common name for a deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchard</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of this tree. The tree, which botanists believe is native to China, is cultivated throughout warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world. In the peach fruit, the stone is covered with a fleshy substance that is juicy, melting, and of fine flavor when matured and mellowed. The peach tree is of moderate height, more or less spreading according to variety, and, when left to itself, deep-rooted. The popular division of fruit varieties into clingstones and freestonesΓÇöreferring to the relative tendency of the flesh to cling to the stoneΓÇöis by no means accurate. These two classes merge in different varieties, and even the same variety may be freestone and clingstone in different seasons. The nearly 300 varieties of peaches grown in America have been classified into five races, each with outstanding characteristics, ripening season, and uses. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectarine</a></span><span class="style1"> is a variety of peach.The peach is not a long-lived tree, seldom living 30 years, and the life of a commercial orchard is usually 7 to 9 years. The principal peach-growing states are California, South Carolina, and New Jersey. Peaches are shipped from Texas for the early market, and they are grown commercially in many other states. The canning of peaches is an important industry. In the mid-1980s more than 445,000 metric tons were canned each year in the United States. During the same period, about 1.2 million metric tons were harvested annually in the United States. World production totaled about 5.5 million metric tons annually; the United States and Italy were the leading producers.Scientific classification: The peach belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Prunus persica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Peach</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitNectarineOrchardRoseTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>ApricotDiseases of PlantsFruitHepaticaNectarineOrchardPlumRose</text>
</content>
<name>Peach</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_169633.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Pea, common name for any of a subfamily of herbs, trees, and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and especially for herbs of one genus. The subfamily, which comprises about 437 genera and 12,000 species growing all over the world, includes such </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">locust</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lupine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peanut</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">soybean</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vetch</a></span><span class="style1">, and sweet pea. Two varieties are widely cultivated for their seeds (peas): the common, or garden, pea and the field pea. Garden peas are of two main types, having smooth or wrinkled seeds. Those with smooth seeds are earlier and hardier, but the wrinkled varieties are sweeter. Some varieties have edible pods that are eaten in much the same manner as green beans. These are grown to a considerable extent in Europe and have become increasingly popular in the United States. Varieties of both the field pea and the garden pea are numerous. Peas are cultivated to a considerable extent as a field crop in the northern United States and Canada, and both the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> and straw are used in feeding </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> withstands light frosts and may therefore be grown as early in spring as the ground can be worked. Semidwarf varieties are preferred for field culture, since the crop is more easily harvested.Scientific classification: Peas make up the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminasae. The common, or garden, pea is classified as Pisum sativum. The field pea is classified as Pisum sativum variety arvense.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Passionflower, common name for a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and especially for members of its principal genus. The flowers are usually perfect, generally having a five-parted calyx and five-parted corolla. All species have a more or less conspicuous crown of filaments springing from the throat of the tube formed by the base of the calyx and corolla. The family contains about 530 species, most of which are climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, such as the passion </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> of the southern United States, which sometimes reaches a height of 9 m (30 ft). The bell </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, or water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1">, of the West Indies is a species of passionflower with an edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The giant granadilla is a closely related plant native to Jamaica and South America. The pulp, or aril, surrounding each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> of the giant granadilla plant is used in flavoring drinks and ices.Scientific classification: Passionflowers make up the family Passifloraceae. The principal genus is Passiflora. The passion vine is classified as Passiflora incarnata, the bell apple, or water lemon, as Passiflora laurifolia, and the giant granadilla as Passiflora quadrangularis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Passionflower</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AppleFruitLemonPlantPlantsSeedVine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Violet</text>
</content>
<name>Passionflower</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_169070.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Partridgeberry, common name for a small trailing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with round or oval shining leaves and white fragrant flowers in pairs. The name also refers to the scarlet edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> that remains on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> over winter. The berry of the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wintergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, or checkerberry, is also so named.Scientific classification: The partridgeberry belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It is classified as Mitchella repens. The common wintergreen, or checkerberry, belongs to the family Ericaceae and is classified as Gaultheria procumbens.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Partridgeberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BerryEvergreenHerbPlantWintergreen</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningMadder</text>
</content>
<name>Partridgeberry</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_168212.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Parsnip, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the genus are annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, and perennial herbs with carrotlike fleshy roots and pinnate, feathery leaves. The common parsnip, native to Europe and northern Asia, has stems up to 91 cm (3 ft) tall and ovate leaflets. The edible white roots are aromatic, moist, and sweet, but slightly acrid. The plant thrives in an open rich soil, but also grows in clay soils.Scientific classification: Parsnip is the common name for the genus Pastinaca, of the family Umbelliferae. The common parsnip is classified as Pastinaca sativa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Parsnip</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialParsleyPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Cow ParsnipGiant HogweedParsleyRoot</text>
</content>
<name>Parsnip</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_168154.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Parsley, common name for a large family of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, containing many important foods and flavorings, and for one of its genera. This family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> contains about 3000 species and is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, although most common in temperate areas. The family is well known for its characteristic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> cluster), called an umbel. The individual pedicels (flower stalks) arise from the same point on the peduncle (one of the inflorescence stalks) and are of such lengths that all the flowers are raised to the same height above their point of common attachment; thus the umbel is flat-topped. The basically five-parted flowers are rather uniform throughout the family. The fruits, however, which develop from the two-parted ovary, which is inferior (borne below and fused to the other flower parts), vary remarkably.Members of the family have many uses. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrot</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsnip</a></span><span class="style1"> are important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> crops; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">celery</a></span><span class="style1"> is the petioles (leafstalks) of one species. Parsley, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dill</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fennel</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">caraway</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anise</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coriander</a></span><span class="style1"> are flavoring herbs. Some species are poisonous (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hemlock, Poison</a></span><span class="style1">), whereas others are used medicinally and a few are used horticulturally.Scientific classification: Parsley make up the family Umbelliferae. The parsley genus is Petroselinum. The carrot is classified as Daucus carota, the parsnip as Pastinaca sativa. Celery is the petioles of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> classified as Apium graveolens. Parsley is classified as Petroselinum crispum, dill as Anethum graveolens, fennel as Foeniculum vulgare, caraway as Carum carvi, anise as Pimpinella anisum, and coriander as Coriandrum sativum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Papyrus, also paper </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">reed</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sedge</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plant grows about 1 to 3 m (about 3 to 10 ft) high and has a woody, aromatic, creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhizome</a></span><span class="style1">. The leaves are long and sharp-keeled, and the upright flowering stems are naked, soft, and triangular in shape. The lower part of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> is as thick as a human arm, and at the top is a compound umbel of numerous drooping spikelets, with a whorl of eight leaves. Papyrus grows in Egypt, in Ethiopia, in the Jordan River valley, and in Sicily.Various parts of the papyrus were used in antiquity for both ornamental and useful purposes, including wreaths for the head, sandals, boxes, boats, and rope. The roots were dried and used for fuel. The pith of the stem was boiled and eaten, but it was used mainly in making papyrus, the sort of paper that was the primary writing material of classical antiquity.The papyrus of the Egyptians was made of slices of the cellular pith laid lengthwise, with other layers laid crosswise on it. The whole was then moistened with water, pressed and dried, and rubbed smooth with ivory or a smooth shell. The sheets of papyrus, varying from about 12.5 by 22.5 cm (about 5 by 9 in) to about 22.5 by 37.5 cm (about 9 by 15 in), were made into rolls, probably some 6 to 9 m (about 20 to 30 ft) in length. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus in regular columns, which in literary prose rarely exceeded 7.6 cm (3 in) in width; in poetry the columns were often wider in order to accommodate the length of the verse.The Greeks seem to have known papyrus as early as the beginning of the 5th century BC, but the earliest extant Greek papyrus is believed to be the Persae of the poet Timotheus, who lived during the 5th and early 4th century BC. The use of papyrus for literary works continued among the Greeks and the Romans to the 4th century AD, when it was superseded by parchment. It was still used for official and private documents until the 8th or 9th century.Scientific classification: Papyrus belongs to the family Cyperaceae. It is classified as Cyperus papyrus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Papyrus</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Sedge</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantReedRhizomeSedgeStem</text>
</content>
<name>Papyrus</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_167655.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Paprika, common name for the ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, for a spice prepared from the fruit, and for the plant itself. The spice is used in cooking for its mildly pungent flavor and for its red color. The chief types are Hungarian paprika, made from the pods only, and king's paprika, made from seeds, stalks, and pods. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Capsicum</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Paprika belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is classified as Capsicum annuum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Paprika</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CapsicumFruitPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Paprika</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_167227.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Papaya, common name for a small family of soft-wooded, sparsely branched trees of tropical America and western tropical Africa, and for its representative genus. Four genera and about 30 species are placed in this family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">. They characteristically have palmately lobed or compound leaves; small, unisexual flowers; and separate male and female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (dioecious). All parts of the plants contain milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1"> in special latex-producing cells.The common papaya, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">papaw</a></span><span class="style1"> and pawpaw, is native to the New World, but its exact origin is unknown. It may be a chance hybridization between two other species of the representative genus. It is now widely cultivated in the tropics; many varieties have been developed. In the wild, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> grows to about 1.8 m (about 6 ft) high, but cultivated trees may be about 7.6 m (about 25 ft) high. The fruits, which vary in shape from spherical to elongate and which may weigh as much as 9 kg (20 lb), are eaten fresh as breakfast </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or in salads or desserts. Papaya is also exploited for its latex, which contains papain, a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme used in meat tenderizers. A few other species of the representative genus are eaten locally in the tropics.Scientific classification: Papaya is the common name for the family Caricaceae. The representative genus is Carica. The common papaya is classified as Carica papaya.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Papaya</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DicotsFruitLatexPapawPlantsTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>PapawViolet</text>
</content>
<name>Papaya</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_167027.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Papaw, also pawpaw and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">papaya</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a small tropical and subtropical South American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The juice of the fruit and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1"> of the tree are used to tenderize meat. In the United States the names papaw and pawpaw are given to a small tree of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">custard apple</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: The papaw belongs to the family Caricaceae. It is classified as Carica papaya. The tree that is called papaw in the United States belongs to the family Annonaceae and is classified as Asimina triloba.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Papaw</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AppleCustard AppleFruitPapayaSapTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Papaya</text>
</content>
<name>Papaw</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_166795.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Palmetto, common name for several species of palms. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cabbage</a></span><span class="style1"> palmetto is a native of maritime parts of North America, from Florida to North Carolina. It may attain a height of 36 m (80 ft) and has a crown of large palmate leaves. Other palmettos include the Texas palmetto, Louisiana palmetto, and saw palmetto. These are all smaller than cabbage palmetto.Scientific classification: Palmettos belong to the family Palmae. The cabbage palmetto is classified as Sabal palmetto, the Texas palmetto as Sabal texana, the Louisiana palmetto as Sabal louisiana, and the saw palmetto as Serenoa repens.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Palmetto</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Cabbage</text>
</content>
<name>Palmetto</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_166159.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Palm, common name for a family of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> widespread in the tropics. They are of great economic importance because of the food, fiber, and oil they provide, and because of their ornamental uses. The family is the only member of its order and contains about 2600 species, making it the fourth largest among the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">, after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, lilies, and orchids.Palms have a characteristic growth form: a single, unbranched trunk topped with a tuft of fanlike or featherlike leaves. The flowers are borne in axillary clusters (inflorescences), and a large, interwoven mass of roots occurs at the trunk base. The trunks of palms, like those of other monocots, have no secondary growth; thus, the diameter of the trunk does not increase with the age of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">. The growing tip of the trunk instead is built up into a large mass in the seedling stage, and maintains that broad width as the trunk matures. Bundles of vascular tissue are scattered throughout the trunks. The leaves of palms, often large, are formed a few at a time at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> tips. They have large, sheathing bases that may leave semicircular scars on the stems when they fall off. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> blades are folded in a distinctive fashion called plicate.Flowers of palms are usually individually inconspicuous but are often borne in great masses, some containing as many as 250,000 flowers. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts are in threes, with three sepals (outer floral whorls) and petals (inner floral whorls) and six stamens (male flower parts). The pistil (female flower part), which usually consists of three separate or fused carpels (egg-bearing structures), matures into a single-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> that may be either a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> (a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> surrounded by a fleshy covering) or a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> (a seed with a stony layer surrounded by a fleshy covering).Palms are overwhelmingly tropical in distribution. They occur there in habitats that range from lowland rain forests to high mountains, and from deserts to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mangrove</a></span><span class="style1"> swamps. Their distribution in the tropical zones, however, is uneven. About 1400 species occur in tropical Asia, whereas only about 120 occur in Africa. Another 130 species occur on Madagascar and other nearby islands in the western Indian Ocean near Africa, and about 950 species occur in the American tropics.Palms are important sources of foods such as dates (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Date Palm</a></span><span class="style1">), coconuts and sago. Copra and coir, which are useful fibers, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">raffia</a></span><span class="style1">, and rattan fiber also come from palms. The oil palm, native to West Africa but widely cultivated, has become a source of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> oil used in making margarine and soap and in cooking. Palms are grown as ornamentals in tropical and subtropical regions, and many smaller species are used as houseplants.Scientific classification: Palms make up the family Palmae. The oil palm is classified as Elaeis guineensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Oxalis, common name for a medium-size family of mostly subtropical and tropical herbs, and for its representative genus, which is also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wood sorrel</a></span><span class="style1">. The family contains about 900 species; about 800 of these are in the wood sorrel genus, and the remaining ones are in a few other small genera. Members of the family usually have compound leaves and small, regular flowers, the parts of which are in fives or multiples of fives; for example, they have ten stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts). The ovary (female flower part) is superior, and the seeds are sometimes explosively flung from the mature </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> through the drying of an aril (a fleshy attachment to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">).A number of species of wood sorrel are cultivated, especially in rock gardens, but some are considered troublesome weeds. A few species produce tubers that are eaten, and the leaves of some are used in salads.Scientific classification: Oxalis is the common name for the family Oxalidaceae. The wood sorrel genus is classified as Oxalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Oxalis</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerFruitSeedSorrelWood Sorrel</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GeraniumWood Sorrel</text>
</content>
<name>Oxalis</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_164967.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Ovule, in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, name applied to immature seeds, which are produced within the ovary of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">. In </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, the development of the ovule is generally as follows.At the site of the future </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, an outgrowth, the nucellus or megasporangium, develops; this becomes covered by two integuments that grow up from its base, leaving an opening at the top called the micropyle. Within the nucellus is the megaspore mother cell. It divides into two and then into four; one of these megaspores then typically divides into eight nuclei to become the embryo sac of the female gametophyte. It is in this sac that the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> embryo will develop.The young male plants, or male gametophytes, are popularly referred to as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> grains; these are contained in modified leaves called stamens. When a pollen </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> is placed on the stifma, it sends out a tube that grows down to the ovary and eventually enters the ovule. Two sperms are then discharged into the embryo sac; one of these fuses with the egg nucleus at the micropylar end of the embryo sac, and this fertilized egg then develops into the embryo of the seed. The other sperm fuses with two nuclei near the middle of the embryo sac; the resulting triple-fusion nucleus develops into the endosperm, which usually remains as the food storage tissue of the seed.See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Osmosis, in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1"> and chemistry, the flow of one constituent of a solution through a membrane while the other constituents are blocked and unable to pass through the membrane. Experimentation is necessary to determine which membranes permit selective flow, or osmosis,because not all membranes act in this way. Many membranes allow all or none of the constituents of a solution to pass through; only a few allow a selective flow. In classic demonstration of osmosis, a vertical tube containing a solution of sugar, with its lower end closed off by a semipermeable membrane, is placed in a container of water. As the water passes through the membrane into the tube, the level of sugar solution in the tube rises visibly. A semipermeable membrane that may be used for such a demonstration is the membrane found just inside the shell of an egg, that is, the film that keeps the white of the egg from direct contact with the shell. In this demonstration, the water moves in both directions through the membrane; the flow is greater from the vessel of pure water, however, because the concentration of water is greater there, that is, fewer dissolved substances exist in this solution than in the sugar solution. The level of liquid in the tube of sugar solution will eventually rise until the flow of water from the tube of sugar solution, under the influence of hydrostatic pressure, just equals the flow of water into the tube. Thereafter, no further rise in level will occur. The hydrostatic pressure establishing this equality of flow is called osmotic pressure. A variety of physical and chemical principles is involved in the phenomenon of osmosis in animals and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Osmosis</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BotanyPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>SapTree</text>
</content>
<name>Osmosis</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_164434.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Osage </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orange</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a thorny American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mulberry</a></span><span class="style1"> family. It is so called because its bright orange wood was used by the Osage for bows and because its green nonedible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> resembles an orange in shape and size. The tree can rise to a height of 18 m (60 ft) and is widely cultivated in the warmer parts of the eastern United States as an ornamental or hedge tree, although it is native to the southern and central United States. Its wood is used for railway ties, fence posts, fuel, and for the extraction of a yellow dye.Scientific classification: The Osage orange belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Maclura pomifera.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Osage Orange</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitMulberryOrangeTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Mulberry</text>
</content>
<name>Osage Orange</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_164250.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Orchid, common name for a family comprising one of the largest groups of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The family is worldwide in distribution, being absent only from Antarctica and some of the most arid desert zones of Eurasia. The greatest diversity of genera and species occurs in tropical regions that remain poorly explored. For this reason, and because of the complexity of the family, estimates of the number of orchid species vary from 15,000 to 25,000, and the number of genera from 400 to 800.Orchids and their allies are distinguished from other orders of flowering plants by a combination of floral characteristics rather than by a single characteristic unique to the group. Orchid flowers are borne on stalks called pedicels, as are other flowers. During the growth and development of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, however, the pedicel rotates 180┬░, so that the mature orchid flower is borne upside down. Of the flower's three sepals (outer floral whorls) and three petals (inner floral whorls), all the sepals and the two lateral petals are usually similar to one another in color and shape. The remaining petal, always distinct from them, is called the labellum, or lip; it is usually larger and different in color and shape, often being lobed or cupped. The labellum, which often acts as a landing platform for the orchid pollinator, may attract the pollinator to the flower through particular color patterns and shapes to which the pollinator responds in particular ways.The sexual organs (pistil and stamens) of the orchid flower are fused together into a structure called the column, which lies opposite the lip. Orchids have only one stamen (male floral organ), and in most orchids it bears only one anther (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-producing structure); in a few orchids, however, two anthers are produced. The pollen is not granular, as it is in most flowering plants, but is aggregated together in a number of masses, or sacs, that vary in texture from mealy to horny. Three stigmatic lobes (pollen-receptive areas) are usually present and located near the anther, although usually only two are functional. The ovary is below the other flower parts and is surrounded by pedicel tissue. Tripartite, it contains numerous ovules (egg-bearing structures) that mature into seeds. The seeds are small, with only an undifferentiated embryo. As many as 2 million seeds may be produced from a single orchid seedpod. Unlike most other flowering plants, orchids have no food-storage tissue.Orchid flowers are pollinated by a great variety of flying animals, and their great diversity in floral structure has resulted from adaptations to various pollinators. About half the orchid species are pollinated by bees; moths, butterflies, flies, birds, and other agents pollinate the rest. Many orchid flowers are adapted for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> by a single species of insect.Orchids do not vary as much vegetatively as they do in floral structure, but a great variety of forms exists, reflecting the wide range of habitats they occupy. About half are epiphytic, growing on other plants for support only, but some are parasitic and others saprophytic (living on decaying vegetation). A few Australian species complete their life cycles entirely underground.Apart from their phenomenal popularity among horticulturists, orchids have little economic importance, although </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vanilla</a></span><span class="style1"> flavoring is obtained from fruits of one species, the Mexican vanilla, widely grown in tropical areas. Growers have produced thousands of new forms of orchids through hybridization.Scientific classification: Orchids make up the family Orchidaceae. The vanilla orchid is classified as Vanilla planifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Orchard, a stand of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing trees arranged and maintained to yield crops of maximum size and quality. The chief orchard trees are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apricot</a></span><span class="style1">, which once </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grew</a></span><span class="style1"> in small home orchards of nearly every American farm. With the ability to store, transport, and market entire crops, fruit growers now carefully select large orchard sites where trees receive optimum sunlight, nourishment, soil drainage, and air currents. Hill sites, for example, avoid the early and late frosts that settle in river valley sites. By improving soils with nitrogen-fixing legumes, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pruning</a></span><span class="style1"> to increase fruit size, and using insect sprays and better </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> strains, orchard owners are able to produce and package uniform, blemish-free fruit that is now standard fare in supermarkets.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Orange (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> fruit of several trees. Different varieties include the sweet orange, the sour orange, and the mandarin orange, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tangerine</a></span><span class="style1">. The fruit is technically a hesperidium, a kind of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. It consists of several easily separated carpels, or sections, each containing several seeds and many juice cells, covered by a leathery exocarp, or skin, containing numerous oil glands. Orange trees are evergreens, seldom exceeding 9 m (30 ft) in height. The leaves are oval and glossy and the flowers are white and fragrant. Three essential oils are obtained from oranges: oil of orange, obtained from the rind of the fruit and used principally as a flavoring agent; oil of petigrain, obtained from the leaves and twigs and used in perfumery; and oil of neroli, obtained from the blossoms and used in flavorings and perfumes.Oranges, of great commercial importance, are cultivated in warm regions, although they are native to southeastern Asia. The sour orange was introduced to the Mediterranean region by the Arabs about the 10th century, and the sweet orange was introduced by Genoese traders in the 15th century.In the United States the principal orange-producing states are Florida (the orange blossom is the state </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">), California, Texas, and Arizona. From 1991 to 1992 the yield of oranges in the United States was about 10 million metric tons. The principal varieties of the sweet orange cultivated by orange growers of the eastern United States are the Hamlin and Parson Brown, both early-maturing, seedy varieties with thin, russet skin and juicy pulp. Both eastern and western growers cultivate the Valencia, a late variety that is commercially ΓÇ£seedless,ΓÇ¥ having two to five seeds. The principal crops of the western growers consist of the Valencia and the Bahia, or Washington navel orange, imported from Bahia, Brazil, in 1870, and developed in Washington, D.C., by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The navel orange is a seedless orange, with medium-thick rind, in which a second small, or abortive, orange grows. A variety of the Washington navel orange is the principal orange product of Texas. The sour orange is cultivated to a limited extent for marmalade and to provide </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1"> for less vigorous strains. About 20 percent of the total crop of oranges is sold as whole fruit; the remainder is used in preparing frozen and canned orange juice, extracts, and preserves.Scientific classification: Oranges belong to the genus Citrus, of the family Rutaceae. The sweet orange is classified as Citrus sinensis; the sour, or Seville, orange as Citrus aurantium; and the mandarin orange, or tangerine, as Citrus reticulata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Onion, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> herbs, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to Asia but cultivated in temperate and subtropical regions for thousands of years. The true onion is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Its long, hollow leaves with thickened bases make up most of the bulb. The white or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, which are borne in umbels, have six sepals, six petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. In the varieties known as top onions, the flowers are supplanted by bulblets, which may be grown to obtain new </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The plant contains sulfurous, volatile oils that give it a characteristic pungent taste; one component readily dissolves in water to produce sulfuric acid, which may be produced in the eyes and induce tears.Onions are one of the most versatile vegetables. They are eaten raw in salads, are cooked or pickled in a variety of ways, and are used as a flavoring or seasoning. Dehydrated onion products provide popular flavorings for soups and stews.Onions raised in warm areas are planted as winter crops and are milder in taste and odor than onions planted during the summer in cooler regions. Yellow Bermuda and white Spanish onions are among the mildest cultivated onions.Onions are easily grown from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> that may be either field-grown directly or planted in beds to produce small bulbs, or sets. These are commonly dried and shipped to gardeners and commercial growers. Onions are adaptable to temperature and can be planted year-round as long as the soil is rich and moist. They are sown four to six weeks before the last frost in the spring or are planted in late summer for a fall crop.The crop is allowed to ripen in the field until tops begin to bend and break. The bulbs are then pulled up and spread or hung in a dry area to cure. Once dry, they are normally stored and shipped in slotted or open-mesh bags to keep them dry enough to prevent sprouting. United States commercial production of onions in 1989 exceeded 2,172,000 metric tons.Other onions in the genus include the nodding wild onion, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shallot</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chive</a></span><span class="style1">, and the green onion, or common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leek</a></span><span class="style1">. Both the shallot and the green onion, which have small bulbs, are also known as scallions.Scientific classification: Onions make up the genus Allium, of the family Liliaceae. The true onion is classified as Allium cepa; the nodding wild onion as Allium cernuum; the shallot as Allium ascalonicum; the chive as Allium schoenoprasum; and the green onion, or common leek, as Allium ampeloprasum.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Garlic</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Olive, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Figwort</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its representative genus, and for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the olive </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. The family contains about 900 species, placed in 24 genera. It comprises a small group of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of almost cosmopolitan distribution, that contains several plants of horticultural and economic importance. In addition to the olive, familiar members of the family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">privet</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forsythia</a></span><span class="style1">, and the fringe tree.Most members of this family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> are shrubs or small trees, although a few are climbers. Nearly all have opposite leaves, which may be simple, as in lilacs and forsythias, or compound (composed of several separate leaflets), as in ashes. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1"> structure is rather uniform in the family, but some variation occurs. Typically, flowers have four sepals (outer floral whorls) and four petals (inner floral whorls), two stamens (male flower parts) attached to the inner surface of the petals, and a single ovary (female flower part), which is superior (borne above and free from other flower parts). The fruits, which develop from the ovary after fertilization, vary considerably but usually contain a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. Examples of distinctive fruits include those of the olive, which are technically drupes (hard seeds surrounded by fleshy material); those of the ashes, which are indehiscent (remain closed at maturity) and winged and are technically known as samaras; and those of the lilacs, which are dry and dehiscent (splitting at maturity).The olive genus contains about 20 species and is widespread in Eurasia. A few species produce good timberΓÇöfor example, the black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ironwood</a></span><span class="style1">, of southern Africa. The cultivated olive is originally native to the eastern Mediterranean region but now widely cultivated throughout that area and in other parts of the world that have Mediterranean-type climates. The olive is cultivated for its fruits, which yield an edible oil and are also pickled for eating. Olive oil, which is derived from fresh, ripe fruits that contain about 20 percent oil, is used in cooking, in canning, and as a table oil. Olives for eating are picked either when unripe or when ripe. Unripe olives are green and remain so during pickling. Ripe olives are dark bluish when fresh and turn blackish during pickling. The seed, or stone, of the olive is often removed and the cavity stuffed with spicy materials such as sweet red </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pepper</a></span><span class="style1">. The wood of the cultivated olive, being hard and variegated, is valued in cabinetry.Scientific classification: Olives make up the family Oleaceae. The representative genus is Olea. The black ironwood is classified as Olea laurifolia and the cultivated olive as Olea europaea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Oleander, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogbane</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. It has leathery leaves, which are opposite or in threes. The flowers are in terminal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> cymes. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, used in rat poison, is very toxic; a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> may contain a lethal dose.Scientific classification: Oleander belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It is classified as Nerium oleander.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Okra, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gumbo</a></span><span class="style1">, an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mallow</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The okra, which is native to Africa, is extensively cultivated in the southern United States and the West Indies for its long, many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">, which, when still young and green, is used to thicken soups and stews and as a cooked </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. The okra bears large, yellow flowers, similar to those of the closely related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hibiscus</a></span><span class="style1">, and is occasionally planted in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> gardens.Scientific classification: The okra belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is classified as Abelmoschus esculentus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Oats, common name for the seeds or grains of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for the plants themselves. The genus contains about 25 species that grow widely in the cooler temperate regions of the world. Several are cultivated for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">, which is used as feed for cattle and horses and also for human consumption as a cereal. The green plants are often used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">, silage, and pasture, and the dried straw is a popular bedding for livestock. Oats are important rotation crops on livestock and grain farms in the northern United States, Canada, and northern and eastern Europe.Oats are normally sown in early spring and harvested in mid- to late summer. In the southern United States and in the southern regions of Europe, oats may be sown in the fall. The most widely planted species is the common oat. The wild oat is a common and often costly weed that grows in North America, Europe, and Asia. Cultivated oats were probably derived from the wild oat by farmers in the Middle East and Europe about 4500 years ago.Oat grains, as harvested, consist of highly digestible groat (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">) held within an indigestible hull. Compared with other grains, whole (unhulled) oats produce feeds that are high in protein (12 percent), fat (5 percent), and fiber (12 to 14 percent) and low in carbohydrates (about 64 percent). Oat varieties are being developed with improved yields, higher protein and energy content, and stronger resistance to rust, to virus diseases, and to attacks by insects.As </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1"> and porridges, which are derived from roasted grains, oats are high in protein and are particularly good sources of thiamine, or vitamin B1. In recent years the use of oats has been extended to ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and a wide variety of processed foods. Oat flour contains antioxidants that retard rancidity in fat-containing foods; it is an ingredient of such products as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peanut</a></span><span class="style1"> butter, margarine, chocolate, and doughnut flours and is a preservative inner coating for the paper bags used to package salted nuts, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1"> chips. Oat flour also serves as a fat stabilizer in ice cream and other dairy products. The most important industrial product from oats is furfural, a chemical derived from oat hulls and used as a solvent in various refining industries.In the mid-1980s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United States, Canada, and Poland were, respectively, the world's largest producers of oats. World production was about 48 million metric tons annually; 16 percent of this total was produced in the United States.Scientific classification: Oats belong to the genus Avena of the family Gramineae. The common oat is classified as Avena sativa and the wild oat as Avena fatua.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Oak, common name for a large genus of hardwood trees that are widespread in the North Temperate Zone. The oak genus contains about 450 species. Oaks are distinguished from the other ten or so genera in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beech</a></span><span class="style1"> family, to which the oak genus belongs, by various technical characteristics of their minute, clustered flowers, but they are easily recognized by their distinctive </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">acorn</a></span><span class="style1">. The related tan oak, one species of which occurs in the coastal ranges of California and Oregon, also produces an acorn. The tan oak differs from the oak genus in its upright rather than hanging male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters.About 60 species of oak occur in the United States and Canada, with about 150 additional species in Mexico. They grow in a variety of habitats, from seacoasts to high mountain slopes and from wet lowlands to high, dry mesas. Flowering occurs in the spring, before the new leaves appear, and large quantities of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> are shed into the wind. The trees may be deciduous (losing their leaves in the fall) or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">. Most eastern United States species are deciduousΓÇöthe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">live oak</a></span><span class="style1"> of the southeastern coastal plain being a notable exceptionΓÇöwhereas the western United States has both many evergreen and many deciduous species.Oaks produce durable, tough wood and are important lumber trees. The wood is used in cabinetry and barrel making and as flooring and veneers. Corks are made from the thick, spongy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> oak, which occurs in the Mediterranean region. Several species yield tannins, which are used in the leather-tanning industry, and others yield dyes from their bark. Oaks are of some horticultural importance, but because most are slow growing, they are more often planted in public parks and gardens than in private lawns. Scarlet oak, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1"> oak, and pin oak, however, are moderate to fast-growing species that are well suited to both purposes.Scientific classification: Oaks make up the genus Quercus of the family Fagaceae. The tan oak is classified in the genus Lithocarpus. The live oak is classified as Quercus virginiana, the cork oak as Quercus suber, the scarlet oak as Quercus coccinea, the willow oak as Quercus phellos, and the pin oak as Quercus palustris.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Nux Vomica, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> native to the Coromandel Coast of India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Its seeds, also called nux vomica, contain two alkaloidsΓÇöstrychnine and brucine. Used in medicine as a stimulant and as a tonic, they may cause violent tetanic convulsions and death if taken in larger doses.Scientific classification: Nux vomica belongs to the family Loganiaceae. It is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Strychnos</a></span><span class="style1"> nux-vomica.</span></text>
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card_160721.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Nutmeg, common name applied to any of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and trees. The family comprises about 19 genera and 400 species. The nutmeg is native to the Moluccas in Indonesia. It has also been widely cultivated in southern Asia, the West Indies, and Brazil for its seeds, which yield various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spices</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its timber. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the family are dioecious, with inconspicuous flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> having a diameter of about 5 cm (about 2 in), popularly called the nutmeg </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">, which splits into two halves, thereby revealing the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> surrounded by a fleshy outer coating. In plants of the typical genus, which contains about 80 species, this seed is dried to form the culinary spice popularly known as nutmeg. The fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> coat around the seed is peeled off and also dried to form the spice known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mace</a></span><span class="style1">. The most common nutmeg </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> grows to a height of about 15 m (about 50 ft).Scientific classification: Nutmeg plants make up the family Myristicaceae. The most common nutmeg tree is classified as Myristica fragans.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Nut, term commonly and loosely applied to any dry, hard-shelled </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> having a rind that can be easily separated from the internal, edible kernel. In botanical terminology, the term nut is restricted to a one-seeded fruit that has developed from a compound ovary, that has external walls hardened to a woody consistency, and that is indehiscent, which means that it does not split open to release its seed. Such so-called true nuts may be edible or inedible; common examples are acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts, and hazelnuts. Examples of fruits or seeds that are incorrectly and popularly termed nuts include almonds and walnuts, which are drupes with the fleshy outer layer removed; peanuts, which are seeds contained in pods; and horse chestnuts and Brazil nuts, which are seeds contained in capsules.</span></text>
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card_160190.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Nightshade, common name for both a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for a genus of mostly weedy plants. The family has about 90 genera and 2600 species and includes crop and garden plantsΓÇösuch as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tomato</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">petunia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">eggplant</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöas well as many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poisonous plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The poisonous nightshades contain alkaloids of three major types: tropane, found in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">belladonna</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jimsonweed</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">henbane</a></span><span class="style1">; pyridine, in tobacco; and steroid, in some members of the nightshade genus.Included in the nightshade genus are such common weeds as horse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nettle</a></span><span class="style1">, a spiny, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the south-central to eastern United States; European </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bittersweet</a></span><span class="style1">; silverleaf nightshade, a whitish herb of prairies of the southwestern states and Mexico; black nightshade, an annual, self-seeding herb found in disturbed soils of eastern and central North America; and buffalo bur, a spiny weed of the Great Plains and eastward. Also in this genus are the common potato, eggplant, and Jerusalem </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">.Plants in the nightshade family bear flowers with five sepals, five petals, five stamens, and a solitary pistil that in most species ripens into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. In horse nettle, the flowers are white or pale </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">, and the berry, yellow; in European bittersweet, the flowers are blue or purple, and the berry, red; in silverleaf nightshade, the flowers are violet or blue and yellow, and the berry, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">; and in black nightshade, the flowers are white, and the berry, black. Buffalo bur has yellow flowers and a spiny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> or bur resulting from the persistence of the spiny calyx about the berry as it ripens.The foliage and unripe fruit of most nightshades contain dangerous levels of a steroid alkaloid, solanine. The ripe berries are the least toxic part of these plants but may be deadly under some circumstances. Solanine is also found in potato sprouts and the green spots of some potatoes. A toxic dose of any of these will usually result in severe digestive upset. This may be accompanied by trembling, weakness, difficulty in breathing, or paralysis. Potato sprouts should be removed before using the tubers for food. Potato vines, sprouts, and rotten potatoes should not be used as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> for livestock.The members of the nightshade family are placed in a medium-size order that includes many attractive spring and summer garden plants. The order is widely distributed, with concentrations of species in the Americas. It contains 8 families and nearly 5000 species. Plants of the order vary greatly in habit, from herbs to trees, and some of them are parasites. The flowers are basically five-parted. The petals are fused into a tube, on the inside of which are borne the stamens.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">morning glory</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 1650 species, is a well-known member of the order and contains important food, drug, and horticultural plants. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet potato</a></span><span class="style1">, a member of the morning glory family, is cultivated worldwide; its nutritious tuberous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> has been used as a food source since prehistoric times. Other members of the same genus have chemicals similar to LSD. Still other species of this and other genera provide garden ornamentals, such as the morning glory. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phlox</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which contains about 300 species, provides such ornamentals as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Jacob's ladder</a></span><span class="style1"> and the common annual phlox, native to Texas. The mostly herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">waterleaf</a></span><span class="style1"> family also contains about 250 species.Scientific classification: Nightshades make up the genus Solanum, and the family Solanaceae, in the order Solanales. Horse nettle is classified as Solanum carolinense, European bittersweet as Solanum dulcamara, silverleaf nightshade as Solanum elaeagnifolium, and black nightshade as Solanum nigrum. Buffalo bur is classified as Solanum rostratum, the common potato as Solanum tuberosum, the eggplant as Solanum melongena, and the Jerusalem cherry as Solanum pseudocapsicum. The sweet potato, classified as Ipomoea batatas, and the morning glory, classified as Ipomoea purpurea, belong to the family Convolvulaceae. Jacob's ladder, classified in the genus Polemonium, and the common annual phlox, classified as Phlox drummondii, belong to the family Polemoniaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Nicotiana, genus of annual and perennial herbs and, more rarely, shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which contains about 67 species, is native mainly to the western hemisphere. Several species are widely cultivated in gardens in warm temperate regions of the world, both for ornament and as crop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> for commercial use. The genus was named after the 16th-century French diplomat Jean Nicot, who introduced it into France. Plants of the genus have sticky, hairy, bitter foliage and are poisonous. The leaves are large, simple, and alternate. The white, yellow, green, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers are borne in panicles or racemes. They have a large, tubular, five-cleft calyx; a large, funnel-shaped, five-lobed corolla, from the interior of which a long tube arises; five stamens; and a solitary pistil. The flowers are usually closed during the day and open at night. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a two-celled, many-seeded capsule. The most valuable species is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Nicotiana belongs to the family Solanaceae.</span></text>
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<text>Nicotiana</text>
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card_159516.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Nettle, common name for a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its representative genus. The family comprises over 1000 species placed in 45 genera. Their stems and leaves are often armed with hollow hairs filled with a stinging liquid. The brittle, gland-tipped hairs are easily broken, and the liquid, if injected into the skin, produces a burning sensation that may be of temporary or long duration. The sting of the stinging nettle lasts only a few minutes, whereas that of an Australian species produces such a severe reaction that death has been reported in a few cases. Nettles are of little economic importance. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ramie</a></span><span class="style1"> fiber, or China grass, obtained from a nettle species of Southeast Asia, is finer than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> and stronger than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, but it is difficult to extract.The family belongs to an order, mainly tropical in distribution although with many temperate members as well, that has traditionally included about 2400 species placed in six families, although recent information places 6000 species divided into three families in the order. Other important families in the order are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mulberry</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 3000 species, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elm</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 2000 species. The elm and mulberry families are mostly woody, whereas the nettle family is mostly herbaceous. The flowers, usually unisexual (either male or female), are small and lack petals. They are often wind-pollinated, and each female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> produces a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Nettles make up the family Urticaceae of the order Urticales. Its representative genus is Urtica. The stinging nettle is classified as Urtica dioica. Ramie fiber, or China grass, is obtained from the species classified as Boehmeria nivea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Nectarine, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, a variety of the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its smooth-skinned fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The fruit differs from the peach in skin texture, aroma, and flavor but closely resembles it in color and in size and shape of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. Peach seeds occasionally give rise to trees that bear nectarines, and nectarine seeds may give rise to trees bearing either peaches or nectarines. Because it is impossible to know which type of tree will result from the planting of a nectarine seed, buds from branches on which nectarines have grown are grafted to peach trees. Nectarines are grown extensively for commercial purposes in California.Scientific classification: The nectarine belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Prunus persica variety nucipersica.</span></text>
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<text>Nectarine</text>
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<name>Nectarine</name>
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card_158890.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Nectar, sugary liquid built up in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> glands, called nectaries, situated at the base of the petals in flowers or in so-called extrafloral nectaries borne on petioles. Nectar is used as food by many insects that, in the course of nectar gathering, carry </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> to flower, thereby serving as fertilizing agents. Honeybees use nectar in making honey.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Nasturtium, common name for several related climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, native to South America, and widely grown in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> beds and garden borders. The common garden nasturtium has showy, long-spurred flowers usually </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> or red in color. The round leaves and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> stems may be used as salad greens.Scientific classification: Nasturtiums belong to the family Tropaeolaceae. The common garden nasturtium is derived from the species Tropaeolum majus.</span></text>
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<text>Nasturtium</text>
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<text>CressGeraniumWatercress</text>
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card_158460.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Narcissus (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">), genus of bulbous herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">amaryllis</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is native to the warmer portions of the eastern hemisphere and is widely cultivated in gardens. Members of the genus have long, sometimes rushlike leaves growing upward from the bulbous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers, one or two of which are usually borne on each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, have six petal-like sepals, a corolla of six united petals, six stamens, and a solitary pistil. A cup-shaped crown, called the corona, arises from the inner surface of the corolla. The flowers are usually white or yellow or some combination of these two shades. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded capsule.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the genus are among the first to bloom, their large flowers appearing in early spring. The plants are best cultivated outdoors in moist soil in temperate regions. The most favorable planting time is in September so that the roots can grow and establish the plant before the onset of cold weather. Several varieties can be planted indoors in a bowl of water, often with pebbles or small shells. They are kept in a cool, dark place for several weeks until the roots are established. They are then placed in a sunny window to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">.A common species is the yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">daffodil</a></span><span class="style1">, which is characterized by a deep, trumpet-shaped crown. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jonquil</a></span><span class="style1"> has yellow flowers with short crowns. The poet's narcissus, or pheasant's eye, has pure white petals and a shallow, wrinkled, reddish crown. The polyanthus has small, white or yellow flowers, borne in umbels and having short coronas. Ganymede's cup has long, drooping, white flowers. Butter-and-eggs has large flowers tinted in two shades of yellow. Many hybrids of these species have been developed. Their flowers may be single or double; white, yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, cream-colored, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, or orange-red; the corona and corolla may be differently colored, and the corona itself may be of more than one hue.Narcissus bulbs contain alkaloids that may, if eaten, produce severe digestive upset, including vomiting and diarrhea, accompanied by trembling and convulsions.Scientific classification: Narcissuses make up the genus Narcissus of the family Amaryllidaceae. The yellow daffodil is classified as Narcissus pseudonarcissus; the jonquil as Narcissus jonquilla; the poet's narcissus, or pheasant's eye, as Narcissus poeticus; the polyanthus as Narcissus tazetta; Ganymede's cup as Narcissus triandus; and butter-and-eggs as Narcissus incomparabilis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Myrtle, common name for a family of trees and shrubs, concentrated mostly in tropical America and tropical Asia, and for its representative genus. The typical species of the genus is native to western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Other members of the family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pimento</a></span><span class="style1">, bottlebrush, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clove</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">guava</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Eucalyptus</a></span><span class="style1">, a valuable source of timber, pulp, and oils, is also a member of the family. The 450 species of the genus are almost exclusively confined to Australia, although many are now planted in other parts of the world for timber and ornament.The myrtle family belongs to an order that contains about 9000 species, placed in 12 families. The myrtle family contains about 3000 species. The melastoma family, with about 4000 species, almost exclusively tropical, is one of the largest in the flora of South America. Some mangroves are members of the order, as is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evening primrose</a></span><span class="style1"> familyΓÇöwhich contains several important ornamentals such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fuchsia</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöand the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pomegranate</a></span><span class="style1">.The order comprises mostly woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> distributed throughout the world. A characteristic feature of the order is the presence of internal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöthat is, food-conducting cells located between the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1"> (water-conducting cells) and the pith in the stems. (In most groups of flowering plants, the phloem is located outside the xylem.) The leaves usually have unbroken margins and are opposite on the stems. The flowers are radially symmetrical, with their parts in fours and fives, and a floral tube (fusion of sepals, petals, and often filaments of stamens) that may surround or be fused to the ovary (female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> part).Scientific classification: Myrtles make up the family Myrtaceae of the order Myrtales. The family's representative genus is Myrtus. The typical species of the genus is classified as Myrtus communis and the pimento as Pimenta dioica. Bottlebrushes are classified in the genera Callistemon, Metrosideros, and Melaleuca. The clove is classified as Syzygium aromaticum and the guava as Psidium guajava. Eucalyptus make up the genus Eucalyptus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Myrrh, aromatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> resin, of which the true form is obtained from a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> in Africa and Arabia. Although similar trees yield a similar product, the quality is inferior. Myrrh consists of a mixture of resin, gum, and the essential oil myrrhol, which produces the characteristic odor. It has a bitter, pungent taste, and ranges in color from yellowish brown to reddish brown. Myrrh was highly valued in ancient times as an ingredient of perfume and incense and was also used as an ointment. The myrrh mentioned in the Bible (see Psalms 45:8; Song 4:14) is believed to have been a mixture of myrrh and the oleoresin labdanum. One of the three gifts of the Magi to Jesus Christ (see Matthew 2:11) was myrrh. The gum resin was also used as a stimulant tonic and is used today as an antiseptic in mouthwashes and dentifrices.</span></text>
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<text>Myrrh</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>GumTree</text>
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<text>Gum</text>
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<name>Myrrh</name>
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card_157259.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Mustard, common name for a large family of pungent-juiced herbs, important for the many food </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and other crops it produces, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 390 genera and 3000 species. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, with centers of diversity in the Mediterranean region and southwestern and Central Asia, where about two-thirds of the species occur.Most members of the mustard family are annual or perennial herbs; a few are shrubs or climbers. The flowers are characteristic and distinctive. Four petals are arranged opposite one another in the form of a cross. Six stamens are arranged in pairs. The filaments of the outer pair are short, whereas those of the two inner pairs are longer. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is typically a capsule with two chambers divided by a false septum; at maturity, it splits in two from the bottom. Many variations on this basic fruit type are found in the family, and characteristics of the fruits are heavily used in distinguishing and classifying the various members.The mustard family contains a great variety of food plants, but they do not form important parts of staple diets. Best known are the salad and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> crops, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cauliflower</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brussels sprouts</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broccoli</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kohlrabi</a></span><span class="style1">, all of which are varieties of the wild cabbage native to coastal Britain and southern Europe. Table mustard is prepared from powdered seeds of two other species, black mustard and white mustard. Black mustard is a shaggy, many-branched </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, growing to about 1 m (about 3 ft) high, with dark-green lyre-shaped and lanceolate leaves, small yellow flowers, and short seedpods pressed against the stems. It is common along roadsides and in wastelands throughout the United States. White mustard is a somewhat smaller plant, with similar leaves, larger flowers, and bristly pods. Another important species, curled mustard or mustard greens, has large cleft leaves and is used as a vegetable. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Turnip</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">radish</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cress</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">watercress</a></span><span class="style1"> are other vegetable members of this family.The family is also an important source of vegetable oils, ranking fifth in worldwide importance behind soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sunflower</a></span><span class="style1">. Members of the representative mustard genus are prominent, with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rape</a></span><span class="style1"> being the main crop.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spices</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Mustard is the common name for the family Cruciferae and its representative genus Brassica. Wild cabbage is classified as Brassica oleracea, black mustard as Brassica nigra, and white mustard as Brassica hirta. Curled mustard, or mustard green, is classified as Brassica juncea variety crispifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mulberry, common name for a family of mostly woody flowering dicot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">), widespread in the tropics, with some extensions into temperate areas, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 48 genera and 1200 species and has small, clustered, unisexual flowers, typical of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nettle</a></span><span class="style1"> order, to which it belongs. Members of the mulberry family are distinguished from the other members of the order by the presence of milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1"> containing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">. The female flowers are often borne on the inside of a fleshy structure called a receptacle, which expands greatly as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> matures. Two well-known examples are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fig</a></span><span class="style1"> and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">breadfruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The fruits of these plants actually are derived from many flowers borne on a common receptacle and are termed compound fruits.The mulberry genus contains about seven species of trees native to the temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere. Two species are native to North America: red mulberry, widespread in the eastern United States; and Texas mulberry, a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that occurs scattered across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. White mulberry has been cultivated for centuries in China, and its leaves are the main food of the silkworm. Both the tree and the worm were introduced into the United States; the attempt to form a silk industry failed, but the white mulberry has become naturalized in the eastern and southern United States. Another important member of the family is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">osage orange</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Mulberries make up the family Moraceae of the order Urticales. The representative genus is Morus. The red mulberry is classified as Morus rubra, the Texas mulberry as Morus microphylla, and the white mulberry as Morus alba.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mosses, common name for members of a division of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the entire land area of the world. Mosses grow on soil, rocks, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of trees, and in bogs and shallow streams. Moss plants consist of small, slender stalks and leaves; vascular tissue is not present. They lack true roots, the functions of underground support and conduction being carried on by filamentous structures called rhizoids. The organs of sexual reproduction, called antheridia and archegonia, contain sperms and egg, respectively, and are borne on the gametophyte, which is an independent leafy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Fertilization can take place only when the plants are wet; after fertilization, the egg grows into a sporophyte. The sporophyte consists of a base, or foot, embedded in gametophyte tissue; a stalk that is usually long and hairlike; and a terminal capsule. The capsule, which in most species is covered by a small-toothed lid, contains numerous spores. The spores are either released explosively or by special peristome teeth. Under suitable conditions they germinate by forming slender underground filaments called protonemata. Small buds produced by protonemata give rise to gametophyte plants. Mosses also produce gametophytes from such specialized vegetative organs as bulbils, produced by rhizoids; gemmae, produced on leaves or stems; and secondary protonemata, produced by rhizoids or wounded portions of the leafy shoot. The division is commonly divided into three classes: the liverworts, the hornworts, and the mosses.Many mosslike plants, unrelated to the moss division, are commonly called mosses. These include Irish moss, or carrageen, which is a red alga. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Iceland moss</a></span><span class="style1"> is a common name applied to a lichen and to a flowering plant also known as wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stonecrop</a></span><span class="style1">. Rock moss is a common name applied to several lichens that grow on rocks, and to widow's-cross. Plants known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">club moss</a></span><span class="style1"> are related to the ferns. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spanish moss</a></span><span class="style1">, or long moss, is a flowering plant that grows as an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1"> on </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks in the southern regions of the United States and in the West Indies.Scientific classification: Mosses make up the division Bryophyta. The liverworts make up the class Hepaticae, the hornworts the class Anthocerotae, and the mosses the class Musci.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Morning Glory, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nightshade</a></span><span class="style1">) that includes about 1650 species of vines, shrubs, and a few trees. Most are tropical, and many are considered weeds. The vines common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bindweed</a></span><span class="style1"> and wild morning glory, for example, are widespread throughout the United States. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet potato</a></span><span class="style1">, native to tropical America, belongs to this family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dodder</a></span><span class="style1"> is a parasitic genus, lacking leaves and green color, that attaches itself to and lives on shrubs and herbs; it is a common weed in Europe and the United States.Many of the ornamental horticultural varieties of morning glory have large, showy flowers and grow in almost any soil. The regular and perfect flowers contain five stamens and from one to four stigmata. The corolla tube has a flaring funnel shape in most species. The common morning glory grows to 6 m (20 ft), with flowers ranging in color from purple through blue and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, and with heart-shaped green leaves. The flowers open in the morning and last only a few hours. Several species with flowers that open in late evening are called moonflowers. Another species, the dwarf morning glory, native to southern Europe, is grown in the United States as an annual for trellises and hanging baskets. It has an erect, branched </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> about 30 cm (about 12 in) high. All the horticultural varieties of morning glory are annuals in North America; in cool climates, the perennial forms must be dug up and stored over the winter.Scientific classification: Morning glories make up the family Convolvulaceae. The common bindweed is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Convolvulus</a></span><span class="style1"> arvensis, the wild morning glory as Convolvulus sepium, and the common morning glory as Ipomoea purpurea. The name </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">moonflower</a></span><span class="style1"> is applied especially to the species classified as Ipomoea alba. The dwarf morning glory is classified as Convolvulus tricolor.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Moonflower, common name for a perennial night-blooming </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Morning Glory</a></span><span class="style1">). Native to tropical America, it is widely cultivated for its large fragrant white flowers.Scientific classification: The moonflower belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. It is classified as Ipomoea alba.</span></text>
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card_155180.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Monoecism (Greek mono, ΓÇ£oneΓÇ¥; oikos, ΓÇ£houseΓÇ¥), in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, condition in which the male and female reproductive organs of a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> or fungi are borne on different parts of the same organism. Many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, bear antheridia and archegonia on separate branches. In monoecious </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">walnut</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, the staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers are usually borne on different branches of the same plant.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Monocots, more properly monocotyledons, one of two classes of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">). They are mostly herbaceous and include such familiar plants as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchid</a></span><span class="style1">, grass, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1">. Several floral and vegetative features distinguish them from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">, the other angiosperm class. These features include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts in threes; one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotyledon</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">); leaf veins that are usually parallel; vascular tissue in scattered bundles in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">; and no true secondary growth.Monocots are thought to have evolved from some early aquatic group of dicots through reduction of various flower and vegetative parts. Among living monocot groups, one order (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Water Plantain</a></span><span class="style1">) contains the most primitive monocots. About 50,000 species of monocots are knownΓÇöabout one-third the number of dicot species.Scientific classification: Monocots make up the class Liliopsida of the phylum Magnoliophyta. The most primitive living monocots belong to the order Alismatales.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mock </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orange</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for shrubs of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saxifrage</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the shrubs produce dark green, opposite leaves, and showy, white flowers borne singly or in cymes. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> has a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped, 4- or 5-parted calyx, 4 or 5 rounded petals, 20 to 40 stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a septicidal capsule. Common mock orange, or syringa, is a fragrant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, native to southern Europe and widely cultivated throughout the temperate regions of the world, growing about 2 m (about 6 ft) high. Common mock orange is the state flower of Idaho. A similar shrub has flowers that lack fragrance. It is native to the eastern United States and cultivated throughout temperate North America. Western mock orange is a shrub, usually about 2 m (about 6 ft) high, native to the northwestern United States. Taller, fragrant mock oranges are native to eastern Asia.Scientific classification: Mock oranges make up the genus Philadelphus of the family Saxifragaceae. Common mock orange, or syringa, is classified as Philadelphus coronarius, the shrub with flowers lacking fragrance as Philadelphus inodorus, and the western mock orange as Philadelphus lewisii.</span></text>
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card_153871.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Mistletoe, common name for various parasitic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> belonging to the mistletoe family. The common European mistletoe grows on various trees, usually apples and junipers. It is an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with small, greenish flowers and white berries. A similar mistletoe, American mistletoe, found in the United States, grows on deciduous trees, particularly red </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elm</a></span><span class="style1">, from eastern Texas to Florida and northward to Missouri and New Jersey.The leafless flowering dwarf mistletoes depend entirely on the host </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> for nourishment. These scrubs are lethal parasites of conifers, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">.The common mistletoe figured significantly in the folklore and religions of pre-Christian Europe. Reputedly endowed with magical powers, it was used as a cure for sterility and as an antidote for poisons. It is used as a Christmas and New Year's decoration, and kissing under a branch of mistletoe is still customary.Scientific classification: Mistletoe belongs to the family Loranthaceae. The common European mistletoe is classified as Viscum album, the American mistletoe as Phoradendron flavescens, and the dwarf mistletoe as Arceuthobium pusillum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mint (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a family of woody or herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of worldwide distribution, and for its well-known genus. Members of the mint family often contain aromatic oils, and many (often of Mediterranean origin) are cultivated as culinary herbs. These include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marjoram</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oregano</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">thyme</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sage</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rosemary</a></span><span class="style1">, savory, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basil</a></span><span class="style1">. The mint genus itself contains many well-known cultivated species: </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peppermint</a></span><span class="style1">, spearmint, and pennyroyal. These and other members of the family, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1"> and shellflower, are grown as ornamentals.The family belongs to an order comprising more than 10,000 species, which, although placed in 4 families, are contained primarily in the 3 largest: the mint family, with 5600 species; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">verbena</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with 1900 species; and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">borage</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with 2500 species. The lennoa family contains only 6 speciesΓÇöfleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> parasites that lack </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">. The order characteristically has opposite, decussate leaves (pairs of leaves at right angles to one another), and the stems are often squarish in cross section. The sepals (outer floral whorls) and petals (inner floral whorls) are fused into tubes that usually have four or five lobes, or lips, and are irregular (bilaterally symmetrical). The two, four, or five stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts) are attached to the inside of the corolla tube, which is made up of the fused petals. The ovary (female flower part) is superiorΓÇöthat is, borne above and free from the other flower partsΓÇöand has two carpels (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ovule</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing flower parts).Scientific classification: Mints make up the family Labiatae (also called Lamiaceae) of the order Lamiales. The well-known mint genus is Mentha. Peppermint is classified as Mentha piperita, spearmint as Mentha spicata, and pennyroyal as Mentha pulegium. Lavender is classified in the genus Lavendula and shellflower in the genus Molucella.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mimosa, common name for a group of herbs, shrubs, and trees that constitute a subfamily of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The subfamily includes the sensitive </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brier</a></span><span class="style1"> found in the southern United States and the silk </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, native to Africa and Asia, noted for flowers with long, silky stamens. Mimosa are native to tropical and subtropical regions. The typical genus of the subfamily, which contains about 400 species, is native to tropical America and naturalized in the hot regions of Asia and Africa. Many species are sensitive, in that the leaves, which are bipinnate, bend together and droop upon slight stimulation by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means. Tiny yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, or purplish flowers are usually borne in globular heads. Bisexual and unisexual flowers usually occur on the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers have a four-toothed or five-toothed calyx, a four-lobed or five-lobed corolla, numerous stamens on the male and bisexual flowers, and a solitary pistil on the female and bisexual flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. The common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sensitive plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of American hothouses is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">touch-me-not</a></span><span class="style1">, a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> cultivated as an annual.Scientific classification: Mimosas make up the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Leguminosae. The typical genus of the subfamily is Mimosa. The sensitive brier is classified as Schrankia microphylla, the silk tree as Albizia julibrissin, and the touch-me-not as Mimosa pudica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Millet, common name for several species of the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">), and for their small-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">, which is used to make porridge and flatbreads or as food for livestock. Millet grows in ears or heads atop stalks that range from 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft) high. It is an important food staple in most of the former Soviet republics, western Africa, and Asia, where it probably originated more than 5000 years ago. Because it ripens in 60 to 80 days, grows in less-fertile soils, and resists drought, it is widely cultivated in poorer agricultural areas. The millets usually contain less protein than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rye</a></span><span class="style1"> and more protein than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">.Among the better-known millets is common millet, or proso, which is grown as food in China, India, central and western Asia, and eastern Europe, and as feed for poultry, wild birds, and livestock in the United States. Pearl millet is the tallest millet and has the largest grains, which appear on long spikes similar to those of cattails. It is a common food in Africa, India, and Asia and is grown as fodder and silage in the United States.Scientific classification: Millet belongs to the family Poaceae. Common millet, or proso, is classified as Panicum miliaceum. Pearl millet is Pennisetum americanum.</span></text>
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card_152666.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Milkwort, common name for a family of mostly tropical trees and climbers, and for its representative genus.The similarities between the milkwort </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and that of the sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">, a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, are an example of parallel evolution. The overall similarity in the flowers results from different parts of the flowers taking on similar shapes. The pealike parts of the flower of the milkwort are a combination of sepals (outer floral whorls) and petals (inner floral whorls), whereas in the sweet pea, only petals are involved.The milkwort family differs from the legume family in its lack of stipules (leaflike appendages at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base) and its two-part ovary (female floral structure). The family is of little economic importance. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">snakeroot</a></span><span class="style1">, of eastern North America, was once thought to cure snakebite. A few other species of the genus are cultivated as ornamentals. The family belongs to an order that comprises 7 families and some 2300 species; about half the species are placed in the milkwort family.Scientific classification: Milkworts make up the family Polygalaceae in the order Polygalales. The representative genus is Polygala. The snakeroot is classified as Polygala senega.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Milkwort</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerLeafLegumePeaSnakeroot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Snakeroot</text>
</content>
<name>Milkwort</name>
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card_152493.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Milkweed, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the family's typical genus. Many of the 120 species of the genus are native to North America, and many are distributed widely. These perennial herbs have erect stems, opposite or whorled leaves, and small, unusual flowers borne in clusters at the top or along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> of the plant. The colored parts of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> are organized in two five-membered whorls. Milkweeds may be divided into two groups: those with broad leaves and those with narrow leaves. Both are characterized by copious milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">, and by inflated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> pods tightly packed with silky or cottony fuzz. At maturity the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> cover dries, opens, and releases many large, flat, brown seeds. Each is attached to a bit of the fuzz; thus the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> can drift for long distances in gentle currents of air.Many species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poisonous plants</a></span><span class="style1">; others, such as the common broad-leaved milkweed, of eastern North America, have little if any toxicity. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Butterfly weed</a></span><span class="style1"> and swamp milkweed are suspected of being toxic, especially the latter; these are among the more showy milkweeds and are sometimes cultivated. Some of the poisonous species of North America are the narrow-leaved labriform milkweed, which is limited to Utah; the narrow-leaved whorled milkweed, of dry plains in the Southwest; and the broad-leaved woolly-pod milkweed, of dry soils in California. The foliage of these poisonous milkweeds contains a complex resinous compound that produces acute muscle-spasm seizures, symptoms of profound depression, and weakness in animals that consume them. Members of another genus are called carrion flowers (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Carrion Flower</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Milkweeds make up the family Asclepiadaceae. The typical genus is Asclepias. The common broad-leaved milkweed is classified as Asclepias syriaca, butterfly weed as Asclepias tuberosa, swamp milkweed as Asclepias incarnata, the narrow-leaved labriform milkweed as Asclepias labriformis, the narrow-leaved whorled milkweed as Asclepias subverticillata, and the broad-leaved woolly-pod milkweed as Asclepias eriocarpa. Carrion flowers are classified in the genus Stapelia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mignonette, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus containing about 55 herbaceous species native to the Mediterranean region (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Caper</a></span><span class="style1">). The common mignonette is a spreading annual grown in gardens for its fragrant yellow-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> to red flowers that develop in long clusters (racemes). It also yields oils used in making perfumes. Another speciesΓÇöknown as weld, or dyer's rocketΓÇöwas formerly used as a source of a deep-yellow dye.Scientific classification: Mignonettes constitute the genus Reseda, of the family Resedaceae. The common mignonette is classified as Reseda odorata. Weld, or dyer's rocket, is classified as Reseda luteola.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Mignonette</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CaperOrangePlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Henna</text>
</content>
<name>Mignonette</name>
<script></script>
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card_151966.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Mesquite (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for any of a genus of trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is native to subtropical and tropical regions and is especially abundant in the southwestern United States. It is characterized by deep and far-spreading roots and by numerous crooked limbs </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> out close to the ground. The flowers, borne in spikes, have five sepals, four or five petals, many stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">, edible and highly nutritious. The hardwood, often called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ironwood</a></span><span class="style1">, is used in making fence posts and railroad ties, and the pods are used as fodder for livestock. The best-known species is the honey mesquite, or algarroba. The honey mesquite attains a height of about 12 m (about 40 ft). A smaller species, also common, is the screw </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, or screw-pod mesquite, so called because of its spiraling, coiled pod.Scientific classification: Mesquites make up the genus Prosopis of the family Leguminosae. The honey mesquite, or algarroba, is classified as Prosopis juliflora. The screw bean, or screw-pod mesquite, is classified as Prosopis pubescens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Melon, common name for any one of numerous varieties of sweet fruits of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1"> family, that grow on two species of trailing vines. One </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> bears muskmelons, winter melons, and the European </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cantaloupe</a></span><span class="style1">. The other bears the watermelons.Muskmelons have a soft, ribbed rind with distinct netting, salmon-colored pulp, and a musky aroma. They are the most perishable of the melons and are particularly popular in North America, where they are also called cantaloupes, a misnomer taken from the quite distinct European cantaloupe.Winter melonsΓÇöof which the honeydew, Persian, casaba, and Crenshaw are best knownΓÇöare less aromatic than muskmelons, take more time to mature, and have harder rinds that preserve them well after the growing season. The honeydew has a smooth rind with green pulp; the Persian has a dark rind with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> pulp; the casaba has a yellow, wrinkled rind with green or white pulp; and the Crenshaw has a dark green, wrinkled rind with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> pulp.The true cantaloupe is grown mostly in Europe, and its name is derived from the village of Cantalupo, near Rome, where it may have been introduced from Armenia. True cantaloupes have hard, warty, scaly rinds with deep grooves and do not have the characteristic netting of muskmelons.Watermelons vary in shape, size, and markings and range from round to oblong, from 1 to 20 kg (2.2 to 45 lb), and from dark green to striped light green. The flesh of these varieties is usually red, quite sweet, extremely watery, and distinctly crisp.The group of muskmelons, winter melons, and European cantaloupes is believed to have originated in Iran and the Transcaucasia before it was cultivated by the Egyptians and the Greeks and Romans. Watermelons originated in tropical Africa, and Sanskrit and early Egyptian records indicate that they have been cultivated for more than 4000 years.Scientific classification: Melons belong to the family Cucurbitaceae. Muskmelons, winter melons, and European cantaloupes grow on the vine classified as Cucumis melo. Muskmelons are derived from Cucumis melo variety reticulatus. Winter melons are derived from Cucumis melo variety inodorus. The true cantaloupe is classified as Cucumis melo variety cantalupensis. Watermelons grow on the vine classified as Citrullus lanatus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Medlar, common name for a small, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing, often thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">), native to Eurasia and cultivated widely in Europe. The tree grows to about 6 m (about 20 ft) and has single white or pinkish flowers and oblong leaves, up to 10 cm (4 in) long, with hairy undersides. The green, slightly sour, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped fruit, picked after first frost, is used for preserves. The smaller variety of the fruit is called the Nottingham; the larger, the Dutch. Medlar trees are also found in the United States.Scientific classification: The medlar belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Mespilus germanica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Medlar</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AppleFruitRoseTree</text>
</content>
<name>Medlar</name>
<script></script>
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card_150195.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Mayapple, common name for a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barberry</a></span><span class="style1"> family. American mayapple, or American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mandrake</a></span><span class="style1">, is a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of roadsides and woods in eastern North America. The herbaceous aboveground parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> arise from a thick, underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1"> that persists from year to year. It is unusual in aspect, with one or two large, coarse, palmately lobed leaves spread in umbrella fashion about 60 cm (about 24 in) above the ground. Some mayapple plants bear only one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">; these plants usually do not </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">. Other mayapples bear two leaves, and the flower appears in the junction between the leaves. It is nodding, white or greenish-white, with six sepals, six or nine petals, and a single central pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is an ovoid, yellow-blotched, fleshy ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥ that has a sweet, slightly acid flavor.Mayapple was used by the Native Americans in treating various disorders. The plant, especially the roots, contains active toxic principles. It has been shown to cause abnormalities in dividing plant and animal cells and has been used both by horticulturists for inducing desirable plant mutations and by medical researchers in attempting to control various types of cancer. Overdoses of the plant cause severe purging, digestive upset, and vomiting.Scientific classification: Mayapples make up the genus Podophyllum, of the family Berberidaceae. American mayapple, or American mandrake, is classified as Podophyllum peltatum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Marshmallow, common name for a tall, leafy, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">), native to eastern Europe. It has toothed, heart-shaped, or three-lobed leaves and clusters of showy, pinkish flowers about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) across. It reaches a height of up to 1.2 m (4 ft). In the United States the marshmallow grows wild in marshy areas as far west as Michigan and Arkansas. The roots of the marshmallow were once used to make a creamy confection, a pufflike imitation of which is popular in the United States today.Scientific classification: The marshmallow belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is classified as Althaea officinalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Marshmallow</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MallowPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Mallow</text>
</content>
<name>Marshmallow</name>
<script></script>
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card_149322.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Marsh </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Marigold</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Buttercup</a></span><span class="style1">), often erroneously called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cowslip</a></span><span class="style1">. Marsh marigolds are native to marshes and wet places of the eastern United States and eastern Canada; they are also widely distributed in Eurasia. They are stocky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, about 20 to 60 cm (about 8 to 24 in) high, which bear round, heart-shaped, or kidney-shaped leaves and bright, golden-yellow flowers. The flowers have five to nine petal-like sepals, no petals, many stamens, and five to ten pistils. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded follicle. Slender and creeping kinds of marsh marigold are native to the colder parts of eastern North America.Scientific classification: The marsh marigold belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It is classified as Caltha palustris.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Marjoram, common name for any of a genus of perennial herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The herbs, native to Eurasia, are cultivated in the United States for the highly aromatic young leaves, which are used either fresh or dried as a seasoning. The flowers, which are borne in spikes, have a five-toothed calyx (outer floral envelope) and a two-lipped corolla (inner floral envelope). Either two or four stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> part) and a solitary pistil (female flower part) are present. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is an achene (dry and one-seeded). The wild marjoram, more commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oregano</a></span><span class="style1">, is a perennial; sweet marjoram is an annual, or frost-free, perennial.Scientific classification: Marjorams make up the genus Origanum, of the family Labiatae. Wild marjoram is classified as Origanum vulgare. Sweet marjoram is classified as Origanum majorana.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Marjoram</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerFruitMintOregano</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>DittanyGardeningHopMintOreganoSpices</text>
</content>
<name>Marjoram</name>
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card_148739.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Marijuana, mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cannabis</a></span><span class="style1"> sativa, smoked or eaten for its hallucinogenic and pleasure-giving effects. The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is concentrated in the flowering tops; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hashish</a></span><span class="style1">, a drug prepared from the plant resin, has about eight times more THC than marijuana. Marijuana grows throughout temperate regions, with the more potent varieties produced in dry, hot, upland climates. Except for limited medical purposes, cultivating marijuana is illegal in all but a few countries.Known in Central Asia and China as early as 3000 BC, marijuana was used as a folk medicine. About 1900 it started to be used as a pleasure-inducing drug, and by the 1960s and '70s its use was widespread among students, becoming, after alcohol, the second most popular drug. Although marijuana has not been proven to be physically addicting, and no physical withdrawal symptoms occur when its use is discontinued, psychological dependence does develop. Many users describe two phases of marijuana intoxication: initial stimulation, giddiness, and euphoria, followed by sedation and pleasant tranquility. Mood changes are often accompanied by altered perceptions of time and space and of one's bodily dimensions. The thinking processes become disrupted by fragmentary ideas and memories. Many users report increased appetite, heightened sensory awareness, and pleasure. Negative effects can include confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control.Chronic marijuana users are said to develop an ΓÇ£amotivational syndromeΓÇ¥ characterized by passivity, decreased motivation, and preoccupation with drug taking. The relationship of this syndrome to marijuana use, however, has not been established. Like alcohol intoxication, marijuana intoxication impairs reading comprehension, memory, speech, problem-solving ability, and reaction time. The effects on the intellect of long-term use are unknown. Consistent evidence that marijuana induces or causes brain damage does not exist. Medical research has indicated that the drug is effective in relieving some of the symptoms of glaucoma and in treating the nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy and radiation treatments.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Marijuana</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CannabisHashishHempPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CannabisHemp</text>
</content>
<name>Marijuana</name>
<script></script>
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card_148502.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Marigold, common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">) that typically have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> to yellow flowers. Marigolds of one genus are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the western hemisphere. Aztec, or African, marigold, native to Mexico, is one member of the genus. It is an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> growing up to about 1 m (about 3 ft) tall and producing large, globular, golden-yellow or orange </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads. Aztec marigolds have been bred in both single- and double-flowered varieties. French marigold is a smaller Mexican annual growing about 46 cm (about 18 in) high and producing small yellow and red flower heads. Sweet-scented marigold is a perennial that is usually cultivated as an annual. It grows to about 46 cm (about 18 in) high and produces small yellow-orange flower heads. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marsh marigold</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: Marigolds belong to the family Compositae. Aztec, or African, marigold is classified as Tagetes erecta; French marigold as Tagetes patula; and sweet-scented marigold as Tagetes lucida. The marsh marigold belongs to the family Ranunculaceae and is classified as Caltha palustris.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Maple, common name for a small family of trees, widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, and for its representative genus. The family, which contains 2 genera and about 113 species, is recognized by its opposite leaves and small, radially symmetrical flowers in loose clusters. The flowers often lack petals. The ovary (female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> part) consists of two fused carpels (egg-bearing structures), which mature into two winged fruits. Maples are widely grown as ornamentals and street trees for their foliage and autumn colors. The species most commonly grown are medium to large deciduous trees with lobed ΓÇ£maple-shapedΓÇ¥ leaves, such as the one depicted on the Canadian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flag</a></span><span class="style1">.Commonly planted species are red maple, sugar maple, black maple, and Norway maple. All these are natives of North America and Europe. Many of the Asian species differ radically from their western relatives. Some are small trees or bushes, some are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, and some have entire (unlobed) leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">box elder</a></span><span class="style1">, a maple native to much of the United States, has compound leaves with three to five leaflets. In addition to their ornamental importance, maples are a source of good timber, especially </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sycamore</a></span><span class="style1"> maple, and of sugar or syrup, especially sugar maple. The other genus of the family contains two species that are found in China.Scientific classification: Maples make up the family Aceraceae. The representative genus is Acer. The red maple is classified as Acer rubrum, the sugar maple as Acer saccharum, and the black maple as Acer nigrum (sometimes Acer saccharum nigrum). The Norway maple is classified as Acer platanoides, the box elder as Acer negundo, and the sycarmore maple as Acer pseudoplatanus. The other genus in the family is Dipteronia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Manila </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hemp</a></span><span class="style1">, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">abaca</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> and for the fiber obtained from its leafstalks. The plant is native to the Philippines. It is cultivated there and, to a lesser extent, in Southeast Asia and Central America. Mature </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are processed much the same as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1"> and hemp. The finer fibers, often 5 m (15 ft) long, are used for weaving cloth. The outer, coarser fibers are used in the manufacture of matting and durable cordage; the latter is widely considered the finest rope made. Manila hemp is a chief export product of the Philippines.Scientific classification: Manila hemp belongs to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banana</a></span><span class="style1"> family, Musaceae. It is classified as Musa textilis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Manila Hemp</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AbacaBananaFlaxHempPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>AbacaBananaHemp</text>
</content>
<name>Manila Hemp</name>
<script></script>
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card_147690.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Mangrove, common name applied to several kinds of tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are members of three different families. Mangroves are trees or shrubs that have the common trait of growing in shallow and muddy salt water or brackish waters, especially along quiet shorelines and in estuaries. Typically they produce tangled masses of arching roots that are exposed during low tides. Some mangrove roots extend above the water. These specialized vertical branches, called pneumatophores, act as aerating organs. The most common and most important species, the red mangrove, is so named because of its reddish wood. It has been exploited as a source of charcoal and of tannins, which are used in preparing leather. Its seeds are unusual in that they germinate while still on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, sprouting seedlings that grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long. The seedlings are cigar-shaped and heavier at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> end than at the leafy end. Upon falling, they tend to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> themselves in the mud below the parent tree. Red, white, and button mangroves occur in southern Florida and in other tropical areas. The black mangrove is a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">verbena</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: The red mangrove belongs to the family Rhizophoraceae and is classified as Rhizophora mangle. The white mangrove and button mangrove belong to the family Combretaceae. The black mangrove belongs to the family Verbenaceae and is classified as Avicennia germinans.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Mangosteen, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tea</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The tree, which is native to the Moluccas, grows about 6 m (about 20 ft) high in very regular symmetrical form. The fruit resembles an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> in size and shape. It has long had the reputation of being the most delicious of tropical fruits.Scientific classification: The mangosteen belongs to the family Guttiferae. It is classified as Garcinia mangostana.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Mangosteen</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitOrangeTeaTree</text>
</content>
<name>Mangosteen</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_146738.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Mango, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The tree, which is native to India, grows up to 15 m (50 ft) high, with spreading top and numerous branches. It is widely grown in the tropics for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> fruit. The fruit, which is a fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1">, is somewhat kidney-shaped or oval, from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) in length; greenish, yellowish, or reddish in color; and contains a large flattened stone.Scientific classification: The mango belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is classified as Mangifera indica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Mango</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DrupeFruitSucculentTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CashewPlant Distribution</text>
</content>
<name>Mango</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_146520.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Mandrake, common name for any of a genus of herbs. The species to which the name is particularly applied has two varieties, vernal and autumnal, both native to the Mediterranean and Himalayan regions and especially to Greece. The whole </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has a fetid odor. As late as the Middle Ages, a dose of the oddly shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> was sometimes given to patients as a narcotic before surgical operations. In the United States </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mayapple</a></span><span class="style1"> is often called mandrake.The mandrake has traditionally been the object of superstition, largely because of the resemblance of its forked root to the human figure. Used as an aphrodisiac, the mandrake was also variously regarded as a charm for pregnancy, for invulnerability, and for discovering treasure.Scientific classification: Mandrakes constitute the genus Mandragora, of the family Solanaceae. The species to which the name is particularly applied is classified as Mandragora officinarum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Mandrake</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Mayapple</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MayapplePlantRoot</text>
</content>
<name>Mandrake</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_146329.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Mallow, common name for a family comprising about 80 genera and 1500 species of herbs, shrubs, and some trees, and for its representative genus. Well-known members of the family are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hollyhock</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marshmallow</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hibiscus</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">okra</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, and the potherb roselle are also members of the mallow family.The family belongs to a mostly woody order found throughout the temperate and tropical parts of the world. Five families and about 3500 species constitute the order, the members of which characteristically have fibrous stems and mucilaginous juice. The floral whorls (calyx and corolla) are present in groups of five, and the segments (sepals and petals) are free from one another. The sepals are typically valvate (meeting edge to edge) in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, and the numerous stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts) are often fused at the base or along their entire length into a staminal tube.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">linden</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 450 species, is a member of the order and produces important timbers and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jute</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">baobab</a></span><span class="style1"> family is a tropical member of the order, with about 200 species. This family contains </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">balsa</a></span><span class="style1">, from which is obtained the world's lightest timber; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kapok</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ceiba</a></span><span class="style1">), used in upholstery and life jackets; and durian, which produces an edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> also named durian. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cacao</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 1000 species, contains the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cola</a></span><span class="style1"> nuts. Chocolate, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cocoa</a></span><span class="style1">, and cocoa butter are obtained from cacao, another member of this family. The elaecarpus family contains about 400 species of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs.Scientific classification: Mallows make up the family Malvaceae of the order Malvales. The representative genus of the family is Malva. The hollyhock is classified as Alcea rosea, and the marshmallow as Althaea officinalis. Hibiscus are classified in the genus Hibiscus. Okra is classified as Abelmoschus esculentus. Cottons are classified in the genus Gossypium. The potherb roselle is classified as Hibiscus sabdariffa. Balsa, classified as Ochroma lagopus, kapok, classified as Ceiba pentandra, and durian, classified as Durio zibethinus, belong to the family Bombaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Maidenhair </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fern</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for small, delicate ferns, having bipinnate fronds and alternate wedge-shaped pinnules on the thin stalks of the fronds. Southern maidenhair fern grows on moist rocks and old walls, especially near the sea, and occurs in southern Europe and in temperate and tropical America. Another species, American maidenhair fern, is also native to North America.Scientific classification: Maidenhair ferns make up the genus Adiantum of the family Polypodiaceae. Southern maidenhair fern is classified as Adiantum capillus-veneris and American maidenhair fern as Adiantum pedatum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Maidenhair Fern</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Fern</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FernGinkgo</text>
</content>
<name>Maidenhair Fern</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_145760.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Mahogany, common name for a medium-size family (about 550 species in about 50 genera) of tropical trees and shrubs important for high-quality woods (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Soapberry</a></span><span class="style1">). True mahoganies are members of an American genus and an African genus. Members of the family usually have pinnately compound (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1">) leaves and three to five sepals and petals. The five to ten stamens are fused along their filaments (stalks) to form a tube.Mahogany wood is heavy, strong, and easily worked and resists rot and termites. It is used in cabinetry and veneers and formerly, before all the large trees were cut, in construction. Other genera in the family besides the true mahoganies also yield useful wood, oils, insecticides, and edible fruits. The chinaberry </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the Himalayas, is widely planted in the southern United States as an ornamental.Scientific classification: Mahoganies belong to the family Meliaceae. True mahoganies are classified in the American genus Swietenia and the African genus Khaya. The chinaberry tree is classified as Melia azedarach.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Mahogany</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BranchingSoapberryTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>AilanthusCedar</text>
</content>
<name>Mahogany</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_145527.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Magnolia, common name for a small family of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains 12 genera and about 220 species. Among the magnolia woods, the light, soft, yellow-colored timber of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tulip tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is one of the most valuable in the United States; it is used widely as veneers, in mill work, and in papermaking. The tulip tree, which can reach more than 46 m (more than 150 ft) in height, is also a valuable ornamental. Members of the representative genus are cultivated for their showy flowers. The well-known </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, or southern, magnolia is planted in areas with warm climates, although it is native only to a narrow coastal strip in the southeastern United States. Of some 80 other species, 6 of which are native to North America, most of the cultivated species and their many hybrid varieties are deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall and producing showy flowers each spring before new leaves appear. The family belongs to an order that includes more species exhibiting primitive and archaic characteristics than any other. Most members are tropical, although several Temperate Zone groups are important in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horticulture</a></span><span class="style1"> and as sources of timber. All members of the order are woody, and most are small to medium-size trees. With a few exceptions, they have conspicuous or even showy flowers with the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) unfused and arranged in spirals on an axis. The stamens (male flower parts) are broad and leaflike, and the carpels (female flower parts) may also exhibit their origin as modified leaves. In addition to these features, the abundant aromatic oils, wood with simple water-conducting cells, and seeds with small embryos point to the antiquity of the order. Many members of the order are pollinated by beetles, another indication of the order's closeness to the ancestral line of flowering plants.The order contains 10 families and about 3000 species, about two-thirds of which are in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">custard apple</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The only other family of economic importance is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nutmeg</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 400 species.Scientific classification: Magnolias make up the family Magnoliaceae of the order Magnoliales. The representative genus is Magnolia. The tulip tree is classified as Liriodendron tulipifera and the evergreen magnolia as Magnolia grandiflora.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Madder, common name for a large family of flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">, comprising about 630 genera and 10,400 species, and for its representative genus. The leaves of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the family are opposite on the stems and characteristically have stipules (leafy appendages) at the base of their petioles (stalks). The petioles are often fused to one another and may be greatly enlarged into leaflike structures. The floral whorls consist of four or five segments each, with the sepals (outer whorl) being free and the petals (inner whorl) fused into a tube. The four or five stamens (male floral parts) are borne on the inside of this tube.The madder family is widespread but concentrated in the Tropics, where most species are woody; all the fewer temperate species are herbaceous. The family is of considerable economic importance; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1">, is one of its members, and other useful products are dyes and some drugs, such as quinine, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ipecac</a></span><span class="style1">. Several temperate members are grown as ornamentals, particularly in rock gardens. These include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bedstraw</a></span><span class="style1">, woodruff, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">partridgeberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and crosswort. Many tropical genera are also cultivated for their showy and often fragrant flowers. These include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gardenia</a></span><span class="style1">, scarlet bush, and buttonbush, which can be grown out-of-doors in the southern United States.Scientific classification: Madders make up the family Rubiaceae. The representative genus is Rubia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Macadamia, genus of about nine species of trees of the dicot (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">) order, native to Australia and eastern Malaysia. One species is much cultivated in Hawaii for its edible seeds, called macadamia nuts or Queensland nuts, considered by some the most delicious of all nuts.Scientific classification: Macadamias constitute the genus Macadamia, of the family Proteaceae. The macadamia that produces macadamia nuts or Queensland nuts is classified as Macadamia ternifolia.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Macadamia</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Dicots</text>
</content>
<name>Macadamia</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_144297.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Lycopsid, common name for any mosslike vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in the phylum that contains the club </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, spike mosses, quillworts, and many extinct orders. Lycopsids are vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with small, simple leaves. Spore-producing bodies, when present, are borne at the base of the upper side of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">-sized lycopods made up much of the forests of the Carboniferous period, but present-day species are small plants often mistaken for unrelated mosses and seedling conifers.Scientific classification: Lycopsids make up the phylum Lycopodiophyta.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Lycopsid</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LeafMossesPlantPlantsTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Tracheophytes</text>
</content>
<name>Lycopsid</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_143908.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Lupine, common name for a large genus of annual or perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). Of the approximately 200 species of lupines, most are native to the western United States and the Mediterranean. The leaves, palmately compound, have up to 15 leaflets. The showy, pealike flowers grow in long terminal spikes or racemes. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a flat </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">, constricted between the seeds.Many annual lupines are cultivatedΓÇösmall-seeded species as garden ornamentals, and large-seeded species as cover crops, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">, and human food. Lupines are widely cultivated in the Gulf states, where they are well adapted to the acid soils. Many contain a mildly toxic alkaloid, lupinine. Ingestion of lupine by cattle may cause temporary fever and prostration.Scientific classification: Lupines make up the genus Lupinus of the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Lupine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ForageFruitLegumePod</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>LegumePea</text>
</content>
<name>Lupine</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_143409.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Lovage, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Parsley</a></span><span class="style1">), native to southern Europe, but now found wild in the United States. Lovage is grown as an ornamental, and its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">celery</a></span><span class="style1">-flavored seeds, leaves, and fruits are also used in flavorings. The roots yield an oil that is used in liqueurs and perfumes. The plant grows to a height of about 1.8 m (about 6 ft). The dark green leaves, composed of many leaflets, are shiny and have toothed tips. The yellowish flowers are tiny and grow in flat clusters.Scientific classification: Lovage belongs to the family Umbelliferae. It is classified as Levisticum officinale.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Lovage</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CeleryParsleyPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Lovage</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_143151.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Lotus, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for certain members of several unrelated genera. In Greek legend, the lotophagi (lotus-eaters), those who ate the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the lotus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, forgot their friends and homes and lost all desire to return to their native land. Because the legends, as they have been passed down to the present, are inexact, it is not certain what </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> may have been referred to, and several species have been suggested: a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jujube</a></span><span class="style1"> (Mediterranean </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hackberry</a></span><span class="style1">), a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nettle</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, and a desert </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöall of which are native to the Mediterranean region.An unrelated genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">water lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family provides the sacred lotus of Buddhism. A second species of the genus is the American lotus. The seeds and rhizomes of this aquatic genus are edible, and its leaves are held above the water on long stalks.Members of the representative water lily genus, with floating leaves, are also called lotus. The Egyptian lotus and the Egyptian water lily were both represented in ancient Egyptian art.The lotus genus contains about 100 species. These are herbs or subshrubs native to temperate regions. Several species are cultivated; some are used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Lotus belongs to the family Leguminosae. The jujube suggested to be the legendary lotus tree is classified as Ziziphus lotus of the family Rhamnaceae, the nettle tree as Celtis australis of the family Ulmaceae, and the desert shrub as Nitraria tridentata of the family Zygophyllaceae. The unrelated genus of the water lily family, Nymphaeaceae, is Nelumbo. The sacred lotus of Buddhism is classified as Nelumbo nucifera, and the American lotus as Nelumbo lutea. The representative water lily genus is Nymphaea of the family Nymphaeaceae. The Egyptian lotus is classified as Nymphaea caerulea and the Egyptian water lily as Nymphaea lotus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Loquat, common name for an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The tree, native to eastern Asia and cultivated in the southern United States, grows up to 9 m (30 ft) high in the wild but is seldom permitted to exceed 4 m (12 ft) under cultivation. It bears large, deeply veined leaves and terminal woolly panicles of white flowers. The yellow or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> fruit, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pome</a></span><span class="style1">, is sweet and plumlike.Scientific classification: The loquat belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Eriobotrya japonica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Loquat</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFruitOrangePomeRoseTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Rose</text>
</content>
<name>Loquat</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_142639.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Loosestrife, common name for any of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The family includes about 26 genera and 580 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, widely distributed, but most abundant in the American tropics. Members have opposite or whorled leaves and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts arranged in series of four to six. The fruits are capsules. The family includes the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crape myrtle</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">henna</a></span><span class="style1">, and the water </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1">. The typical loosestrife genus contains about 38 species native to Eurasia and North America. Purple loosestrife, a tall perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hyssop</a></span><span class="style1"> loosestrife, a low annual, are common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">-purple marshland flowers. Species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">primrose</a></span><span class="style1"> family are also commonly referred to as loosestrifes.Scientific classification: Loosestrifes make up the family Lythraceae. The crape myrtle is classified as Lagerstroemia indica, the henna as Lawsonia inermis, the water willow as Decodon verticillatus. The typical loosestrife genus is Lythrum. The purple loosestrife is classified as Lythrum salicarial, the hyssop loosestrife as Lythrum hyssopifolia. Loosestrifes of the genus Lysimachia belong to the family Primulaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Longan, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> native to southeastern Asia but now grown commercially in Hawaii and Florida. Related to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">litchi</a></span><span class="style1">, the tree reaches a height of about 15 m (about 50 ft). The sweet, edible fruits grow in clusters and are about the size of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">. The texture is pulpy and juicy.Scientific classification: The longan belongs to the family Sapindaceae. It is classified as Dimocarpus longan.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Longan</text>
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<text>FruitLitchiPlumTree</text>
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<name>Longan</name>
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card_142262.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Logwood, common name applied to the hard brown or reddish-brown heartwood of a tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">), and to the tree itself. Logwood is found only in the western hemisphere. It is native to Mexico and Central America, and it is naturalized in the West Indies. It grows to about 15 m (about 50 ft) in height. The heartwood also is called campeachy or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">campeche</a></span><span class="style1"> wood, Nicaragua wood, or hypernic. Logwood produces a dark red substance, hematoxylin, which is used in the manufacture of a purple dye. Most commercial logwood is grown in Honduras and on the islands of Jamaica and Santo Domingo.Scientific classification: The logwood belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is classified as Haematoxylum campechianum.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Logwood</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CampecheLegumeTree</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CampecheLegume</text>
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<name>Logwood</name>
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card_141825.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Locust (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for any of the four or five species constituting a genus of North American trees and shrubs. Most species are natives of southeastern North America, but a few occur in the Southwest and Mexico. Locusts produce pealike flowers in branched, elongated clusters, as well as long, papery pods that contain hard seeds. Along the leafy branches are pairs of sharp spines.The black locust, a tree that grows about 20 m (about 66 ft) high, is native to mountain areas of the eastern half of the United States. It is now widely planted elsewhere. The tree produces fragrant white flowers in late spring. Its heavy wood was formerly used in shipbuilding but is now used mainly for craft items and posts. The clammy locust, which has a restricted range in the mountains from Pennsylvania to Alabama, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> or small tree about 10 m (about 33 ft) high. Also called locust trees are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honey locust</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carob</a></span><span class="style1">, each of which belongs to different genera of the same family as the locusts.Scientific classification: Locusts make up the genus Robinia of the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae. The black locust is classified as Robinia pseudoacacia and the clammy locust as Robinia viscosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Locoweed, common name for several species of related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). Native to western North America, some locoweed species cause locoism, a disease of the nervous system in animals, especially cattle. The disease, which is characterized by hallucinations, slow gait, and lusterless hair, may cause death.Locoweeds are members of two genera, but only a few species in each genus cause locoism. A number of other species are the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> tragacanth, which is useful in the textile and paper industries. Because some species accumulate selenium, their occurrence may serve as an indicator of the rare and industrially important element found in soils. Selenium is a poisonous element, and selenium-accumulating species have caused large losses of cattle; selenium poisoning and locoism, however, are separate diseases. Nonpoisonous species, known as point </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vetch</a></span><span class="style1">, are sometimes used as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> for sheep.Scientific classification: Locoweeds belong to the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae. They are members of the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Locoweed</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>ForageGumLegumePlantsVetch</text>
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<name>Locoweed</name>
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card_141180.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lobelia, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bellflower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus consists of herbs, native to temperate and tropical regions of the western hemisphere, that produce an acrid, milky juice called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">. Flowers are tubular, with five petals and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cardinal flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is a tall, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> bearing racemes (vertical clusters) of large, crimson flowers. It is native to wet places in the northeastern United States. Dwarf-blue lobelia is an annual herb, native to southern Africa, that grows less than 30 cm (less than 12 in) high and bears blue or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. Great lobelia, or blue cardinal flower, a perennial herb native to northern North America, is of medium height and produces blue flowers. Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1"> is a tall annual bearing light-blue flowers with minute petals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, native to temperate North America, produces a poisonous alkaloid, lobeline, formerly used as a constituent of quack medicines for its nicotinelike taste. Water lobelia is an aquatic plant, native to pond borders of the northern hemisphere, that produces white or pale-blue flowers. Most garden lobelias of the United States are cardinal flowers, dwarf-blue lobelias, great lobelias, or hybrids between these and other lobelias.Scientific classification: The genus Lobelia belongs to the family Campanulaceae. The cardinal flower is classified as Lobelia cardinalis; the dwarf-blue lobelia as Lobelia erinus; the great lobelia, or blue cardinal flower, as Lobelia siphilitica; the Indian tobacco as Lobelia inflata; and the water lobelia as Lobelia dortmanna.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Liverwort, common name for members of a phylum of bryophytes, a group of usually inconspicuous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. There are two major liverwort types: thallose liverworts and leafy liverworts. The common name, liverwort, derives from the fact that some thallose are liver-shaped in outline. About 300 genera and 6000 species of liverworts occur throughout the moist temperate to tropical regions.Liverworts are characterized by a free-living, conspicuous, sexual (gametophytic) generation, to which is attached a usually inconspicuous, asexual (sporophytic) generation. The gametophyte may be a leafless, flattened thallus; more often it is leafy, with the leaves produced in three rows, of which one is smaller than the others. The lower surfaces of the gametophytes produce unicellular, rootlike structures called rhizoids, which serve for attachment and external water transport. The sporophytes of liverworts are simple structures consisting of a foot embedded in the gametophyte and a spore-producing capsule that opens by splitting lengthwise. Often a delicate stalk, or seta, grows between the foot and capsule and serves to elevate the capsule to aid in the dispersal of spores. The spores are produced in great numbers, and they germinate directly into new gametophytes.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> are often confused with liverworts. The sporophytes of mosses are generally similar in appearance to those of liverworts but are much more complex, the spores being released through teeth at the tip of the capsule.Scientific classification: Liverworts make up the class Hepaticae of the division Bryophyta.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Liverwort</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Plant</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MossesPlants</text>
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<name>Liverwort</name>
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card_140643.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Live </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Oak</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a wide-crowned </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> species of oak </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Beech</a></span><span class="style1">), native to the southeastern United States and northern parts of South America. It is often classified separately from other oaks because it is an evergreen. The live oak reaches a height of up to 15 m (50 ft) with wide-spreading branches as much as 21 m (70 ft) long. The short trunk is covered with scaly, dark reddish-brown </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">. The hard wood of the tree was once valued by shipbuilders. The leaves are leathery, and the acorns are one-third covered by a deep cup. Live oaks are widely cultivated as shade trees in coastal regions of the southern United States, where the branches are often covered with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spanish moss</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The live oak belongs to the family Fagaceae. It is classified as Quercus virginiana.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Litchi, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leechee</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lichee</a></span><span class="style1">, name applied to a small Asian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Soapberry</a></span><span class="style1">). It is cultivated in China, India, and the Philippines. The oval </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1">, commonly called a litchi </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter, with a thin, fragile, outer layer; a colorless, translucent, sweet pulp; and a large, smooth, hard </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. The pulp separates readily from the seed and is eaten fresh or dried; when dried, it is black in color. The dried fruit keeps for a long time and is the bulk of commercial litchi nuts.Scientific classification: The litchi belongs to the family Sapindaceae. It is classified as Litchi chinensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778), Swedish naturalist, who developed binomial nomenclature to classify and organize </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and animals.Linnaeus was born into a religious family in a small town in rural Småland. His father, a minister with a passion for plants, had a large garden through which he introduced his son to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">. Linnaeus became enamored with natural history and pursued this interest in every subsequent educational setting. In 1727 he entered the University of Lund to study medicine, largely because the training included materia medica (the study of botany). The following year, he studied in Uppsala because the university there had better botanical holdings and a large community of botanists. Linnaeus discovered problems in the systematic arrangement for botany and began to sketch his own classification method as early as 1730. By the time he left Sweden in 1735 to complete his medical education in Holland, Linnaeus's reputation as a botanist was secure.In 1735, shortly after arriving in Holland, Linnaeus published Systema naturae, the first of several publications that presented his new taxonomic arrangement for the animal, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, and mineral kingdoms. In 1738 he returned to Sweden, was appointed physician to the admiralty in 1739, and became the leading figure in the formation of the Swedish Academy of Science. In 1742 Linnaeus became professor of practical medicine at Uppsala, a position he later exchanged for the chair of botany, dietetics, and materia medica. He remained in this position for the rest of his life, an arrangement that allowed him to pursue his botanical interests and his concern with classification.In 1751 Linnaeus published Philosophia botanica, his most influential work. In it, he claimed that a natural system of classification could be derived from God's original, immutable creation of all species. He proved the sexual reproduction of plants, providing the modern names to most of the flowering parts of plants. Linnaeus also created a taxonomic scheme that relied only upon these sexual parts, using the stamen to determine the class and the pistil to determine the order. He also used his binomial nomenclature to name specific plants, selecting one name for the genus and one name for the species. This naming scheme replaced that of the genus name followed by an extensive description for the species. Current naming schemes use Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature, but classify species based on their evolutionary relationships, determined by genetics, biochemistry, and morphology.Linnaeus also made enormous contributions to animal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">taxonomy</a></span><span class="style1">. Unlike his classification system for plants, however, he used a variety of characteristics, including observations from the internal anatomy of animals, to create a classification system that was the most widely accepted system in the 19th century.Linnaeus's botanical collection and library were purchased by English physician James Edward Smith after Linnaeus's son died in 1783. Smith founded the Linnean Society in London in 1788, which housed the original collection and from which Linnaeus's ideas spread. His taxonomic arrangement for the natural world became the best-accepted classification system, particularly in the English-speaking world, by the early 19th century.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Linnaeus</text>
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<text>BotanyPlantPlantsTaxonomy</text>
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<name>Linnaeus</name>
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card_139383.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Linden (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basswood</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a medium-size family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">) of mostly woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 48 genera and 725 species of dicot trees and shrubs, which occur mainly in tropical regions (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">). It is important for its ornamental and timber trees and as the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jute</a></span><span class="style1">.The family characteristically has alternate, simple, asymmetrical leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> is thick and fibrous. The flowers are born in complex clusters and are small, greenish, and usually scented. They commonly have five sepals (outer floral whorls), five petals (inner floral whorls), and many stamens (male floral parts) in groups of five or ten. The ovary (female floral part) is superior (borne free from other floral parts) and matures into various kinds of several-seeded fruits.The linden genus consists of about 45 species widely distributed in north temperate areas, including valuable ornamental trees, and timber trees that in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forestry</a></span><span class="style1"> are generally called basswoods. The American basswood, which grows to a height of 30 m (100 ft), yields soft, straight-grained wood used in interiors and cabinetry and as paper pulp. Fiber from its inner bark is used to make fishnets, mats, cords, and shoes. White basswood has similar characteristics, and honey from basswood flowers is particularly flavorful. European lindens, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lime</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, are widely planted as ornamentals and have been introduced into North America. Jute, used to make cordage, burlap, and sacks, is derived from the inner bark of white jute.Scientific classification: Linden is the common name for the family Tiliaceae. The linden genus is Tilia. The American basswood is classified as Tilia americana, and white basswood as Tilia heterophylla.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lime (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rue</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its fruit (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1">). Limes are native to Southeast Asia and are cultivated chiefly in tropical regions. The trees are seldom more than 4.6 m (more than 15 ft) high and grow irregularly, forming crooked trunks. The white flowers are similar to flowers of oranges. The small fruit ranges in shape from oval to spherical, with a thin yellow-green rind, or exocarp; a thin white mesocarp; and a pulpy, acid, juicy, yellow-green flesh, or endocarp. The juice contains small quantities of vitamin C, but lime juice was used to prevent scurvy long before the word vitamin was coined and before it was known that lemons contain larger quantities of vitamin C. The nickname Limey was applied to the English sailors who were routinely supplied with limes to prevent scurvy. Limes are not extensively cultivated in the United States; most limes marketed in the United States are grown in Mexico. Many successful hybrids of lime and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1">, such as the Perrine lemon, are produced in the lemon-growing areas of the United States. Commercial limes are grown for juice.Scientific classification: The lime belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is classified as Citrus aurantifolia. The Perrine lemon is classified as Citrus limon aurantifolia.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Lime</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusFruitLemonRueTree</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CitrusCocaFertilizerLemonLinden</text>
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<name>Lime</name>
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card_138952.xml
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<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1"> of the Valley, common name for any of a genus of perennial herbs. The cultivated species is native to temperate Eurasia and is probably of introduced origin in North America. Lily of the valley is a longtime favorite for shady gardens, where it will form a dense stand to the exclusion of all other vegetation. The leaves are tongue-shaped, parallel-veined, and arise from ground level. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a red </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. Flowers are tiny white bells (occasionally other colors) hanging from a single erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> about 30 cm (about 12 in) tall. Because of their fragrance, the flowers are used in the manufacture of perfume. In cultivation, the lily of the valley is usually propagated from the terminal buds, called pips, of the underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1">. Once established, populations tend to persist with great tenacity.Scientific classification: Lilies of the valley make up the genus Convallaria, of the family Liliaceae. The cultivated species is classified as Convallaria majalis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Lily of the Valley</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BerryFruitLilyRootstockStem</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningPoisonous Plants</text>
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<name>Lily of the Valley</name>
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card_138731.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lily, common name for a family comprising more than 250 genera and about 4000 species of mostly herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, many with showy flowers. It contains many horticulturally important plants, including tulips, lilies, daffodils, hyacinths, day lilies, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">amaryllis</a></span><span class="style1">. Another important genus, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">onion</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, contains about 700 species, usually with bulbs or corms underground and long, slender leaves starting at the ground (basal leaves). Several species are cultivated as food crops: onions and shallots, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">garlic</a></span><span class="style1">, chives, and leeks. In the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1"> genus, the leaves are reduced to tiny scales, and the needlelike ΓÇ£leavesΓÇ¥ are actually highly modified branches. Tender young shoot tips of asparagus are eaten as a delicacy. Asparagus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1"> is another species grown as a houseplant for its attractive foliage and for its pretty red berries. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aloe</a></span><span class="style1"> genus also belongs to the lily family and contains about 250 species native to Arabia; Africa, especially South Africa; and Madagascar. The hardy plants are often potted outdoors, and the juice from the leaves has medicinal uses.The order that lilies belong to is distinguished by having all perianth parts (sepals and petals) relatively undifferentiated and petaloid, a three-chambered gynoecium with nectaries generally present between the chambers (sepal nectaries), and larger seeds with well-developed storage tissue (endosperm) and embryos.The order contains 15 families, some of which are discussed below, and nearly 8000 species, including herbs, climbing shrubs, succulents, aquatics, and trees. Stems are usually fleshy in all types; they rise from underground storage organs and bear characteristically narrow leaves with parallel veins. The order occurs throughout the world, but most of its members flourish only in subtropical and temperate areas.Many members of the lily order show adaptations to arid climates. During unfavorable periods, food and water are stored in bulbs or other forms of enlarged underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers. Aboveground structures such as stems and leaves may also act as storage organs; they often have thickened </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> or epidermal layers to prevent water loss. Many plants in the group have developed asexual means of reproducing, including the production of bulblets on parent bulbs or on inflorescences (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters) and the production of seeds by parthenogenesis.The pickerel weed family has about 35 species of freshwater plants found throughout the tropics. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">water hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1"> floats freely on the water's surface because of its swollen, hollow petioles (leafstalks); due to its rapid growth and lack of natural predators, it has become a troublesome weed in some waterways.In the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1"> family, about 1800 species are placed in about 92 genera. The family's horticulturally important plants include crocuses, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gladiolus</a></span><span class="style1">, and irises.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">agave</a></span><span class="style1"> family contains about 18 genera and 410 species; many are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> plants of the tropics and subtropics, especially common in arid areas. The typically long, stiff leaves are usually basal (arising from the base of the stem) and may yield useful fibers. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sisal</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> is native to Mexico. Other fibers known as hemp are also obtained; true hemp comes from an unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The Joshua </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the American Southwest and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">century plant</a></span><span class="style1"> are also members of this family.The catbrier family contains mostly tropical to temperate herbs and woody climbing or trailing plants. About 225 species are placed in 10 genera. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sarsaparilla</a></span><span class="style1"> is obtained from the roots of some species of the family. Familiar species include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrion flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenbrier</a></span><span class="style1"> or horse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brier</a></span><span class="style1">.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yam</a></span><span class="style1"> family is a medium-size tropical and subtropical group with 8 genera and about 630 species. Most are weak-stemmed vines with large, underground food-storage organsΓÇötubers or rhizomes. Yams are edible tubers of several cultivated species of the family's representative genus. Sweet potatoes are called yams in the southern United States but are unrelated to true yams (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Morning Glory</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Lily is the common name for the family Liliaceae, of the order Liliales. The onion genus is Allium. Onions and shallots are produced from the species classified as Allium cepa. Garlic is classified as Allium sativum, chives as Allium schoenoprasum, and leeks as Allium porrum. Asparagus is classified as Asparagus officinalis and asparagus fern as Asparagus setaceus. The aloe genus is Aloe. The water hyacinth belongs to the family Pontederiaceae and is classified as Eichhornia crassipes. Sisal hemp, from the species classified as Agave sisalana; true hemp, from the species classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cannabis</a></span><span class="style1"> sativa; the Joshua tree, classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Yucca</a></span><span class="style1"> brevifolia; and the century plant, classified as Agave americana; all belong to the family Agavaceae. The carrion flower, classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Smilax</a></span><span class="style1"> herbacea, and the greenbrier, classified as Smilax rotundifolia, belong to the family Smilacaceae. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet potato</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs to the family Dioscoriaceae and is classified as Ipomoea batatas.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lilac, common name applied to any of a genus of hardy deciduous shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus, which is native to temperate Eurasia, includes about 25 species, many of which are cultivated. The flowers, borne in dense, showy, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> inflorescences, have a four-toothed, united calyx (outer floral envelope); a four-lobed corolla (inner floral envelope); two stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts); and a solitary two-celled pistil (female flower part). The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule that splits open on the back. Common, or purple, lilac is a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> growing as high as 6 m (20 ft). In the spring it produces fragrant flowers of a purplish shade called lilac. It is native to eastern Europe and has been naturalized and cultivated throughout the temperate regions. Purple lilac is the state flower of New Hampshire. It is found in many double-flowered varieties and in a white form. Persian, Rouen, or Chinese lilac is a small shrub, 1.2 to 3 m (4 to 10 ft) high, that produces pale lilac blossoms in the spring. Large shrubs that bloom in early summer are nodding lilac, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">-flowered species; Hungarian lilac, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">-flowered species; and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> lilac, a pale-yellow-flowered species. Lilacs are grown from seeds, layers, and cuttings and sometimes by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> on </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">privet</a></span><span class="style1"> stocks.Scientific classification: Lilacs make up the genus Syringa, of the family Oleaceae. The common, or purple, lilac is classified as Syringa vulgaris; the white variety of the purple lilac as Syringa vulgaris variety alba; the Persian, Rouen, or Chinese lilac as Syringa persica; the nodding lilac as Syringa reflexa; the Hungarian lilac as Syringa josikaea; and the tree lilac as Syringa pekinensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lignum Vitae (Latin for ΓÇ£wood of lifeΓÇ¥), common name for a small genus of trees and shrubs, native to tropical America, that yield heavy, durable wood. Of the approximately eight species in the genus, two occur in the United States. One is widespread in the West Indies and is also found in southern Florida, where it is used as an ornamental. The other is a scrubby </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> or bush extending into southwestern Texas from its major range in northeastern Mexico. The name lignum vitae is also applied to wood of the sandarac, an African and Australian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cypress</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">, and, in Australia, to wood of several unrelated species.Scientific classification: Lignum vitae make up the genus Guaiacum of the family Zygophyllaceae. The species widespread in the West Indies and also found in southern Florida is classified as Guaiacum sanctum. The scrubby tree or bush extending from northeastern Mexico into southwestern Texas is classified as Guaiacum augustifolium.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Lignum Vitae</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CypressPineTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Ironwood</text>
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<name>Lignum Vitae</name>
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card_137931.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Licorice, common name for any of a genus of perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">), and for the flavoring obtained from roots of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Licorice plants are native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. They bear spikes of white or pale-blue flowers, similar to those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> is long, slender, and pliant. It produces a colorless glucoside, glycyrrhizin, which turns black in the process of extraction and is used as a flavoring for confections and, in medicine, as an emollient and demulcent. It is also used as a foam stabilizer in fire extinguishers.Scientific classification: Licorices make up the genus Glycyrrhiza, of the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Licorice</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LegumePeaPlantsRoot</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>SennaSpices</text>
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<name>Licorice</name>
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card_137623.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lettuce, common name for members of an herbaceous genus of the composite family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), particularly the garden lettuce. Lettuce is native to temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. The flowers, borne in panicled heads, produce feathered fruits called achenes. European wild, or prickly, lettuce is widely distributed throughout Europe and naturalized in the northeastern United States. It has a slightly prickly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, and the leaves have soft-prickled margins. European wild lettuce is thought by most botanists to be the parent species of garden lettuce. American wild lettuce, or horseweed, is a smoother, leafier </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, native to temperate North America; it is common in thickets and damp borders of fields.Garden lettuce, which has been cultivated since the time of the ancient Greeks, is a hardy annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">. The four common horticultural varieties are head lettuce, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> lettuce, romaine lettuce, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1"> lettuce. Head lettuce forms a cabbagelike head. Leaf lettuce has free-growing leaves that do not form a head. Romaine, or cos, lettuce produces long, erect heads. Asparagus lettuce has a thick, edible stem and unpalatable leaves.Garden lettuce is grown in well-drained, crumbly soil, rich in organic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1">. Rows are planted 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) apart and thinned frequently after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> reach a height of 5 cm (2 in). Commercial lettuce production in the United States is almost entirely given to head lettuce. The producing area of the United States is roughly divisible into three regions: (1) the western region, including California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Colorado; (2) the northeastern region, including Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey; and (3) the southeastern region, including North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. The western region, which produces about 85 percent of the total annual U.S. crop, grows crisp-leaved lettuce of the Western Iceberg and Imperial varieties. The two eastern regions, which market their products in nearby areas, grow Imperial and New York lettuce varieties.Scientific classification: Lettuce makes up the genus Lactuca, of the family Compositae. European wild, or prickly, lettuce is classified as Lactuca serriola; American wild lettuce, or horseweed, as Lactuca canadensis; and head lettuce as Lactuca sativa variety capitata. Leaf lettuce is classified as Lactuca sativa variety crispa; romaine, or cos, lettuce as Lactuca sativa variety longifolia; and asparagus lettuce as Lactuca sativa variety asparagina.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lespedeza, genus of shrubs and herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">) that includes 40 or more species native to eastern Asia, Australia, and North America. Most species are shrubby, upright perennials; a few are herbaceous or semiherbaceous perennials; and two Asian species, common lespedeza and Korean lespedeza, are herbaceous annuals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers of the genus are conspicuous in the shrubby species and inconspicuous in most of the herbaceous species. Common and Korean lespedeza are cultivated in the southeastern and south-central United States as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">, pasturage, and cover crops. Lespedeza is useful as a crop for relatively infertile, acid soils. Kobe, the most popular variety of common lespedeza, is especially well adapted to the southern section of the United States lespedeza-growing area, and Korean lespedeza is well suited to the northern portions.Scientific classification: The genus Lespedeza belongs to the family Leguminosae. Common lespedeza is classified as Lespedeza striata and Korean lespedeza as Lespedeza stipulacea striata.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Lespedeza</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HayLavenderLegume</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Clover</text>
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<name>Lespedeza</name>
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card_136761.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lepidodendron, genus of extinct trees, related to present-day club </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">. Lepidodendron were abundant during the late Paleozoic era. The trees </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grew</a></span><span class="style1"> from 23 to 40 m (75 to 100 ft) high and had stout, woody trunks. Lozenge-shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> scars were arrayed in rows that spiraled around the trunk. The thin branches bore unstalked, slender leaves and had twisted cones at the tips. The oldest remains of the genus were discovered in rock strata from the Devonian period, which began about 400 million years ago. During the Carboniferous period, from about 360 million years ago, the genus was abundant in swamp regions that have become the great coal-mining areas of the northern hemisphere. Much of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> matter from which coal developed was composed of trunks, leaves, and cones of Lepidodendron.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Lepidodendron</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>GrewLeafMossesVegetable</text>
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<name>Lepidodendron</name>
<script></script>
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card_136247.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lentil, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">), native to southwestern Asia and widely cultivated in temperate regions. It is a straggling </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, rarely exceeding about 46 cm (about 18 in) in height, having pinnate leaves terminating in tendrils. It bears small flowers with white, pale-blue, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1"> petals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> containing lens-shaped seeds, also called lentils, of which two varietiesΓÇösmall brown ones and larger yellow onesΓÇöare cultivated for table use. Lentils, known for their high protein content, are used, when fully ripe, in soups and stews. The lentil plant itself is used as fodder.Scientific classification: The lentil belongs to the family Papilionoideae. It is classified as Lens culinaris.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Lentil</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbLegumeLilacPlantPod</text>
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<name>Lentil</name>
<script></script>
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card_136011.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Lemon, common name for a small thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rue</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. Lemon trees are cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and California. Lemons were first brought from the Middle East to Spain and northern Africa during the Middle Ages. The cultivated lemon is probably a hybrid of two wild species, most likely </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lime</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citron</a></span><span class="style1">. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1">.Lemon trees grow to be about 3 to 6 m (about 10 to 20 ft) tall and are sparsely covered with foliage. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> has five sepals, five petals, numerous stamens, and a solitary pistil. The upper surface of each petal is white, and the lower surface is pinkish. Lemon flowers have a sweet odor comparable to, but less marked than, the odor of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers.The lemon fruit is a pale-yellow, elliptically shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, which usually has a small, nipplelike protuberance at the apex. The exocarp layer is the leathery rind, containing oil of lemon, which is used in the manufacture of perfumes and lemon flavoring. The nearly tasteless, spongy, white layer beneath the rind is the mesocarp, which contains a substance called citrin or vitamin P. The pulp, which comprises the endocarp layer, consists of eight to ten segments containing small, pointed, yellowish-white seeds.Most cultivated lemon varieties are hybrids that produce little or no truebred </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. Propagation in commercial lemon orchards is usually accomplished by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> lemon buds onto seedlings of related species, such as orange or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The trees are planted in fertile soil to which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1"> is continually added. The rows are spaced 5 to 8 m (15 to 25 ft) apart, depending on the variety planted and the climate and topography of the region. Except when extreme temperatures delay blooming, fruits are produced throughout the year. Green, almost ripe, fruit is picked from each tree six to ten times yearly and is ripened at moderately warm temperatures. Mature lemon trees may produce between 1000 and 2000 fruits per year.Use Lemon juice is used widely as a drink; as a constituent of drinks, salad dressings, and fish dressings; and as a flavoring. Lemon pulp was formerly used commercially in the manufacture of citric acid, C6H8O7, and is now used in making concentrated lemon juice, which is used medicinally for its high vitamin C content.Varieties The main types of lemons produced in the United States are the Eureka, the Lisbon, the Genoa, the Sicily, the Belair, and the Villafranca. Some lemons are produced in Arizona and Florida, but most of the commercial crop is grown in southern California, where production averages about 80 percent of the annual U.S. output.Scientific classification: The lemon belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is classified as Citris limon.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Legume, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, the only member of the third largest order of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in terms of species, with some 18,000; and the second most important economically, after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">.The family is worldwide in distribution, but its greatest concentration is in tropical and subtropical regions. The plants show great diversity in both vegetative and floral form; woody, perennial species predominate, but numerous herbaceous forms and even a few aquatics also occur. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is the feature by which the family is best characterized. Technically known as a legume, it is a single-chambered, flattened seedpod with two sutures. It usually splits open along the two sutures, as in the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">. The seeds are attached along one of the sutures. The legume may be indehiscent (not splitting), as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peanut</a></span><span class="style1">, which matures underground; or explosively dehiscent, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broom</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lupine</a></span><span class="style1">. It also may range from only a few millimeters long to more than 30 cm (more than 12 in) and may be single or many seeded and brightly or dully colored.Legume flowers are quite variable, but in all of them the bases of the five sepals (outer floral whorls) and five petals (inner floral whorls) and the stamens (male floral parts) are fused to form a cup (hypanthium) about the base of the ovary (female floral structure). Usually ten stamens are found; they either are fused into a single structure or occur as two groups, one containing nine stamens and one containing a single stamen. The ovary, which matures into the fruit, consists of a single carpel (egg-bearing structure) and is superiorΓÇöthat is, borne above the other floral parts.A common feature in the family is the presence of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> nodules containing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium. These bacteria are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen, which cannot be used by the plants, into nitrate (NO3-), a form that can be used. Legumes are often planted specifically to renew nitrogen supplies in soils.The family is divided into three closely related subfamilies, often treated as three separate families. One subfamily is mostly herbaceous, with simple leaves and highly irregular flowers with ten stamens in two clusters. About 12,000 species exist, including such plants as peas, beans, peanuts, and soybeans; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">; and sweet pea, broom, and lupine. The second subfamily contains mostly trees and shrubs and is characterized by bipinnately compound (doubly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1">) leaves and regular (radially symmetrical) flowers with ten or more stamens extending beyond the petals. This subfamily contains about 3000 species. The third subfamily is also mostly woody, but with leaves pinnately compound, and slightly to highly irregular flowers with ten stamens in one cluster. This subfamily contains about 3000 species, of which about 535 form a single genus, and includes such plants as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brazilwood</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carob</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honey locust</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Judas tree</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">logwood</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tamarind</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Legumes make up the family Leguminosae, alternately called Fabaceae. The three subfamilies are Papilionoideae (or family Fabaceae); Mimosoideae (or family Mimosaceae); and Caesalpinoideae (or family Caesalpiniaceae), which includes the genus Cassia, containing about 535 species.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Leaf, principal food-making organ of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a lateral outgrowth of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and branches. Leaves that have not undergone modification for specialized purposes normally consist of two main parts: a stalk, called a petiole, and an expanded, flattened portion, called a blade. The green color of the blades of most foliage leaves is due to the presence of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">, which is used by the plant to manufacture carbohydrate sugars from water and carbon dioxide (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">). Not all leaves are green; many have additional pigments that produce colors other than green despite the presence of chlorophyll, and some may lack chlorophyll in all or part of the blade. Most of the autumn coloration in leaves occurs when, as a result of the decomposition of chlorophyll, additional pigments are revealed. The internal structure of leaves, like that of roots and stems, is a modification of a basic pattern common to most vascular plant parts.Forms of Leaves Many of the characteristics used to identify </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are external structural features of leaves. The two basic types of leaves are (1) the simple leaf, which has a single, undivided blade, such as an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> leaf, and (2) the compound leaf, which has a blade composed of several leaflets, such as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1"> leaf. Compound leaves that bear leaflets in two opposite rows arising from a central midrib, such as leaves of black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">locust</a></span><span class="style1">, are pinnately compound; those that have leaflets arising from a single point and radiating fanwise, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horse chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">, are palmately compound.The arrangement of veins within a single leaf or leaflet of a dicotyledonous plant (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">) follows a similar pattern. A pinnately veined leaf, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elm</a></span><span class="style1">, has a relatively thick main vein running from the base to the tip, with smaller veins radiating from the main vein and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> into veinlets. A palmately veined leaf, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1">, has several almost equally thick veins radiating from the leaf base, branching into veinlets. A peltate leaf, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mayapple</a></span><span class="style1">, which has the petiole attached near the center of the lower surface of a round or shield-shaped blade, has several main veins that radiate from the center to the edges, giving rise to smaller branched veinlets. Leaves of most monocotyledonous plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">) have almost equal parallel veins, which arise at the base of the leaf and end at or near the tip. Leaves of most ferns and of a few higher plants, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1">, have dichotomous veins: several small veins, about equal in thickness, arise from one or several points at the base of the leaf or leaflet and fork repeatedly in twos to the edge of the blade.The manner in which the leaf is attached to the stem varies widely. In leaves of most dicotyledonous plants the base of the petiole is the point of attachment, but in leaves of most monocotyledonous plants the petiole is lacking, and the base of the leaf is a broad, flat sheath wrapped around the stem. Leaves having petioles may produce a leaflike or scalelike structure, called a stipule, at the point of attachment to the stem, as in roses or sweet peas.The arrangement of leaves, known as phyllotaxy, varies widely among plants. Basically, two main types exist: alternate, in which the leaves are arranged around a stem in a spiral, and opposite, in which pairs of leaves are joined to the stem at the same level. If successive pairs of leaves are arranged at right angles, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1">, the leaves are said to be decussate. If more than two leaves are attached to the stem at the same level, the arrangement is called verticillate, or whorled.Leaf Adaptations The shapes and structure of leaves are adapted to the conditions under which the plant lives. Typical leaves of temperate regions having moderate humidity are quite different from those of humid, tropical regions or cold, dry regions. Most leaves have flat blades that expose as much surface to sunlight as possible, but Conifers, adapted to cold, windy regions, have needlelike leaves that offer a minimum surface to the drying, winter winds. The leaves have one or two veins deeply imbedded in the middle and a layer of strong supporting tissue just beneath the thick and heavily cutinized outer layer. In plants of arid regions, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aloe</a></span><span class="style1">, the leaves are often much more spongy and can retain large amounts of water. Leaves of many tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> plants are adapted to allow excess moisture to run off at the tips.Many plant organs that bear little resemblance to foliage leaves originate, embryologically, as leaves. The two large cotyledons, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves, that constitute the bulk of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1"> seed, for example, function as food-supplying leaves for the young bean seedling. Scales that cover young developing buds are leaves modified for the function of protection. Tendrils of many climbing plants are really leaves with undeveloped blades. Some spines, such as those of black locust and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1">, are also modified leaves. Petal-like bracts, such as the showy, so-called petals of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogwood</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poinsettia</a></span><span class="style1">, which surround the base of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> or an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1">, are leaves that may carry on photosynthesis. Even sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are regarded as leaves modified for purposes of reproduction.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lavender, common name for any of a genus of fragrant herbs and shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mint</a></span><span class="style1">), native to Eurasia. Flowers are produced on terminal spikes and have four stamens, a solitary pistil, a five-toothed calyx, and a five-lobed tubular corolla forming two lips. Common lavender is a shrubby Mediterranean </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> also cultivated in gardens. It has narrow leaves and small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1">-purple flowers containing oil of lavender, used in the manufacture of perfumes, toilet water, and aromatic vinegar. Dried flowers of lavender are used to make sachets for perfuming clothing and linens.Scientific classification: Lavenders make up the genus Lavandula, of the family Labiatae. Common lavender is classified as Lavandula augustifolia augustifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Laurel, common name for a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, and for its representative genus. The laurel family contains between 30 and 50 genera and at least 2000 species. Several well-known and important genera of the family also occur in temperate areas, for example, camphor, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">avocado</a></span><span class="style1">, and spice-bush. The laurel, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bay</a></span><span class="style1">, also called bay laurel and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bayberry</a></span><span class="style1">, is a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> native to the Mediterranean region; it has been important since classical times and is now widely cultivated in warm temperate areas as an ornamental and for its aromatic leaves, which are used in cooking. California bay yields a valuable wood.The order to which the family belongs contains 8 families with about 2500 species distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species exhibit botanically interesting structures, and some are of economic value because of the useful products derived from them.Although a great diversity of form occurs in the order, several features are common to most of its members and distinguish the order from others. All members are woody trees, shrubs, or vines, and all produce aromatic oils in their tissues. The stamens (male floral structures) have appendages that produce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">, and the pistil (female floral part) often consists of a single carpel (ovary receptacle).The members of the order are believed to resemble the earliest </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in their woody nature, floral characteristics, and details of anatomy and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> structure. In addition, the order has a long fossil history, with specimens similar to plants of several living genera having been found in rocks more than 65 million years old. Members of the order to which laurels belong, however, are considered more advanced than another primitive group of woody flowering plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Magnolia</a></span><span class="style1">), which have stamens and carpels that more closely resemble leaves.Of the remaining 7 families in the order, one, the Monimia family, has about 450 species, and the rest have a total of fewer than 100, with 3 having only one species each. They are mostly of restricted distribution and little economic importance.Unrelated plants also called laurel include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mountain laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> and several other members of its genus, along with several members of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1"> genus.Scientific classification: Laurel is the common name for the family Lauraceae of the order Laurales. The laurel, or bay, is classified as Laurus nobilis and the California bay as Umbilicus californica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Lathyrus, genus of herbs and herbaceous vines (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">) containing about 150 species that grow throughout the temperate regions of the world. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is composed of five sepals, five unequal petals (including a large ΓÇ£banner,ΓÇ¥ two ΓÇ£wings,ΓÇ¥ and a two-petaled ΓÇ£keelΓÇ¥), ten stamens united in pairs, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a hairy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. The sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1"> is native to southern Europe and is cultivated in gardens of temperate regions all over the world. It is a slender, annual, twining </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, producing fragrant white, salmon, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, red, blue, or purple flowers. Many dwarf or double-flowered garden varieties have been developed by horticulturists. The everlasting, or perennial, pea is a native of Europe and is cultivated in gardens of the United States from which it has become naturalized along roadsides and thickets. Everlasting pea produces odorless, showy white, pink, or dark-red to purple flowers. The rough pea is a valuable </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> plant, native to southern Europe. It is a winter annual extensively cultivated in the Gulf states of the United States for pasturage, winter cover crops, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">. The plant bears </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers and rough or hairy pods. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> is injurious to livestock, but </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that have not yet produced mature seed are harvested or used as pasturage.Scientific classification: Lathyrus make up the genus Lathyrus of the family Leguminosae. The sweet pea is classified as Lathyrus odoratus; the everlasting, or perennial, pea, as Lathyrus latifolius; and the rough pea as Lathyrus hirsutus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Latex, milky fluid found in specialized cells, called lactiferous cells, of many higher </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Latex, a polymer dispersed in water, contains a complex emulsion composed of varying proportions of gums, resins, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, starches, sugars, and oils. It is usually white, but in a few plants it may be yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, or red. Latex is found in most species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">milkweed</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogbane</a></span><span class="style1">, sapodilla, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spurge</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mulberry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poppy</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicory</a></span><span class="style1">.Many commercial gums, including rubber, balata, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">guayule</a></span><span class="style1">, gutta-percha, opium, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicle</a></span><span class="style1">, and chewing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1">, are products made from refined latex. It is now also produced synthetically.The growth function of latex is not entirely understood by botanists. In some plants, latex is exuded at the site of wounds, forming a protective layer. The latex in several plants is bitter or poisonous, providing a defense against animals.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Larkspur, common name for the members of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus contains about 40 species, which are native to temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. The flowers may be purple to pale </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> in color; some species are also white. The flowers grow in loose clusters, and the leaves are feathery in appearance. The name larkspur is sometimes used interchangeably with the name </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">delphinium</a></span><span class="style1">, but the latter plants are now generally considered a separate genus.Scientific classification: Larkspurs belong to the family Ranunculaceae. They constitute the genus Consolida.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Larch, common name for a small genus of trees, restricted to the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. Larches belong to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> family and are unusual among the conifers (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Conifer</a></span><span class="style1">) in that they are deciduous: their soft, needlelike leaves, borne in dense clusters, drop in the fall, and new leaves do not appear until the following spring. Of the ten species of larch in the world, three occur in North America. The American larch, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tamarack</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hackmatack</a></span><span class="style1">, occurs from Newfoundland to Alaska. The strong durable wood is used in rough construction and as poles, posts, and railway ties. Western larch occurs in the northwestern United States and southeastern Canada. Its close-grained, durable wood is used in flooring. The subalpine larch, occurs in the same areas as the western larch but usually at higher altitudes. The European larch is an important timber </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> in Europe, where it has been planted extensively as a crop. It is grown in North America as an ornamental.Scientific classification: Larches make up the genus Larix in the family Pinaceae. The American larch is classified as Larix laricina, the western larch as Larix occidentalis, the subalpine larch as Larix lyallii, and the European larch as Larix decidua.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Lamb's-Quarters, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">goosefoot</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Lamb's-quarters grows up to 3 m (up to 10 ft) tall; the leaves, which are about 10 cm (about 4 in) long, are mealy white on the undersides. The small flowers grow on long panicles. Native to Eurasia, lamb's-quarters is now widespread in North America, where it occurs as a weed in waste places, fields, and gardens. The seeds have been used to make bread, and the young leaves may be used in salads or cooked like </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spinach</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Lamb's-quarters belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is classified as Chenopodium album.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Lady's Slipper, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">moccasin flower</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for several related genera of orchids (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orchid</a></span><span class="style1">) that share the characteristics of large, ridged leaves and either one or a few slipper-shaped flowers borne on stalks above them. The expanded, saclike ΓÇ£slipperΓÇ¥ is the lip of the flower, which is unusual among orchids in having two fertile anthers (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">).North American lady's slippers are members of a genus of some 50 species that also occurs in Eurasia. The flowers referred to as cypripediums by florists belong to two related genera: one with about 60 species native to tropical Asia; and the other with about 12 species native to South and Central America. Their cultivation requires </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> conditions. Two other, unrelated orchids are also called lady's slippers because of the shape of their flowers.Scientific classification: Lady's slippers belong to the family Orchidaceae. North American lady's slippers are classified in the genus Cypripedium, lady's slippers native to tropical Asia in the genus Paphiopedilum, and lady's slippers native to South and Central America in the genus Phragmipedium. The two unrelated orchids also called lady's slippers are classified as Calypso bulbosa and Epipactis gigantea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Laburnum, genus of trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to temperate and subtropical Eurasia. Laburnums bear yellow flowers, similar in structure to those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">, in late spring. Common laburnum, or golden chain, is a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows as high as 12 m (40 ft). It produces hard, heavy, fine-grained, dark brown and dark green wood, which is used in cabinetmaking. The leaves, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, and seeds contain cytisine, C11H14NO2, a bitter, very poisonous, crystalline alkaloid used in medicine as a cathartic or diuretic. Several varieties are widely cultivated in warm regions of the United States. Scotch laburnum is a related species with larger leaves and darker yellow flowers. It is hardier and blooms about two weeks later than the common laburnum. Both species are grown from layers or seeds, and the choicer varieties are often grown by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Laburnum belongs to the family Leguminosae. The common laburnum, or golden chain, is classified as Laburnum anagyroides, and Scotch laburnum as Laburnum alpinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Laburnum</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkBuddingGraftingLegumePeaTree</text>
</content>
<name>Laburnum</name>
<script></script>
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card_131912.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Kumquat, common name for small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the edible fruits produced by these shrubs. They are closely related to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> genus. Native to China and Indochina, the shrubs are extensively cultivated in Japan and in the United States in Florida and California. The two principal species are the round kumquat, which bears a globular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, and the oval kumquat, which bears an elliptical fruit. Fruits of both species are sweet and palatable and grow about as large as a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">. Both species of kumquat are fairly hardy and are grown as ornamental tub plants in the northern United States and as outdoor plants in the southern United States. Commercial kumquats are usually hybrids between species of the kumquat genus and species of the citrus genus. They are frequently preserved in syrup and eaten as dessert.Scientific classification: Kumquats make up the genus Fortunella of the family Rutaceae. The round kumquat is classified as Fortunella japonica and the oval kumquat as Fortunella margarita.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Kumquat</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusEvergreenFruitPlantsPlumRue</text>
</content>
<name>Kumquat</name>
<script></script>
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card_131678.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Kudzu, common name of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> native to China and Japan. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is a coarse-growing perennial with large trifoliate leaves having coarsely lobed leaflets. The flowers, borne on long racemes, are large and purple. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a flat, papery </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> covered with a tawny down. Kudzu </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are grown from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> cuttings. They produce long, lateral runners that generate roots at intervals.Kudzu produces edible roots, and the stems yield a fiber called ko-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1">. Since the introduction of kudzu into the United States in 1876, it has become important as a source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> and for its use in controlling soil erosion. Kudzu is well adapted to the southern United States; in northern regions, other legumes, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">, grow more plentifully. As a hay plant, the viny nature of kudzu makes it difficult to harvest, but as pasturage, kudzu is valuable for its high protein and vitamin A and D content. Because of the binding capacity of its long runners, kudzu is valuable in reducing soil erosion. In some places, however, it has spread into </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> borders, drainage ditches, and other places, and many farmers and foresters consider it a weed.Scientific classification: Kudzu belongs to the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae. It is classified as Pueraria lobata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Kohlrabi, common name for a variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, having a turniplike green or purple edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is harvested while the leaves are small and tender; if allowed to mature, the stems become woody and develop a strong flavor. Kohlrabi is grown from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> and is usually planted for early spring or fall harvesting.Scientific classification: Kohlrabi belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica oleracea variety caulorapa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Kohlrabi</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CabbagePlantSeedStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CabbageMustard</text>
</content>
<name>Kohlrabi</name>
<script></script>
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card_131140.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Kiwi </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a southeast-Asian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">, also called Chinese </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gooseberry</a></span><span class="style1"> and yangtao, and for its edible fruit. The small, oval fruit has a thin brownish-green skin with a fuzzy surface. The flesh, which is a distinctive green, with tiny purplish seeds surrounding a white core, may be eaten raw or cooked.Scientific classification: Kiwi fruit belongs to the family Actinidiaceae. It is classified as Actinidia chinensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Kiwi Fruit</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitGooseberryVine</text>
</content>
<name>Kiwi Fruit</name>
<script></script>
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card_130928.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Kelp, common name for large, leafy brown algae, known as seaweed, that grow along colder coastlines. The principal genera of kelp are the true kelps, found in most cool seas, and the giant kelps and bladder kelps, both of which are restricted to the northern Pacific. The giant kelps grow as long as 65 m (213 ft). The kelp </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has a rootlike holdfast that fixes to rocky surfaces; a long, slender stalk, or stipe; and long, leaflike blades that manufacture food by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">. Kelps, like ferns, reproduce by alternation of generations.Once a major source of iodine and soda, kelp is now used to manufacture algin, a substance used to make tires and to prevent ice cream from crystallizing. Kelp is rich in vitamins and minerals and is a staple, especially in the diets of the Japanese.Scientific classification: Kelp belongs to the order Laminariales. The true kelps belong to the family Laminariaceae and are classified in the genus Laminaria. Giant kelps, classified in the genus Macrocystis, and bladder kelps, classified in the genus Nereocystis, belong to the family Lessoniaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Kelp</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PhotosynthesisPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Kelp</name>
<script></script>
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card_130598.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Kalmia, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs, native to North America (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Heath</a></span><span class="style1">). The regular, almost perfectly pentagonal flowers have five petals, ten stamens, and a solitary, five-celled pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a globular, many-seeded capsule. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mountain laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> is common on rocky slopes and sandy soils of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> grows about 1 to 2 m (about 3 to 6 ft) tall in the north and as tall as 10.7 m (35 ft) in the southern part of its range. The bowl-shaped flowers are waxy white or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">. Sheep laurel, lambkill, or wicky is a smaller shrub, seldom more than 1 m (3 ft) high, native to bogs, pastures, and swamps of eastern Canada and the eastern United States. It has crimson or pale crimson flowers with pink-tinted stamens. Pale laurel is a straggly shrub, usually about 30 cm (about 12 in) high, native to cool bogs and mountains of the United States and Canada. It produces small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">-purple flowers. All three species </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> from late May to early July. Their leaves contain a poisonous crystalline substance that is harmful to livestock.Scientific classification: The genus Kalmia belongs to the family Ericaceae. Mountain laurel is classified as Kalmia latifolia; sheep laurel, lambkill, or wicky as Kalmia angustifolia; and pale laurel as Kalmia polifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Kale, common name for a hardy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, the leaves of which are similar in shape to those of the wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> from which cabbage was bred. Colewort, the wild ancestor, still grows along the coasts of western Europe. The leaves of kale are usually curly and often finely divided. They ascend from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1"> and do not form a head. The essential structure and method of culture are identical with those of cabbage. Kale is grown in the southern United States in fall and early winter for harvest in winter and spring. The foliage is used in cooking as greens.The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">collard</a></span><span class="style1"> is a form of kale that can be grown in warmer climates. Rich in vitamin A, the collard leaves, commonly called collards or collard greens, are cooked and eaten in the same manner as kale.Scientific classification: Kales belong to the family Cruciferae. Kale, colewort, and collard are classified in the Acephala group of Brassica oleracea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Kale</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialCabbageCollardPlantRootstock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CabbageCollard</text>
</content>
<name>Kale</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_129994.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Jute, common name for two species of woody herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linden</a></span><span class="style1">), and for the fiber of these herbs. They are cultivated in tropical countries throughout the world. They are annuals with sparsely </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> stems, often growing as tall as 4 m (14 ft). The small yellow flowers, which grow singly or in pairs, give rise to capsular fruits. The fibers of the inner </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, called bast fibers or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> fibers, are glossy and tenacious but are brittle and easily injured by moisture.Most cultivated jute is grown in alluvial soils of the river valleys of India. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> is planted, cultivated, and within four to five months of planting, harvested by hand. At harvest, roots and foliage are removed from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and the stems, tied in bunches, are soaked in water (retted) for two to three weeks. At the end of the retting process, the fibers are easily separable from most of the remaining </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> tissue. While still in water, the stems are pounded with wooden mallets. They are then rinsed, wrung thoroughly to remove any remaining nonfibrous material, and hung up to dry. The dried fibers are yellowish white, soft, and lustrous. Jute is used in the manufacture of low-grade twine, burlap, and cheap varieties of paper.Scientific classification: Jutes belong to the family Tiliaceae. The two species are Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Juniper, common name for a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, comprising about 50 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and trees native to the northern hemisphere. Junipers, which are conifers (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Conifer</a></span><span class="style1">) in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cypress</a></span><span class="style1"> family, produce their seeds in red or purple berrylike fruits. These are actually cones, similar in structure to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> cones. The leaves are usually needlelike on young plants and scalelike on older plants. About 15 species occur in North America.Eastern red </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1">, actually a juniper, is the most widely distributed conifer in the eastern United States. Its wood contains an oil that deters moths and is often used to line chests. The wood has also been used for making wooden pencils. Rocky mountain juniper is a closely related western species, although its multibranched stems make its wood less valuable. The common juniper is the only species that occurs in both North America and Eurasia. Unlike most junipers, it produces only needlelike leaves. This usually bushy species grows on poor soils and is of little economic importance. Many junipersΓÇöboth North American and Asian speciesΓÇöare grown as ornamentals for their dense evergreen foliage. They make effective border plants and screens and can be trimmed into interesting shapes in formal gardens.Scientific classification: Junipers constitute the genus Juniperus, of the cypress family Cupressaceae. The Eastern red cedar is classified as Juniperus virginiana, the rocky mountain juniper as Juniperus scopulorum, and the common juniper as Juniperus communis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Jumping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bean</a></span><span class="style1">, seeds of tropical and subtropical American shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">). The seeds are usually infested with larvae of a small moth related to the codling moth. The larva occupies about one-fifth of the interior of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, and when the seed is placed on a flat surface, its movements disturb the balance of the seed, causing the seed to roll from side to side, turn over endways, or actually jump. Warmth, as from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> of a hand, results in livelier movement. The seeds are commonly called Mexican jumping beans in the United States.Scientific classification: The shrubs that jumping beans come from belong to the family Euphorbiaceae. They are classified in the genera Sebastiania and Sapium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Jumping Bean</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanPalmSeedSpurge</text>
</content>
<name>Jumping Bean</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_128529.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Jujube, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> and deciduous shrubs and trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckthorn</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Jujubes are native to tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the genus have small, regular flowers that produce drupaceous fruits. The common jujube, or Chinese date, native to warm regions of Eurasia, and the Indian jujube, somewhat smaller in size and native to India, produce fruits that are dried as sweetmeats. The common jujube is widely cultivated in China for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> and is grown as an ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in southwestern regions of the United States. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lotus</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is a North African species that produces a mealy fruit used to make cakes.Scientific classification: Jujubes make up the genus Zizyphus, of the family Rhamnaceae. The common jujube, or Chinese date, is classified as Zizyphus jujuba, the Indian jujube as Zizyphus mauritiana, and the lotus tree as Zizyphus lotus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Judas </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is widely distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Flowers are usually </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> or red, are borne in umbel-like clusters, and have a five-toothed calyx, a five-lobed irregular corolla, ten stamens, and a single pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a flat, winged, many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. The rounded, heart-shaped leaves appear in early spring following flowering. The name, originally applied to the Eurasian Judas tree, is derived from the tradition that Judas Iscariot hung himself on a tree of the species. The tree attains a height of 9 m (30 ft). The redbud, or American Judas tree, is usually somewhat smaller; native to the eastern and central United States, it is cultivated throughout the United States and southern Canada.Scientific classification: Judas trees make up the genus Cercis, of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, family Leguminosae. The Eurasian Judas tree is classified as Cercis siliquastrum, and the redbud, or American Judas tree, as Cercis canadensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Judas Tree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitPeaPinkPodTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Legume</text>
</content>
<name>Judas Tree</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_128129.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Jojoba, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its only member, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that is under development as a crop for semiarid lands. Found in the United States-Mexican Sonoran Desert, the jojoba is valued for the oil derived from its seeds, which are about 50 percent oil by weight. At present the oil is mainly used for lotions, shampoos, and conditioners, but it has potential for lubricants and other applications, including substitution for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> oil in food and, in hydrogenated form, for waxes and candles. The plant grows to about 6 m (about 20 ft) high and takes about 10 years to develop fully. Plantations that grow jojoba now exist in Arizona, California, Mexico, several Mideastern nations, Ghana, and Australia.Scientific classification: Jojoba belongs to the family Simmondsiaceae. It is classified as Simmondsia chinensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Jojoba</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantShrubSpurgeVegetable</text>
</content>
<name>Jojoba</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_127697.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Jimsonweed, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> native to North America and now naturalized around the world. It is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental or for its alkaloids. The plant is a large annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with conspicuous white-to-purple tubular flowers up to 10 cm (4 in) long and large, round, spiny fruits. The alkaloids, produced in the leaves, seeds, and other parts of the plant, are poisonous; ingestion can result in convulsions, coma, and even death.Scientific classification: Jimsonweed belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is classified as Datura stramonium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Jimsonweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>NightshadePoisonous Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Jimsonweed</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_126748.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Jasmine or Jessamine, common name applied to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of two genera: true jasmines and false jasmines. The true jasmines are a genus of shrubs and climbing plants, including about 450 species, most of which are native to tropical regions of Eurasia. The salver-shaped jasmine </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> has a five- or eight-cleft calyx, five- or eight-lobed corolla, two stamens, and a solitary pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a two-lobed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The common white jasmine is native to southern Asia. It is a tall climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, bearing pinnate leaves and fragrant white flowers. Spanish jasmine is a bushy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, native to Indonesia, bearing white flowers flecked with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">. Arabian jasmine is a white-flowered climbing plant, native to India. Flowers of all three species contain an essential oil used in making perfumes.The false jasmine genus contains one Asian and two North American species. One of the latter is the yellow, or Carolina, jasmine. Yellow jasmine has fragrant yellow flowers with a five-parted calyx; five-lobed, funnel-shaped corolla; five stamens with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arrowhead</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped anthers; and a solitary pistil. The fruit is a two-celled capsule. The roots contain a crystalline alkaloid called gelsemine, formerly used as an antispasmodic and to induce perspiration.Scientific classification: True jasmines make up the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae. The common white jasmine is classified as Jasminum officinale, Spanish jasmine as Jasminum grandiflorum, and Arabian jasmine as Jasminum sambac. False jasmines make up the genus Gelsemium, of the family Loganiaceae. The yellow, or Carolina, jasmine is classified as Gelsemium sempervirens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Jacaranda, common and scientific name for about 50 species of shrubs and trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bignonia</a></span><span class="style1"> family, found in tropical America. Jacaranda leaves have numerous leaflets, and they somewhat resemble ferns. The bluish flowers grow in clusters. The attractive wood of jacaranda trees has a pleasant odor, and it is sometimes used in interior construction. The shrubs are often cultivated in greenhouses. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rosewood</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Jacaranda</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BignoniaRosewood</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BignoniaGardeningRosewood</text>
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<name>Jacaranda</name>
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card_125284.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Ivy, common name for any of a genus of woody vines of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginseng</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is native to temperate regions of the eastern hemisphere. Ivy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> produce two kinds of leaves during the climbing phase. The leaves have three to five distinct lobes, but during the flowering stage they usually have three indistinct lobes or may even be lobeless. The flowers, borne in terminal umbels, have a five-parted calyx, five-parted corolla, five stamens, and a single pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a smooth </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> that contains a poisonous glucoside. The plant's adventitious rootlets attach to trees or bare walls.The English ivy is commonly cultivated in Europe and North America in gardens, where it is trained to cover masonry walls of buildings. It has small leaves that are usually dark green. The African ivy, or Algerian ivy, native to the coast and islands of northwestern Africa, produces large, pale-green, lobed leaves. The Asian ivy bears dark-green leaves that are usually faintly lobed or entirely lobeless. Easily cultivable from cuttings, ivy protects the walls on which it is grown from the corrosive effects of weathering. Ivy has no destructive effect on stone or brick walls except when rootlets are established in fissures.Several plants of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grape</a></span><span class="style1"> family are commonly called ivy. The American ivy, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Virginia creeper</a></span><span class="style1">, and the Boston ivy, or Japanese ivy, are shrubby climbers that cling to tendrils. American ivy has long-petioled leaves composed of five leaflets; Boston ivy has three-lobed leaves. Both species grow readily from cuttings.Ground ivy is a small, creeping member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poison ivy</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cashew</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: Ivies make up the genus Hedera of the family Araliaceae. English ivy is classified as Hedera helix; African ivy, or Algerian ivy, as Hedera canariensis; and Asian ivy as Hedera colchica. American ivy, classified as Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Boston ivy, classified as Parthenocissus tricuspidata, belong to the family Vitaceae. Ground ivy belongs to the family Labiatae and is classified as Glechoma hederacea. Poison ivy belongs to the family Anacardaceae and is classified as Toxicodendron radicans.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ironwood, common name for a wide variety of trees or shrubs that have exceptionally hard or dense wood and for the wood itself. Although the name is applied generally to trees of three unrelated genera, scores of other trees are also called ironwood in local usage. North American trees and bushes commonly called ironwood include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hornbeam</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lignum vitae</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mesquite</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckwheat</a></span><span class="style1">, and leatherwood. The black ironwood, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckthorn</a></span><span class="style1"> family that grows in Florida and the West Indies, produces wood that will not float in water.Scientific classification: The name ironwood is applied generally to trees classified in the genera Ostrya, Eusideroxylon, and Olea. The black ironwood belongs to the family Rhamnaceae and is classified as Krugiodendron ferreum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Iris (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a family of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers are composed of a floral envelope (perianth) with six petal-like segments, three or six stamens, and an ovary enclosed by the base of the perianth. About 1800 species exist, placed in more than 90 genera. The family has many horticulturally important members; most are as well known by their scientific names as by common names, including crocuses, irises, and tiger-flowers. Members of the family generally have long and narrow basal leaves in two ranks and a showy perianth. In the iris genus itself the inner three segments, called standards, are erect and narrowed at the base. The outer three are also narrowed, but usually droop and are called falls. The beard in bearded irises consists of a group of colored hairs on the upper surface of each of the falls.Some 200 species of iris are divided into two groups. The first has creeping, underground stems, or rhizomes; it includes the bearded, or German, irises and the Japanese and Siberian, or beardless, irises. The second group has bulbs, modified underground buds with fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> bases; it includes the Dutch, Spanish, and English varieties.Aside from its horticultural value, the iris family is of little economic importance. Rhizomes of several species, mainly the orris, are dried and powdered to obtain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orris root</a></span><span class="style1">, used in perfume and other cosmetics. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Saffron</a></span><span class="style1">, used as a dye and to color and flavor food, is obtained from the three-parted stigmas of the saffron </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crocus</a></span><span class="style1">. This species has been cultivated for a very long time and is no longer found in the wild. Its commercial importance is declining, however, because hand labor is required for harvesting.Scientific classification: Iris is the common name for the family Iridaceae. The orris is classified as Iris germanica variety florentina and the saffron crocus as Crocus sativus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ipecac, common name for a tropical creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a source of alkaloid drugs. Ipecac (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Madder</a></span><span class="style1">) is native to forests of Brazil and adjoining South American countries. It is a small, shrubby plant bearing flowers with a five-part united calyx, a five-lobed corolla, five stamens, and a single pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a small, purple </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> of ipecac has the appearance of small rings strung on a central woody cord. It yields two colorless crystalline alkaloids, emetine and cephaeline. Emetine, a white, odorless, bitter powder, is soluble in alcohol. A violent emetic and a powerful poison, it is used as a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of amoebic dysentery. Minute doses are often included in barbiturate sleeping pills. When an overdose is taken, emetine may be sufficient to force the stomach to empty. Several unrelated emetic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are called ipecac, including the wild ipecac of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spurge</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: Ipecac belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It is classified as Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Wild ipecac belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Euphorbia</a></span><span class="style1"> ipecacuanhae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Insectivorous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1">, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carnivorous plants</a></span><span class="style1">, plants that gain some of their nutrition from animals, especially insects, captured by the plants themselves. Most occur in bogs where the soil is acid and poor in available nitrogen; capturing insects is one way of getting nitrogenous compounds without manufacturing them. At the same time, the green leaves of these plants manufacture carbohydrates. The trapping mechanism of insectivorous plants is relatively small. Therefore, prey is almost inevitably limited to small insects.Insectivorous plants are diverse and represent members of three orders of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">: Nepenthales, Scrophulariales, and Rosales. A majority are in the Nepenthales, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pitcher plant</a></span><span class="style1">, sundews and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Venus's-flytrap</a></span><span class="style1">, and East Indian pitcher plants. Others include the bladderworts, butterworts, and the Australian pitcher plant. Discussed below are the sundews and bladderworts. Certain species of fungus are known to be carnivorous as well.Sundews The sundews include about 90 to 100 species of mainly perennial herbs. Found worldwide, they are among the most common of insectivorous plants. The small white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or purple flowers grow alone or in one-sided clusters. The leaves form small rosettes on the ground in bog areas; the upper surface of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is covered with prominent, gland-tipped, green to reddish hairs. The glands excrete a clear, sticky fluid that clings to them like dewdrops; the name </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sundew</a></span><span class="style1"> is taken from these drops, as they are not dried up by the sunlight. If a small insect alights on the leaf or brushes past it, it is held fast by the sticky hairs, which curve inward and press the victim down onto the surface of the blade, where it is digested.Bladderworts The bladderworts make up about five genera of widely distributed herbs. The most widespread genus contains about 275 species found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. Some species of this genus are aquatic and others terrestrial. Several tropical species are air plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Epiphyte</a></span><span class="style1">) resembling orchids. Among the aquatic bladderworts, some </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> in the mud; others, such as the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bladderwort</a></span><span class="style1">, are rootless, floating freely in ponds. The common and scientific names of the genus refer to the many utricles, or bladders, borne on the leaves of the common bladderwort.The bladders of the common bladderwort range up to 0.5 cm (up to 0.2 in) in diameter. Each has an orifice that is guarded by bristles. When tiny aquatic insects or other animals, including minute fish, touch these bristles, the bladder suddenly dilates, sucking in and trapping the animal. By digesting its prey, the bladderwort obtains the food that plants normally get through a root system.Other family members include the purple bladderwort, common in eastern U.S. ponds, and the nonaquatic butterworts.Scientific classification: The Australian pitcher plant belongs to the family Cephalotaceae and is classified as Cephalotus follicularis. Sundews make up the family Droseraceae. Bladderworts belong to the family Lentibulariaceae. The most widespread genus of bladderworts is Utricularia. The common bladderwort is classified as Utricularia vulgaris.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Inkberry, common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">holly</a></span><span class="style1"> family that are characterized by producing black fruits. The common inkberry, native to sandy soils along the eastern coast of North America, is a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, growing 60 to 120 cm (24 to 48 in) high. It bears small white or greenish flowers that produce small black drupes, or clusters of berries. The leaves are flat, leathery, and glossy green above.Scientific classification: Inkberries make up the genus Ilex of the family Aquifoliaceae. The common inkberry is classified as Ilex glabra.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Inkberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenHollyShrub</text>
</content>
<name>Inkberry</name>
<script></script>
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card_123727.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Inflorescence, term applied to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters borne on a specialized extension of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. A few </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tulip</a></span><span class="style1">, are solitary; they bear a single flower at the end of a stem. The majority of flowering plants, however, bear more than one flower at branch ends. The inflorescence, which includes the branch and the flowers it bears, is classified according to the type of branch and arrangement of flowers on the floral branches. A common feature of most inflorescences is the production of leaves called bracts, which may be simple scales, larger leaflike structures, or petal-like colored leaves. An aggregation of bracts, usually in a whorl or rosette, is called an involucre. The three main types of inflorescences are racemose inflorescences, in which the tip of the main floral branch does not bear a flower, although its lateral or side branches usually terminate in a flower; cymose inflorescences, in which the tips of both the main floral branch and the lateral floral branches are terminated by flowers; and mixed inflorescences, which combine features of the racemose and cymose types.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Indigo </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of shrubs or perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). The genus has about 700 species, most native to tropical regions. Indigo </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> have compound leaves and bear purple, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or white flowers. Their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of pods. Various Asian species contain the glycoside indican, which can be oxidized to produce the dyestuff indigo. Of a long-lasting, deep-blue color, indigo was an important Indian, Egyptian, and Roman dye during antiquity. It was first introduced into Europe during the 16th century. Most indigo dye today is synthetically manufactured.Scientific classification: Indigo plants constitute the genus Indigofera, of the family Papilionoideae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Indigo Plant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitLegumePinkPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Glycosides</text>
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<name>Indigo Plant</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_123142.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Indian Paintbrush, common name for any of a genus of annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, and perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Figwort</a></span><span class="style1">). The genus, which contains about 200 species, is native to the cooler portions of North and Central America and Asia, and to the Andes. Because Indian paintbrushes, also called painted cups, are parasitic on the roots of other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, they have not been naturalized and have rarely been cultivated away from their native habitat. The plants have long, hairy, unbranched stems with alternate leaves. The uppermost leaves, or bracts, are brilliantly colored and much showier than the inconspicuous interspersed flowers. The flowers, which are borne in spikes, have a two-lobed calyx, a two-lobed corolla, four stamens, and a solitary pistil. The corolla, which is usually yellow, is encased within the calyx, and is usually indiscernible. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a two-celled capsule. The common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">painted cup</a></span><span class="style1"> is the state </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> of Wyoming. The calyx of this </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is greenish white, but the bracts are intense vermilion. The scarlet paintbrush is a common wild plant of the eastern United States. The common Indian paintbrush is a hardy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> found in Canada and in the mountainous regions of the northern United States from New England to the Rocky Mountains. Its calyx is greenish white tinted with purplish red.Scientific classification: Indian paintbrushes make up the genus Castilleja, of the family Scrophulariaceae. The common painted cup is classified as Castilleja linariaefolia, the scarlet paintbrush as Castilleja coccinea, and the common Indian paintbrush as Castilleja septentrionalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Iceland Moss, fruticose, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1">, lichen indigenous to the northern hemisphere.Scientific classification: Iceland moss belongs to the family Parmeliaceae. It is classified as Cetraria islandica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Iceland Moss</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Branching</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Mosses</text>
</content>
<name>Iceland Moss</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_121690.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Ice </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a hardy annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pink</a></span><span class="style1">). It is native to warm, dry climates all over the world. The ice plant is a fleshy, spreading plant having leaves covered with large, shiny hairs. The inconspicuous flowers bear many slender, pinkish-white petals. The plant grows well in rocky or sandy areas and is cultivated in rock gardens. In some southern climates it grows as a perennial, reaching a height of about 15 cm (about 6 in).Scientific classification: The ice plant belongs to the family Aizoaceae. It is classified as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Ice Plant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbPinkPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Ice Plant</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_121348.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hyssop, common name for any of a genus of small perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mint</a></span><span class="style1">). Native to Europe, the common hyssop was brought to the United States, where it flourishes in gardens and grows wild in the country. Hyssop grows to about 60 cm (about 24 in) and has narrow, woody stems and elliptical, aromatic leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a smooth nutlet. Wild hyssop flowers are bluish-purple, but cultivated varieties may have red or white flowers. The leaves were once used as a medicinal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1"> for pulmonary or catarrhal disorders. The aromatic oil extracted from the leaves is sometimes used in liqueurs.Scientific classification: Hyssops make up the genus Hyssopus, of the family Labiatae. The common hyssop is classified as Hyssopus officinalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hyssop</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbMintTea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Loosestrife</text>
</content>
<name>Hyssop</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_121231.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hydrangea, common name for certain deciduous and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs and woody vines. Hydrangeas are native to Asia and the Americas. The flowers are borne in clusters, the outermost flowers of which consist of a colored, membranous envelope, but the inner flowers of which have an eight- to ten-ribbed, tubular envelope, four or five ovate petals, eight to ten slender stamens, and a two-celled pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded capsule. The wild hydrangea of the eastern United States is an erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows up to 3 m (up to 10 ft) high and bears white flowers in round clusters. The showier hydrangeas are cultivated Asian species, such as a typical cultivar of the hortensia, which grows up to 3.6 m (about 12 ft) high; has broad, thick, shining leaves; and produces white, blue, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, flowers in round or flat clusters. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mock orange</a></span><span class="style1">, a separate genus of the same family, also produces showy white flowers.Scientific classification: The genus Hydrangea belongs to the family Saxifragaceae. The wild hydrangea is classified as Hydrangea arborescens and the typical cultivar of the hortensia as Hydrangea macrophylla cultivar hortensia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hyacinth, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, cultivated as garden plants or houseplants in temperate and tropical climates all over the world. Hyacinths are bulbous plants with long, sword-shaped leaves. The flowers, which are on long spikes, have three petal-like sepals, three petals, six stamens, and a three-celled pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule.The cultivated hyacinth, commonly called the Dutch hyacinth, grows to 38 cm (15 in). It is native to Greece and Asia Minor, but horticultural varieties have been so extensively modified by breeders that they bear little resemblance to the wild original. All cultivated hyacinth varieties are fragrant. The color of the flowers ranges from white through yellow, red, blue, and purple. Single-flowered Dutch hyacinths have dense, erect spikes; double-flowered forms have loose, drooping spikes. The popular Roman hyacinths produce several loosely flowered, graceful spikes from each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">. Hyacinths are always grown from bulbs. Most bulbs of Dutch hyacinths are produced in the Netherlands, bulbs of Roman hyacinths, in Italy and southern France. Roman hyacinths can be grown only indoors except in mild climates. Both varieties </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> in early spring. Two other species sometimes grown are both about 13 cm (about 5 in) tall.Scientific classification: Hyacinths belong to the family Liliaceae. The Dutch hyacinth is classified as Hyacinthus orientalis and the Roman hyacinth as Hyacinthus orientalis variety albulus. The two other species sometimes grown that reach about 13 cm (about 5 in) are classified as Brimeura amethystina and Bellevalia ciliata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Huckleberry, common name for any of a genus of shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Heath</a></span><span class="style1">), native to temperate North America. The pale-purple or pale-red flowers, borne in racemes, have a five-part calyx, a five-cleft tubular or bell-shaped corolla, ten stamens, and a solitary pistil. The blue to black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> contains ten bony, seedlike nutlets. Lower surfaces of huckleberry leaves are sprinkled with resinous dots.Black huckleberry, native to woodlands and swamps of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> growing 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 in) high, producing edible black fruits. Bear huckleberry, or buckberry, native to woodlands of the southeastern United States, is a slender shrub, less than 30 cm (12 in) high, producing unpalatable reddish-black fruits. Dangleberry, native to the eastern United States, is a low shrub producing dark-blue sweet fruits. Huckleberries are often cultivated in the United States for their foliage and fruit.Scientific classification: Huckleberries constitute the genus Gaylussacia, of the family Ericaceae. The black huckleberry is classified as Gaylussacia baccata, the bear huckleberry as Gaylussacia ursina, and the dangleberry as Gaylussacia frondosa.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Huckleberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHeathShrub</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BlueberryHeath</text>
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<name>Huckleberry</name>
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card_120385.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Horticulture (Latin hortus, ΓÇ£gardenΓÇ¥; cultura, ΓÇ£cultivationΓÇ¥), science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, shrubs, and trees. Horticulture originally meant the practice of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gardening</a></span><span class="style1"> and, by extension, now means the cultivation of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> once grown in gardens. In contrast, the term agriculture, by derivation, referred to more open forms of culture such as the production of grains and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, known as agronomic crops, which are cultivated on a large scale. The original distinctions have been so blurred that many crops formerly considered either agronomic or horticultural are now categorized sometimes in one field, sometimes in the other, depending on the intended use of the crop. Thus a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grown for home consumption may be called horticultural; the same plant cultivated for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> is regarded as an agronomic crop.Horticulture includes the growing of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> (especially </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> fruits), known as pomology; production of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> crops, called olericulture; production of flowers, termed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">floriculture</a></span><span class="style1">; and ornamental horticulture, known also as landscape gardening, which includes the maintenance and design of home grounds, public gardens and parks, private estates, botanical gardens, and recreational areas such as golf courses, football fields, and baseball diamonds.Commercial Aspects In addition to these four divisions, horticulture is divided into three specialized commercial areas: the nursery industry, the plant-growing industry, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">-production industry. The nursery industry produces fruit trees for the fruit grower, and ornamental plants, particularly woody plants, for the ornamental horticulturist. The plant-growing industry supplies annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, and perennial plants to the vegetable and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> grower as well as to the ornamental horticulturist. The seed-growing industry produces the seed required for flower and vegetable growing. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bulb</a></span><span class="style1"> production, a major industry in the Netherlands, is commonly associated with both the plant-growing and seed-growing industries.Horticulture became a major industry during the 17th century, in a period when the growth of large cities made it impractical for individuals to produce necessary garden crops on their own property. Only a few horticultural crops had been grown previously on large acreages, the most important being the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grape</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1">, date, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fig</a></span><span class="style1">. The most advanced countries in the field of modern horticulture are the following: in Europe, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, and Great Britain; in the Americas, the United States; in Africa, South Africa; and in Australasia, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. In recent years Japan, China, and the countries of the former Soviet Union have extended their horticultural crop production. Even crops that have been grown since ancient times, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1">, bananas, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vanilla</a></span><span class="style1">, are presently cultivated by modern horticultural techniques.Scientific Aspects The science of horticulture, its primary concerns being maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes other sciences such as genetics, physiology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">. Horticulturists trained in genetics are responsible for most of the improvements in fruits and vegetables and for the production of new varieties. They also develop new strains of plants that resist diseases and insects. Physiologists have succeeded in improving the quality of fruits and vegetables, in extending their storage life, in bettering the techniques of propagation, and in controlling weeds, nutritional deficiencies, and the amount of growth. Mathematicians appraise horticulture, with computers providing research evaluations as well as permanent data records. Chemists, particularly biochemists, have advanced the understanding of plant-growth processes, permitting horticulturists to develop plants that can utilize their environments more effectively. Biochemists, by studying such problems as winter hardiness and drought resistance, have aided in developing plants able to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions. Physicists have provided solutions to certain problems involving the crotch angles in trees; the shapes of shrubs, hedges, and screens; planting techniques; and ways in which plants can be modified to withstand heavy loads of snow and ice.Horticultural Organizations Various organizations provide the public with information on methods of propagation and culture as well as on control of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant diseases</a></span><span class="style1"> and pests. They are typically composed of amateurs and commercial growers and dealers concerned with the breeding of a specific flower. The American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1"> Society, for example, tests the many rose varieties produced by commercial and amateur horticulturists; their work has led to a tremendous expansion of the geographical area favorable to the growing of roses in the U.S.Scientific information and research are collected and disseminated by organizations such as the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain, the American Society for Horticultural Science, and the American Horticultural Society. Several technical organizations have been formed to supply scientific information to horticulturists all over the world. In the U.S., federal and state agencies furnish such information; nearly every state experimental station includes a department devoted to horticulture.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Botanical Garden</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Breeding</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Horsetail, also scouring </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rush</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of spore-producing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, comprising about 29 species. Horsetails are conspicuously jointed rushes with spokes of short, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">-needlelike leaves radiating from each joint. Found in wet, swampy soil, they occur on all landmasses except Australia. The stems contain silica and are used for polishing wood. From rhizomes or roots, these perennials send up both a green ΓÇ£horsetailΓÇ¥ stalk and a flesh-colored, leafless stalk crowned with a spore-producing strobilus, or cone, or in others green stalks with terminal cones. During the Carboniferous Period, trees extremely similar to horsetails dominated tropical forests.Scientific classification: Horsetails make up the genus Equisetum, of the family Equisetaceae.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Horsetail</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Tracheophytes</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PinePlantsRush</text>
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<name>Horsetail</name>
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card_119607.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Horseradish, common name for a tall perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mustard</a></span><span class="style1">). Native to eastern Europe, it is cultivated all over Europe and the United States. It has very large, lance-shaped leaves 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) long and often notched. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> ranges in height from 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 in). Each of the small, white flowers comprises four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and a two-celled pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a globe-shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. The pungent roots of horseradish are ground for use as a condiment. If used immediately, ground horseradish </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> need not be preserved, but bottled horseradish is usually preserved in vinegar.Scientific classification: Horseradish belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Armoracia rusticana.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Horseradish</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbMustardPlantPodRoot</text>
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<name>Horseradish</name>
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card_119496.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Horse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a family of trees, and especially for the species known as the common horse chestnut. The family, which contains about 15 species placed in 2 genera, occurs in the North Temperate Zone. The trees are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> characterized by large winter buds covered with sticky scales; opposite, palmate leaves; and large clusters of attractive yellow, red, or whitish irregular flowers with four or five petals. The fruits are leathery, three-valved capsules containing large, brown seeds.The first of the two genera in the family contains about 13 species, which are often grown as ornamentals. The common horse chestnut is a native of Europe but has been widely planted in North America since colonial days. Most of the other members of the genus, commonly called buckeyes, are popular ornamental and shade trees; two of them, Ohio </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckeye</a></span><span class="style1"> and yellow buckeye, are valuable timber trees. Most North American buckeyes occur in the East; only one, the California buckeye, is native to the West. The attractive seeds of buckeyes contain a poison, aesculin, that causes vomiting and paralysis. The second genus in the family contains two species occurring from southern Mexico to tropical South America.Scientific classification: Horse chestnuts make up the family Hippocastanaceae. The common horse chestnut is classified as Aesculus hippocastanum, the Ohio buckeye as Aesculus glabra, the yellow buckeye as Aesculus octandra, and the California buckeye as Aesculus californica. The second genus in the family is Billia.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Horse Chestnut</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BuckeyeChestnutDicots</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BuckeyeChestnutLeaf</text>
</content>
<name>Horse Chestnut</name>
<script></script>
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card_119109.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Horehound, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to Eurasia and naturalized in waste places of the northeastern United States and Canada. It is an herbaceous perennial growing to a height of about 30 cm (about 12 in) and bearing grayish-white, hoary leaves. The small white flowers, borne in whorled clusters, have a ten-veined, tubular calyx, an asymmetrical corolla, four stamens, and a pistil. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a nutlet. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> surfaces are dotted with small glands that contain an aromatic oil. The leaves also contain lignin, tannin, and resins. Horehound extract, made from the dried leaves and flowers of the plant, is used as a syrup tonic.Several other mints are also called horehound. The black, or fetid, horehound is similar in appearance to the true horehound, but has purple flowers and a foul odor. It is native to Europe and naturalized in the northeastern United States. The bugleweeds are called water horehounds.Scientific classification: The horehound belongs to the family Labiatae. It is classified as Marrubium vulgare. The black, or fetid, horehound is classified as Ballota nigra. Bugleweeds are classified in the genus Lycopus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Horehound</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitLeafMintPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Branching</text>
</content>
<name>Horehound</name>
<script></script>
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card_118397.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Hop, common name for any of a genus of vines (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nettle</a></span><span class="style1">). Hop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> have rough stems and heart-shaped leaves of three to seven lobes. Small staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on separate plants. Staminate flowers are borne in loose panicles, and pistillate flowers, borne in catkins, develop into achenesΓÇödry, one-seeded fruits that are borne at the bases of overlapping bracts. The entire conelike catkin of achenes and bracts, the hop of commerce, is covered with a fine yellow powder called lupulin or hop flour. Lupulin, which gives the hop its bitter flavor and aroma, is used as a sedative. The common hop is native to Eurasia and is naturalized in the northern and western United States, Australia, and Brazil. The American hop is native to temperate North America. Several unrelated plants are commonly called hop, including bryony and black medick. The so-called hop </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marjoram</a></span><span class="style1">.Catkins of common and American hop are extensively cultivated as a source of hops used in brewing. Common hop is cultivated throughout suitably warm areas of Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Germany, England, and the United States are leading hop producers. Cultivation of American hop is common only in the Pacific states. Annual hop production in the United States is about 22,679,600 kg (about 50 million lb).Hop must be grown in areas having an abundant rainfall during the growth period and abundant sunlight during the fruiting period. It is usually grown from cuttings that are planted in rows about 2 m (about 6 ft) apart in late winter or early spring. Only female plants produce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, but a few male plants are included in each hop field because fertilized catkins grow larger and more rapidly than unfertilized catkins. Hop plants are trained to, or guided by, strings suspended above the rows. Catkins become aromatic in late summer and are then harvested.Scientific classification: Hop plants constitute the genus Humulus, of the family Moraceae. The common hop is classified as Humulus lupulus, the American hop as humulus lupulus variety lupuloides.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hop</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitMarjoramNettlePlantPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BirchShamrock</text>
</content>
<name>Hop</name>
<script></script>
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card_118260.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Honeysuckle, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family and for its representative genus. The family contains about 400 species of dicot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">), including many ornamentals. It occurs mainly in the North Temperate Zone, particularly in China, but it also extends into tropical mountains. Its members are mostly shrubs or small trees, although some familiar members are herbaceousΓÇöfor example, elderberry and some species of honeysuckle, such as Japanese honeysuckle. The leaves are opposite one another on the branch and lack stipules (leafy appendages at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base); the calyx and corolla (floral whorls) have fused parts and arise from above the ovary (female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> part); and usually five stamens are borne on the inside of the corolla tube. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is usually a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">.The family contains many ornamentals, such as the honeysuckle, a genus of about 180 species of usually fragrant shrubs and vinesΓÇöincluding the trumpet honeysuckleΓÇömore than 30 of which are cultivated; the elders; the arrowwoods; the abelias; and the weigelias. Some species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elder</a></span><span class="style1"> produce wood that has been used to make musical instruments, and the fruits and flowers of the genus are sometimes used to make wines and preserves. Japanese honeysuckle, introduced from Asia, has become a weed in eastern North America. It often kills the native vegetation by overshadowing it.Scientific classification: Honeysuckles make up the family Caprifoliaceae. The representative genus is Lonicera. The Japanese honeysuckle is classified as Lonicera japonica and the trumpet honeysuckle as Lonicera sempervirens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Honey </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Locust</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of North American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). The common honey locust averages about 21 to 24 m (about 70 to 80 ft) in height, with some growing as tall as 43 m (140 ft). It has heavily fragrant flowers, pinnately compound leaves made up of small leaflets, and branches covered with sharp, stiff thorns about 7 to 10 cm (about 3 to 4 in) in length. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of twisted, brown or black leathery pods, often 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 in) long, containing several flat, black seeds separated by a sweet pulp. Native to the deep woods of the southeastern and central United States, the honey locust is planted extensively in parks. A thornless variety of the common honey locust is planted as a street tree. The water locust is a similar but thorny swamp tree that grows to half the size of the honey locust.Scientific classification: Honey locusts make up the genus Gleditsia, of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, family Leguminosae. The common honey locust is classified as Gleditsia triacanthos. The thornless variety of the common honey locust is classified as Gleditsia triacanthos inermis. The water locust is classified as Gleditsia aquatica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Honey Locust</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitLegumeLocustTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningLegumeLocust</text>
</content>
<name>Honey Locust</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_117329.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hollyhock, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> or perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">). The most commonly known species, native to China, is cultivated in gardens of Europe and the United States. Hollyhocks are tall and erect, usually growing 2 to 3 m (5 to 9 ft) in height. The single stems and the undersides of the heart-shaped, wrinkled leaves are hairy. Most have single blossoms in late summer, but newer garden varieties are double-flowered. Common colors of the flowers are white, yellow, salmon, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">, and purple.Scientific classification: Hollyhocks make up the genus Alcea, of the family Malvaceae. The most commonly known species is classified as Alcea rosea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hollyhock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialMallowRoseViolet</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BiennialGardeningMallow</text>
</content>
<name>Hollyhock</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_117114.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Holly, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, containing about 300 species, and for its typical genus. The holly family consists of trees and shrubs usually having separate staminate and separate pistillate flowers that are small in size, four- to eight-parted in structure, and white or greenish in color. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> are usually red drupes, containing two to eight one-seeded stones. English holly is a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> with spiny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves and bright-red fruit. The common American holly has duller, less spiny leaves. It is native to the eastern United States, where it has been harvested so extensively that several states enforce protective laws. Both species of holly are widely cultivated for ornamental purposes. A South American species, the Paraguay </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1">, has stimulant properties and is used to make an aromatic beverage, maté.Scientific classification: Hollies make up the family Aquifoliaceae. English holly is classified as Ilex aquifolium, the common American holly as Ilex opaca, and the Paraguay tea as Ilex paraguariensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hickory, common name for any of a genus of deciduous trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">walnut</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Of about 16 species, 4 are found in Mexico and China, with the rest native to the eastern and southern United States. Hickories are characterized by light gray </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> that varies from the smooth, slightly ridged bark of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pignut</a></span><span class="style1"> to the rough, peeling plates of the shagbark. The commercially cultivated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pecan</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which bears papershell pecans, was bred from the wild pecan hickory.Hickories are about 30 m (about 100 ft) tall, often grow among oaks in dry uplands, and have long taproots. Their leaves are compound, with from 3 to 17 leaflets that turn bright yellow in autumn. Each tree has male and female flowers, the male found along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> in hanging, three-branched catkins and the female found at the twig ends in small, petalless clusters. The usually hard-shelled nuts, 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in diameter, are enclosed in fleshy husks that dry and split into quarters.The species that bear large, sweet, edible nuts commonly gathered in the wild include the shagbark, the shellbark, the mockernut, and the wild pecan hickory. Other species bear nuts that are too small to be of value, or that have kernels with skin coverings containing tannin, giving them a bitter taste. Hickories are also valued for their tough, hard wood, which is used for tool handles, sports equipment, and furniture, and as fuel and a smoke wood for meats.Scientific classification: Hickories constitute the genus Carya, of the family Juglandaceae. The pignut is classified as Carya glabra, the shagbark as Carya ovata, and the wild pecan hickory as Carya illinoensis. The shellbark is classified as Carya laciniosa and the mockernut as Carya tomentosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hickory</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkPecanPignutStemTreeWalnut</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>PecanPignutTree</text>
</content>
<name>Hickory</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_116694.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hibiscus, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> mallows, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mallow</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus is native to warm, temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The hibiscus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is characterized by a five-pointed calyx that is surrounded by a set of colored bracts growing just beneath it, giving the appearance of a double calyx. The large, showy flowers have five petals, a column of fused stamens with kidney-shaped anthers, and several pistils. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded, five-celled </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose of Sharon</a></span><span class="style1">, or shrubby althea, is a tall Asian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> with smooth leaves. Cultivated varieties have open, bell-shaped flowers in colors ranging from white to yellow, rose, red, and purple. The Chinese hibiscus, or China rose, is a shrub or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows as tall as 9 m (30 ft) and produces huge, showy flowers. Many species, such as mahoe, Cuban bast, and a species with yellow and purple-red flowers, have economic uses. All three are used for fiber, and the third is a source of wood for cabinetmaking. Several species grow in the wild state in North America. The rose mallow is a tall perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with ovate leaves and white flowers with rose-colored centers. It grows along salt marshes of the eastern United States.Scientific classification: The genus Hibiscus belongs to the family Malvaceae. Rose of Sharon, or shrubby althea, is classified as Hibiscus syriacus, the Chinese hibiscus, or China rose, as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and mahoe as Hibiscus tiliaceus. Cuban bast is classified as Hibiscus elatus, the economically useful </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with yellow and purple-red flowers as Hibiscus macrophyllus, and the rose mallow as Hibiscus moscheutos.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hibiscus</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerFruitHerbMallowPlantPlantsPodRoseRose of SharonShrubTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CottonMallowOkraRose of SharonTulip Tree</text>
</content>
<name>Hibiscus</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_116424.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Herbarium, collection of dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, or specimens of plants, that are systematically arranged, usually either geographically or alphabetically, for reference. In a herbarium, plants that cannot be kept in the fresh state are preserved to serve as a reference collection for botanical comparison and research. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1"> specimens are pressed and dried between sheets of smooth, heavy paper by means of adhesive strips. Loose bits of plant material, such as fruits and seeds, are placed in an envelope attached to the herbarium sheet. Each sheet is carefully labeled with the name of the plant and its habitat, the date and place of collection, the name of the collector, and other pertinent information.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Herbarium</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Botanical Garden</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Herbarium</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_116018.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Herb, in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, soft-tissued </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that does not develop permanent woody tissues above ground. Such </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> may be annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, or perennial. Herbaceous plants are generally considered to include soft-tissued angiosperms, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, but may also include the ferns, club </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, and horsetails. The term herb is applied by pharmacists to any plant or plant part that has medicinal properties. Herb parts that are used as food or seasoning are called culinary herbs or potherbs.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hepatica, genus of perennial herbs, commonly called liverleaf (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Buttercup</a></span><span class="style1">). Hepaticas have thick, heart-shaped, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves, each with three lobes, somewhat similar to the three lobes of the human liver. They grow in open woodlands and bloom in early spring. Hepaticas can be transplanted to gardens from the wild state or propagated by seeds or division of roots. The two North American species are distinguished from each other by the shape of the leaves: roundlobe hepatica has rounded lobes, and sharplobe hepatica has pointed lobes. Both species bear delicate purple, blue, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or white flowers. A European species, the Hungarian hepatica, frequently cultivated in gardens of the United States has toothed leaves and pale-blue flowers. Hepaticas are attacked by the late spore stages of a rust fungus. Because earlier stages of this rust attack </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">almond</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apricot</a></span><span class="style1">, hepatica is often kept away from orchards.Scientific classification: Hepaticas make up the genus Hepatica and belong to the family Ranunculaceae. The roundlobe hepatica is classified as Hepatica nobilis, the sharplobe hepatica as Hepatica acutiloba, and the Hungarian hepatica as Hepatica transsilvanica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Henna, common name for a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Loosestrife</a></span><span class="style1">), and for the dye that is obtained from its leaves. The shrub, which is also called alkanna and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mignonette</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, grows in moist places in northern Africa and southern Asia. It bears small, fragrant, white or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers in clusters. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red dye produced from its leaves is used extensively as a rinse to impart a reddish color to hair. Women of Muslim countries use the dye to stain the nails and tips of their fingers and parts of their feet; men of these countries use the dye to color their beards. The dye is also used to stain leather and hides and to color the hooves and manes of horses. Mummies have been found wrapped in henna-dyed cloth.Scientific classification: Henna belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is classified as Lawsonia inermis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Henbane, common name for a coarse, hairy and foul-smelling </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> that bears alternate, bluntly lobed leaves (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nightshade</a></span><span class="style1">). Henbane has been introduced into North America and is now naturalized in widely scattered locations across the northern United States and southern Canada. The flowers are bell-shaped, displaying a dull yellow, five-pointed tube streaked with purple and surrounded by a green, five-pointed calyx that continues to grow and encloses the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> as it matures. Henbane leaves and seeds are poisonous; they contain alkaloids, especially hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">atropine</a></span><span class="style1">, and have been used in medicine since ancient times.Scientific classification: Henbane belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is classified as Hyoscyamus niger.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Henbane</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AtropineFruitHerbNightshade</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Nightshade</text>
</content>
<name>Henbane</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_114822.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hemp, common name for an Asian annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cannabis</a></span><span class="style1">), and also for its strong, pliable fibers. This species is often called true hemp or Indian hemp. It is cultivated in Eurasia, the United States, and Chile. A hemp </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> may be as small as 91 cm (36 in) or as high as 5 m (15 ft), depending upon the climate and soil type. The male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> bear flowers in axillary racemes and die soon after </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">. Female plants bear flowers in short, crowded spikes and die soon after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> matures. Plants of both sexes are used for fiber.Hemp stems are hollow and have a fibrous inner </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">. The fibers from this bark are used to make a great variety of textile products, including coarse fabrics, ropes, sailcloth, and packing cloth. Soft fibers, used for making clothing fabrics in Asia, are obtained from hemp harvested at the time of pollination; strong, coarse fibers are obtained from mature plants. The fibers are removed and processed by methods similar to those used in processing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1">. Partially decomposed, the stalks are dried, broken, and shaken to separate the woody stalks from the fibers.The seed of hemp is commonly used as birdseed. Hempseed also yields an oil, called oil of hemp, used in the manufacture of soap and oil paints. A resin, called charas, produced by female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads and seeds of hemp, is used in narcotic smoking mixtures in India. Flowers and leaves of hemp are used to produce the narcotics bhang, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hashish</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marijuana</a></span><span class="style1">.Unrelated plants that are commonly called hemp include henequen, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sisal</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bowstring hemp</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Manila hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Banana</a></span><span class="style1">). Sunn hemp is obtained from a leguminous herb native to India.Scientific classification: Hemp belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Cannabis sativa. Henequen, sisal, and bowstring hemp belong to the family Agavaceae. Manila hemp belongs to the family Musaceae. Sunn hemp is obtained from the species classified as Crotalaria juncea of the family Leguminosae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">, Poison, common name for poisonous herbs belonging to two different genera of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Hemlock, or poison hemlock, is a large, coarse, unpleasant-smelling </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, all parts of which are poisonous and may be fatal if eaten. It is the poison hemlock that was used to put Socrates to death. Native to Europe, the plant is now naturalized in the United States and occurs as a luxuriant weed, up to 3 m (10 ft) tall, along roadsides and in abandoned fields. The dark-green leaves are divided and redivided into small, ovate, toothed segments. The hollow stems are characteristically blotched with purple. The small white flowers are grouped into flat-topped clusters called umbels. The poisonous principles in hemlock are alkaloids that affect the nervous system and induce trembling, loss of coordination, and paralysis of respiration.The second type of poison hemlock are the water hemlocks, such as musquash </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, related botanically to poison hemlock but toxicologically entirely different. The roots and, to a much lesser extent, the foliage contain a complex unsaturated alcohol that brings on convulsions. The roots grow in clusters of dahlialike tubers that are about 5 cm (about 2 in) long. The amount of root that must be eaten to cause death is very small. The plant grows in swamps, along streams, and in other moist locations. The foliage, which arises in early spring in a cluster from the roots, is divided and redivided into leaflets with regularly pointed and notched edges. A central vein runs the length of each leaflet. From it, secondary veins run toward the edge, ending in or near the notches of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> rather than in the points.Scientific classification: Poison hemlocks belong to the family Umbelliferae. Hemlock, or poison hemlock, is classified as Conium maculatum and musquash root as Cicuta maculata.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hemlock, Poison</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HemlockLeafParsleyPlantRoot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Parsley</text>
</content>
<name>Hemlock, Poison</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_114223.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Hemlock, common name for any of a genus of coniferous trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pine</a></span><span class="style1">). The genus includes about ten species, four native to temperate North America and the rest to eastern Asia. Hemlocks are tall, straight evergreens with slender branches bearing scattered, two-ranked leaves and pendulous cones.The eastern hemlock grows in hilly forests in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a tall </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, usually 18 to 30 m (60 to 100 ft) in height, with light, spreading, delicate foliage. The leaves are dark green with longitudinal white lines on the lower surfaces. The wood of the eastern hemlock is used extensively as construction lumber, and tannins produced by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> were at one time used for tanning leather. The Carolina hemlock is a somewhat smaller tree, rarely as tall as 21 m (70 ft), that grows in the mountains of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. The mountain hemlock is another relatively small species, 6 to 27 m (20 to 90 ft) tall, which grows along the Pacific coast from Alaska to California. The western hemlock is the tallest species in the genus, sometimes reaching a height of 61 m (200 ft). It grows along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to central California. Like the eastern hemlock, it is an important softwood timber tree. About 90 percent of the hemlock used for lumber is western hemlock.Small specimens of eastern and Carolina hemlock are used as ornamental trees. Two Asian species, the Japanese hemlock and Siebold's hemlock, are cultivated in the northern United States. The North American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yew</a></span><span class="style1">, which belongs to an unrelated coniferous genus, is sometimes called ground hemlock. An insect pest called the woolly algenid, a form of aphid, has become a serious threat to hemlocks in some areas of the United States.Scientific classification: Hemlocks belong to the family Pinaceae. The eastern hemlock is classified as Tsuga canadensis, the Carolina hemlock as Tsuga caroliniana, the mountain hemlock as Tsuga mertensiana, the western hemlock as Tsuga heterophylla, the Japanese hemlock as Tsuga diversifolia, and Siebold's hemlock as Tsuga sieboldi.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hellebore, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Eurasia, the flowers have five large, petal-like sepals, eight to ten inconspicuous tubular petals, many stamens, and three to ten pistils. Green hellebore, or Christmas </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, produces yellow flowers in late winter or early spring outdoors. It is occasionally used in gardens and has become naturalized in the eastern United States. The more common black hellebore, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Christmas rose</a></span><span class="style1">, bears large white flowers outdoors in midwinter to early spring.The false hellebores belong to a different genus and family. Eastern false hellebore is a conspicuous perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of wet open woods and meadows throughout much of the United States. It has numerous large leaves that are narrow at both ends and are accordion pleated lengthwise. Western false hellebore, of high spring range country, is similar in appearance. The rootstocks of these plants and of the related European white hellebore are known to contain a number of alkaloids. Recently, it has been discovered that the vegetation of false hellebores can produce birth abnormalities in sheep and other animals if eaten by the dam at a particular time in pregnancy. The susceptible period is less than one day. The common deformity produced, known as cyclopia, is malformation of the face resulting in a single median eye or two eyeballs in a single central socket.Scientific classification: Hellebores make up the genus Helleborus, of the family Ranunculaceae. Green hellebore, or Christmas flower, is classified as Helleborus viridis and black hellebore, or Christmas rose, as Helleborus niger. False hellebores belong to the genus Veratrum, of the family Liliaceae. Eastern false hellebore is classified as Veratrum viride, western false hellebore as Veratrum californicum, and European white hellebore as Veratrum album.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Heliotrope (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Borage</a></span><span class="style1">) containing more than 200 species that grow in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. Heliotropes are annual herbs with smooth-edged, alternate leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is small and has a five-parted calyx; a salverform (tubular with a spreading limb) five-lobed corolla bearing five stamens; and a deeply four-lobed ovary. The fruits are nutlets. Common heliotrope is a native of Europe, naturalized in waste areas of the eastern United States. It has a hairy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, bearing oval leaves. Seaside heliotrope is a smooth-stemmed plant native to waste places in the northeastern United States. It has lance-shaped leaves and white or pale blue flowers. Peruvian heliotrope is the common cultivated heliotrope, grown in gardens all over the United States; it can grow to a height of about 2.5 m (about 8 ft). It has a somewhat woody base and can be trained to a treelike shape by continued </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pruning</a></span><span class="style1"> of side branches.Scientific classification: Heliotropes belong to the family Boraginaceae. The common heliotrope is classified as Heliotropium europaeum, the seaside heliotrope as Heliotropium curassavicum, and the Peruvian heliotrope as Heliotropium arborescens.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Heliotrope</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BorageFlowerPlantPlantsPruningStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BorageFlowerValerian</text>
</content>
<name>Heliotrope</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_113438.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Heath, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family comprising </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are widely distributed in both temperate and tropical regions of the world, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 3350 species, which are placed in more than 100 genera and include a large number of ornamentals. Important horticultural members of the family are rhododendrons and azaleas (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rhododendron</a></span><span class="style1">), heath, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heather</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madrona</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mountain laurel</a></span><span class="style1">, sweetbell, and sourwood. Various species produce such </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blueberry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cranberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">huckleberry</a></span><span class="style1">. Briar pipes are made from burls of heath species native to the Mediterranean area.Most members of the heath family are woody, often </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs. Many are poisonous; indeed, many common cultivated species contain the toxin andromedotoxin, which causes vomiting and reduced blood pressure and may result in death if taken in large quantities. Azaleas, rhododendrons, sweetbells, and laurels all contain this compound.The flowers are characterized by four or five sepals (outer floral whorls) and four or five petals (inner floral whorls) that are fused at the base to form a tube. The stamens (male floral organs) are usually twice as numerous as the petals, and the anthers (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing structures) open by terminal pores rather than by longitudinal slits, as they do in most families of flowering plants. The ovary (female floral organ) is usually superior (borne above and free from the other floral parts).Most members of the order to which the heath family belongs are woody plants, with small trees and shrubs predominating. Some tropical species are epiphytes (plants growing on other plants for support but not nourishment). A number of species, such as the Indian pipe, lack </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">, the food-producing pigment that is found in most plants, and are parasitic, depending on other green plants for their nourishment.Although the order is widely distributed, its members occur mainly in cooler areas. Thus, in tropical regions they are found mainly in mountainous areas. In addition, most members of the order occur in acid soils.The seven other families of the order contain only a few species each and have limited economic importance as ornamentals. They are also used in local medicines.Scientific classification: Heaths make up the family Ericaceae, of the order Ericales. The representative genus is Erica. The Indian pipe is classified as Monotropa uniflora in the family Pyrolaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hazelnut, common name applied to any of a genus of trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">birch</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Hazelnut trees grow throughout the temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has separate male flowers borne in catkins and female flowers borne in clusters. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, called the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">filbert</a></span><span class="style1"> or hazelnut, is an ovoid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">. Two species, the common hazelnut and the beaked hazelnut, are native to the United States. Nuts of these species are small, and the trees, which grow to a height of about 3 m (about 9 ft), are not cultivated. Commercially grown filberts consist mainly of the European filbert, the cobnut, the giant filbert, and several hybrids. They are raised in Europe and the United States, and often attain a height of 9 m (30 ft). Several varieties are grown as ornamental trees.Scientific classification: Hazelnuts belong to the family Betulaceae. The common hazelnut is classified as Corylus americana, the beaked hazelnut as Corylus cornuta, the European filbert as Corylus avellana pontica, and the cobnut as Corylus avellana grandis. The giant filbert is classified as Corylus maxima.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Hazelnut</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BirchFilbertFruitNutPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BirchFilbert</text>
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<name>Hazelnut</name>
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card_112466.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Hay (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">), term applied to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> plants that are used to make cured feed for livestock. Typically, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">timothy</a></span><span class="style1">, or legumes such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1"> are used to make hay.Hay is cured to prevent spoilage. Proper curing is necessary for efficient preservation of hay. Excessive drying, on the other hand, results in loss of protein. Curing may be done in the field, by barn finishing, or by artificial dehydration. Hay that is to be field cured is cut in the morning as soon as the dew has evaporated. The hay is raked into rows, called windrows, as soon as the leaves begin to wilt. Windrows are turned with pitchforks the following day to allow the hay to dry uniformly. When the weather is favorable, field-cured hay is ready for storage in the afternoon of the day following </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1">. The hay is then stored indoors in a haymow or piled in a large outdoor heap, called a haystack. Properly cured hay contains about 20 percent of moisture. Barn-finished hay is partially dried in the field and then placed in a mow, where drying is completed by forcing natural or heated air through the hay. In artificial dehydration, hay is taken from the field as soon as it is cut or after it has wilted. The hay is then chopped to a suitable size and passed through a hot-air chamber that evaporates the moisture rapidly. </span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Hawthorn, common name for any of a genus of small trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Hawthorns are native to temperate regions and are widely cultivated in the form of hedges. They have dense, sharply thorned branches; single, irregularly toothed leaves that turn to brilliant colors in autumn; tiny, red fruits even throughout the winter; and fragrant, white flowers borne in clusters. The best-known species is the English hawthorn, also called the mayflower. Species native to the United States include the Washington hawthorn, found in the southern states, and the cockspur hawthorn, an eastern species with shiny leaves and long thorns. The genus includes about 20 species in Eurasia and more than 100 in North America. Many of the latter are believed to be hybrids.Scientific classification: Hawthorns belong to the family Rosaceae. The English hawthorn is classified as Crataegus laevigata, the Washington hawthorn as Crataegus phaenopyrum, and the cockspur hawthorn as Crataegus crus-galli.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hawthorn</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningRoseTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Rose</text>
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<name>Hawthorn</name>
<script></script>
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card_111927.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Hawkweed, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> comprising about 17 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1">-flowered, perennial herbs, most of which are native to North America and Eurasia. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> hawkweed, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">devil's paintbrush</a></span><span class="style1">, which has basal leaves and small orange-red flowers on long, hairy stems, is a common weed in fields of the northeastern United States. It grows to a height of 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 in). The king devil is a yellow-flowered hawkweed, having bristly basal leaves and smooth upper leaves. It grows in the same area as the orange hawkweed. The rattlesnake weed is a yellow-flowered species of the eastern United States, having thin, often purple-veined leaves.Scientific classification: Hawkweeds belong to the family Compositae. The orange hawkweed is classified as Hieracium aurantiacum, the king devil as Hieracium caespitosum, and the rattlesnake weed as Hieracium venosum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Hawkweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Devil's PaintbrushOrangePlantsRay</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Devil's Paintbrush</text>
</content>
<name>Hawkweed</name>
<script></script>
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card_111713.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Halophyte, term for salt-resistant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, coined by the U.S. geologist Oscar E. Meinzer (1876-1948). Found in salt marshes and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mangrove</a></span><span class="style1"> swamps, many halophytes could thrive in well-watered lands except for their inability to compete with the other plants found there. Generally fleshy and with gray-green foliage, many halophytes deal with the salt in their environment by eliminating it through special salt-secreting glands in their leaves. Others store the salt in leaves and stems that are shed at the end of the growing season, while the remaining halophytes keep salt from entering their cells by means of semipermeable membranes in their roots. One typical genus is that of the saltbush, Atriplex.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Halophyte</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MangrovePlants</text>
</content>
<name>Halophyte</name>
<script></script>
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card_111100.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Gymnosperm (Latin gymn-, ΓÇ£nakedΓÇ¥; Greek sperma, ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥), common name for any seed-bearing vascular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> without flowers. There are several types: the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cycad</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">conifer</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yew</a></span><span class="style1">, and gnetophyte. Gymnosperms are woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, either shrubs, trees, or, rarely, vines (some gnetophytes). They differ from the other phylum of seed plants, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">), in that the seeds are not enclosed in carpels but rather are borne upon seed scales arranged in cones. The gymnosperms are the most ancient seed plants; they appear to have arisen from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1"> ancestors in the Devonian Period. Cycads retain the most primitive characters of the extant seed plants. Gnetophytes are considered from morphological and molecular evidence to share a common ancestry with the flowering plants. Living gymnosperms are distributed worldwide, with a majority, particularly the conifers, in temperate and subarctic regions. Cycads and gnetophytes are mainly tropical to subtropical. There are about 70 genera with 600 species of living gymnosperms, far less than many families of flowering plants.Scientific classification: Gymnosperms are contained in four phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Pinophyta, and Gnetophyta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gum, gelatinous substance exuded by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Gums are composed of complex organic acids, called gum acids, or the salts of these acids. When hydrolyzed, gum acids, such as arabin, yield sugars such as arabinose, galactose, and xylose, and simple acids. Gums have a consistency similar to glue when moist but are hard when dry. They are colorless and odorless and will not dissolve in organic solvents, although they are readily soluble in water. Gums are used as a base for mucilage, in cloth finishing and calico printing, and as emulsifying or soothing constituents of medicines.Gum arabic, an exudate of several species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">acacia</a></span><span class="style1">, is typical of gums that contain arabin. Gum arabic of the finest quality is obtained from Acacia senegal and A. arabica, found in western and northern Africa. The gum forms a clear, thick solution in water. When ethyl alcohol is added to a solution of gum arabic and water, which has been slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid, arabin is produced. A similar gum, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> gum, is exuded from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of several species of Prunus, such as common cherry and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1"> trees.Tragacanth, which is obtained from various Turkish and Iranian species of Astragalus, particularly A. gummifer, is typical of gums that contain bassorin. Tragacanth, like gelatin, absorbs water readily; it will take up as much as 50 times its weight in water, forming a thick mucilage. Tragacanth, also known as gum dragon, is a type of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dragon's blood</a></span><span class="style1">.Many gum resins and other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> exudates are commonly called gums. Gum resins are substances that contain both gum and resin, so that both water and alcohol are required to dissolve them. The principal gum resins are the so-called gums of ammoniac, asafetida, benzoin, galbanum, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gamboge</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrrh</a></span><span class="style1">, and sandarac. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Latex</a></span><span class="style1">, from which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicle</a></span><span class="style1">, rubber, and gutta-percha are derived, is composed of gum resins, waxes, and fats. Chewing gum is usually made from chicle.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Guayule, common name for a shrubby perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, of the composite family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), which yields guayule rubber. Guayule is native to the dry regions of southwestern Texas and northern Mexico. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows about 0.6 m (about 2 ft) tall, bearing gray, silvery leaves. The dry weight of 5-year-old </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> is about 20 percent guayule rubber. Crude guayule rubber contains a large amount of resin, which must be removed, at considerable expense, to obtain good-quality rubber. Guayule rubber, in small quantities, was formerly obtained from wild Mexican plants of this species. Because of the shortage of rubber from the principal rubber </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> during World War II (1939-1945), scientists of the United States </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forest</a></span><span class="style1"> Service carried on experimental cultivation of 12,150 hectares (30,000 acres) of guayule in southern California. By the late 1960s guayule rubber was produced only in commercially negligible quantities. Following the difficulties with petroleum supplies in the 1970s, however, various scientific groups in the United States recommended a renewed interest in guayule as a rubber source, using extraction processes that stabilize the product.Scientific classification: The guayule belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Parthenium argentatum. The principal rubber tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is classified as Hevea brasiliensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Guava, common name for any of a genus of shrubs or small trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrtle</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their fruits. Guavas are native to the tropics of America but are now cultivated throughout the world. The most common cultivated guava bears white or yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> about the size of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which can attain a height of 6 m (20 ft), is native to tropical America and is cultivated in Florida. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Strawberry</a></span><span class="style1"> guava is a Brazilian variety producing a large, spherical, claret-colored fruit that tastes somewhat like a strawberry. Strawberry guava has been cultivated in tropical America since pre-Columbian times in Florida and southern California; it is occasionally grown as an ornamental. Jellies, preserves, and pastes are made from guavas.Scientific classification: Guavas belong to the family Myrtaceae. The most common cultivated guava is classified as Psidium guajava and strawberry guava as Psidium littorale.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Guava</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitMyrtleOrangeStrawberryTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Myrtle</text>
</content>
<name>Guava</name>
<script></script>
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card_108798.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Grew, Nehemiah (1641-1712), English </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> physiologist, born in Warwickshire, and educated at the universities of Cambridge and Leiden. He is known as one of the first investigators of the structure and function of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and his books are among the earliest on those subjects. The Swedish botanist Carolus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linnaeus</a></span><span class="style1">, founder of the modern system of classification of organisms, named a genus of trees Grewia in his honor. Grew wrote The Anatomy of Plants (4 vol., 1682).</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Grew</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BotanyDahliaLepidodendronOrchard</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LinnaeusPlantPlants</text>
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<name>Grew</name>
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card_107622.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Grevillea, genus of about 250 species of trees and shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">) native to Australia and southern Asia but now also found in the United States. The silk </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">, is especially valuable because of its resistance to drought. It grows to a height of 46 m (150 ft). Its wood, used for barrel staves, is elastic and durable, and the silk oak is used as a cultivated shade </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. Its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-yellow flowers have delicate, fernlike foliage. The wood of another grevillea, harder and closer grained than that of silk oak, is used in making furniture. Another species is a spreading </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, cultivated in the United States and growing up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in height. It bears </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> to red flowers.Scientific classification: The Grevillea genus belongs to the family Proteaceae. The silk oak is classified as Grevillea robusta. The species with hard, close-grained wood used in making furniture is Grevillea striata. The spreading shrub cultivated in the United States is classified as Grevillea thelemanniana.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Grevillea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DicotsOakOrangePinkShrubTree</text>
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<name>Grevillea</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_107416.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Greenhouse, building with glass or plastic roof and walls, used for cultivation and protection of tender </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and of plants grown out of season. Greenhouses are designed to control the balance of temperature, moisture, and light to suit the growth requirements for plants as diverse as orchids, cacti, tomatoes, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> trees.Small domestic greenhouses are frequently lean-to structures built against an existing wall. They consist of a glass-paned sloping roof and three supporting glass-paned sides. Large, conventional commercial greenhouses have A-shaped roofs over two sidewalls and two end walls. Another extensively used commercial greenhouse is the ridge-and-furrow house, which consists of several units placed side by side with no partitioning between them. A third and low-cost greenhouse consists of a Quonset-shaped frame with one or two layers of plastic film stretched over it; the double layer can save up to 40 percent in heating fuel.Natural sunlight, in temperate regions, usually is sufficient to meet the light requirements of plants in spring and fall, but in winter it is sometimes supplemented by artificial light to spur growth. In summer, the panes often are covered with slat shades or whitewashed to reduce light. Much of the heat during the winter is derived from the sun. Supplemental heat comes from steam, hot-water, or hot-air circulating systems. During the hotter months, heat is reduced by whitewashing the panes, opening ventilators, or blowing air through with fans.Humidity is controlled primarily by the quantity of water used in the soils. When greater humidity is required, extra moisture is supplied by watering the floors. Pot-grown plants, such as orchids, are frequently humidified by setting them on racks above moistened cinders.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Grasses, common name for a large family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that is economically and ecologically the most important in the world. The grass family contains about 635 genera and 9000 species, making it the fourth largest family after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchid</a></span><span class="style1">, and composite families (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">).Importance All the world's cereal crops are grasses, and thus the grass family is economically very important. The world's 5 top crops produce more tonnage than the next 25 combined, and 4 of the top 5 are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barley</a></span><span class="style1">. Human well-being depends on these few grasses, so even small crop failures of any one of them can produce widespread hunger and economic disruption. In addition, the family provides most of the world's sugar (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1">). Another member of the family, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bamboo</a></span><span class="style1">, is an important construction material as well as a food source; it also has been used in papermaking. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citronella</a></span><span class="style1">, used both in perfumery and as an insect repellent, is an oil distilled from the leaves of certain grasses.Grasses are the primary source of food for domestic and wild grazing animals, which feed on pastures and grasslands and which are fed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and silage harvested from them. The total land area devoted to these kinds of croplands is greater than the land area for all other kinds of croplands combined.Another economically significant use of grasses is for the lawns maintained in many parts of the world. Perennial grasses are well adapted for use in lawns because their basal meristems (growing points) are not lost with mowing. Widely grown in the northern United States are Kentucky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bluegrass</a></span><span class="style1"> (actually a native of Europe), bent grasses, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fescue</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bermuda grass</a></span><span class="style1"> and zoysia are better adapted to the warm conditions of the southern states. Often special grasses are used where particular conditions of soil or exposure make the more common species unsuitable. For example, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buffalo grass</a></span><span class="style1"> is used where watering is restricted, as in the Great Plains region, and carpet grass may be used on poorly drained soils. Occasionally, annual grasses such as redtop are used to establish a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lawn</a></span><span class="style1"> in a short time, but they often persist, compete with the perennial grasses, and become unsightly.In fact, not all grasses are beneficial, and some are considered pests. Most of these are weeds that occur in croplands and decrease overall production by competing with the cultivated crop, interfere with harvesting, or lower the overall food or other value of the crop by contamination. Some tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> grasses produce lethal concentrations of hydrocyanic acid under certain conditions.Distribution and Size Range Grasses are the most widely distributed group of flowering plants, occurring from well above the Arctic Circle through the temperate and tropical regions to Antarctica. Indeed, grasses are the only flowering plants to grow on the Antarctic continent. This huge geographical range is paralleled by great ecological amplitude and variation in size. Grasses are most abundant in open habitats such as prairies, tundra, steppes, savannas, and paramos, but many species occur in forests, particularly in the Tropics. Some are adapted to aquatic habitats, including salt water, fresh water, and still or running water. A few species float on the water's surface and are not attached to the ground. Grasses also occur in desert regions.In size, grass plants range from tropical giant bamboos that reach a height of more than 100 m (more than 330 ft) to annual bluegrass, only a few centimeters tall. Some grasses lack </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> blades, but the blades of others may attain a length of 5 m (16 ft).General Characteristics Grasses are rather uniform in basic vegetative structure, and several features are characteristic of the group. The main roots are usually fibrous; secondary roots, called adventitious roots, often arise from the nodes (joints) of the stems, as in the prop roots of corn. The stems are usually herbaceous (lawn grasses) or hollow (bamboo), but exceptions occur, such as the pithy stems of corn and the woody stems of some bamboo.The leaves, which are borne at the nodes along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, are in two rows and consist of two parts: the sheath and the blade. The sheath, a distinctive feature of the grasses, encircles the stem and gives support to the area just above each node. This area needs support because it is composed of soft growth tissue called meristem. Indeed, the grass stem increases in length not from the tip, as do most plants, but by growth all along the stem above each node.Another distinctive feature of grasses is the ligule, a short hairy or membranous projection, at the point where the leaf sheath joins the leaf blade. The function of the ligule is still unknown, but it may keep moisture from entering the region between the stem and the sheath.The leaf blade is typically long and narrow, with parallel veins, but great variations in shape and size occur. The leaf blade also has a meristematic area, which is located at its base above the place where the blade joins the sheath. Growth occurs in this area rather than at the leaf tip, as in most plants. Therefore, even if the upper end of the leaf is cut off, the blade can continue to grow. This feature, together with the presence of meristem tissue in the stems and the fact that grasses branch near the ground, enables grasses to withstand the rigors of many natural and artificial environments in areas where other plants cannot grow. The usefulness of grasses as lawn plants is also derived from these features, because grasses continue to grow after mowing. In addition, grasses can withstand burning, grazing, and trampling and now dominate large areas where such events occur.Flowers and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> The flowers of grasses are usually individually inconspicuous, but they are often aggregated into large, sometimes showy clusters (inflorescences). For example, in the corn </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, the young ears are clusters of the female flowers, and the tassels are clusters of the male flowers. Most grasses are pollinated by wind, so that their flowers are highly reduced and very simple, as are most wind-pollinated flowers.The individual flowers of grasses are called florets because of their simplicity and small size. They have no sepals or petals (floral whorls); rather, these structures are represented by two tiny scales, called lodicules, at the base of the floret, outside the usually three stamens (male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts). The single ovary (female flower part) is superior—that is, borne above the other flower parts—and is topped by two feathery stigmas. The ovary matures into a distinctive, single-seeded fruit called a caryopsis, characterized by the fusion of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> to the ovary wall.Grass florets are grouped into units termed spikelets. A spikelet consists of an axis, called a rachilla, along which are borne the florets. Each floret is enclosed by a scale—called a lemma—on the outside, and another—called a palea—on the inside. At the base of the rachilla are two scales called glumes, which are empty. The glumes and lemmas are usually hard in texture and often extend into a bristle or awn; the palea is delicate and membranous.Although their basic parts are simple and few, great variation exists among grasses in details of the structure of spikelets and their aggregation into flower clusters. This, together with details of overall structure and less easily observed characteristics of anatomy, cytology, and chemistry, accounts for the tremendous number of species of grasses.Other Grasslike Plants Plants of two other groups, the sedges and the rushes, are superficially similar to grasses and are often confused with them. The three groups are easily distinguished, however, by examining their flowers, stems, and leaves. Rushes have flowers with six-part perianths (floral whorls) and from three- to many-seeded fruits, whereas the flowers of sedges and grasses have no perianth and have single-seeded fruits. Sedges usually occur in moist habitats and have solid stems that are triangular and bear three rows of leaves. Grasses usually occur in dry habitats and have round, hollow stems with two rows of leaves.Scientific classification: Grasses make up the family Gramineae. Citronella is distilled from grasses of the genus Cymbopogon. Kentucky bluegrass is classified as Poa pratensis. Bent grasses are classified in the genus Agrostis. Fescue are classified in the genus Festuca. Bermuda grass is classified as Cynodon dactylon. Zoysia are classified in the genus Zoysia. Buffalo grass is classified as Buchloë dactyloïdes, carpet grass as Axonopus affinis, redtop as Agrostis gigantea, and annual bluegrass as Poa annua.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Grapefruit, common name for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of a variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1">. The variety probably originated in Jamaica; it was introduced to Florida in the 16th century by Spaniards. Grapefruits are borne on small trees that rarely exceed 6 m (20 ft) in height. The dense foliage consists of shiny, dark-green leaves with winged petioles. The large white flowers produce yellow, globe-shaped fruit in grapelike clusters. The fruits vary from 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) in diameter and consist of a juicy, acid pulp surrounded by a leathery rind. The color of the pulp is normally light yellow, but a few </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">-pulped varieties have been developed.More than 20 varieties of grapefruit have been propagated in the United States. The major yellow-pulped varieties are Duncan and Marsh; the major pink-pulped varieties are Ruby and Webb. The grapefruit is readily crossed with other members of the citrus genus. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tangelo</a></span><span class="style1">, a Florida juice fruit, was produced by fertilization of grapefruit flowers with mandarin </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">.Grapefruit is a low-calorie food, an excellent source of vitamin C, and a good source of inositol, a member of the vitamin B complex. It is a common breakfast fruit, salad fruit, or juice fruit. Practically all grapefruit in the United States is grown in Florida, California, Arizona, and Texas.Scientific classification: The grapefruit is classified as a variety of Citrus maxima.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grape</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain bulbous, herbaceous perennials of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Grape hyacinths have small blue, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or white bell-shaped flowers borne in dense, spikelike racemes. The flowers often have a grapelike scent. The genus is native to the warmer regions of Eurasia. Two popular spring-blooming species were introduced from Europe and grow in gardens in the United States, occasionally spreading to orchards, thickets, and fencerows; both bear blue flowers. The feather hyacinth bears sterile flowers with shredded, fringelike petals.Scientific classification: Grape hyacinths belong to the family Liliaceae. The two spring-blooming species introduced from Europe are classified as Muscari botryoides and Muscari racemosum. The feather hyacinth is classified as Muscari comosum, variety monstrosum.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Grape, common name of an edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckthorn</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and of the vines that produce the fruit. The European grape has been used as food since prehistoric times. Grape seeds have been found in remains of lake dwellings of the Bronze Age in Switzerland and Italy and in tombs of ancient Egypt. Botanists believe that the Caspian Sea region was the original home of the European grape. Distribution of seeds by birds, wind, and water carried the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> westward to the Asian shores of the Mediterranean. Grape culture, practiced in Palestine during biblical times, was introduced in the Mediterranean region by seagoing Phoenicians. The ancient Greeks cultivated grapes, and use of the fruit was later adopted by Rome and its tributary territories.The European grape is now commercially cultivated in warmer regions all over the world, particularly in western Europe, the Balkans, California, Australia, South Africa, and parts of South America. It was introduced to eastern North America during colonial times, but in those days grape cultivation failed due to the attacks of diseases and pests. Successful grape varieties of the eastern United States, such as Concord and Delaware, are strains developed from hybrids between the European grape and several native species, particularly the northern fox grape, the summer grape, the riverbank grape, and the muscadine grape. Eastern U.S. grapes are characterized by a juicy layer between the skin and pulp of the fruit, which permits easy removal of the skin. Grape varieties, whether European or eastern U.S., are classified according to their ultimate use. Grapes used to make table wine must have relatively high acidity and moderate sugar content; those used for dessert wines and other sweet wines must have high sugar content and moderate acidity. Table grapes must be low in both acidity and sugar content and must conform to definite standards of size, color, and shape. Grapes used to make juices and jellies must have a pronounced flavor combined with high acidity and moderate sugar content. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Raisin</a></span><span class="style1"> grapes are preferably seedless, with high sugar content and low acidity. European varieties are considered superior to eastern U.S. varieties for use as table wines, table grapes, dessert wines, and raisins; eastern U.S. grapes are preferred for juices and jellies.Grapevines are stems that climb on walls and fences by means of specialized supporting organs, called tendrils. Palmately veined leaves arise alternately along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. In most varieties, tendrils arise opposite two of every three successive leaves. Flowers, usually greenish, are borne in clusters and have staminate and pistillate flowers sometimes occurring on separate </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Fruit is borne on 2-year-old canes, which are removed after harvesting the grapes.Grapevines planted in commercial vineyards are usually started in spring from year-old rooted or grafted cuttings. Roots are trimmed to 7.6 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) for convenience, and vines are planted 2.4 to 3 m (8 to 10 ft) apart. All the shoots except the strongest one on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> are later pruned; the remaining shoot is cut back to two or three buds. This process is repeated in the spring of the following two years. The resulting plant develops a strong main stem, resembling a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunk, before it is allowed to bear fruit. Such strong stems are able to stand erect without support. During the expansion of the main stem, the vine is loosely tied to an upright support 1.8 m (6 ft) tall or higher. After the fruit-producing stage is reached, the vines are carefully pruned to reduce the number of buds. Shoots that develop from the remaining buds are more prolific and bear grapes of high quality.Grapes are attacked by a great number of insect pests and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant diseases</a></span><span class="style1">, of which the most common are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">black rot</a></span><span class="style1"> and downy mildew. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Grapes belong to the family Vitaceae. The European grape is classified as Vitis vinifera, the northern fox grape as Vitis labrusca, the summer grape as Vitis aestivalis, the riverbank grape as Vitis riparia, and the muscadine grape as Vitis rotundifolia.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Grain, common name for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1"> of the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). The seedlike fruits are major sources of carbohydrates in human diets worldwide. Leading grains include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barley</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oats</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rye</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">. Other grains are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">millet</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorghum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wild rice</a></span><span class="style1">, and triticale. A number of nongrass </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are often called grains, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckwheat</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1">, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">soybean</a></span><span class="style1">, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Grains belong to the family Gramineae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Grafting, joining the cut surfaces of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> under circumstances that will allow physiological union. The supporting </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is called the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">; the plant part that is grafted to it is called the scion. The scion may be a twig, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, or other part of a plant; grafting in which the scion used is a bud is called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1">. The ability of the cut surface to heal is dependent on intimate contact between the cambium layers of the scion and the stock. The cambium layer, a ring of reproductive tissue around the stem, produces callus tissue; this tissue is composed of large, undifferentiated cells. Callus tissue, in a successful graft, differentiates to form food-conducting vessels, water-conducting vessels, and a cambium layer, which connect the corresponding tissues of scion and stock.Grafting is frequently used to combine advantageous characteristics of scion and stock. For example, branches or buds of trees known to produce good </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> are grafted to stronger trees that produce fruit of indifferent quality. Grafting is also used in propagating seedless fruits, such as seedless oranges and grapes.Grafting Methods Grafts are usually unsuccessful unless plants of the same or closely related kind are used. A seedling or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1">, usually chosen for hardiness and resistance to pests and diseases, or for special characteristics such as dwarfing, is commonly used as the stock in grafting. When a seedling is used as a stock, it is first allowed to establish its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> system; a graft is then inserted at the base of the stem. As soon as the union of scion and stock has become established, any remaining portions of the shoot of the stock are cut away; all substances absorbed by the root system are thereafter available to the scion for its development. When a cutting is used, the graft is made first, and then the cutting is rooted. Nursery stock for rubber plantations and for many fruit orchards is produced by the seedling type of grafting.The area surrounding the juncture of scion and stock is protected by paraffin or by grafting wax, which consists of a mixture of beeswax, beef tallow, and resin. Grafting tape is usually used to cover the waxed wound, so as to exclude moisture and prevent attack by diseases or pests.Grafting Types The most popular types of professional grafting are splice grafting, whip or tongue grafting, saddle grafting, cleft grafting, and side grafting. In splice grafting, a simple diagonal cut is made in scion and stock. The cut surfaces are joined, covered with grafting wax or paraffin, and bound with grafting tape. In whip grafting, a sawtooth diagonal is used to provide a larger surface. Saddle grafting is accomplished by cutting one stem, usually the stock, in the shape of a wedge, and cutting the other stem in the shape of a slot that will fit the wedge tightly. In cleft grafting, branches of the stock are sawed straight across, and the stub of the branch is split to depth approximating the diameter of the stock. A temporary wedge, sufficient to open the slit, is inserted at the center of the split. Two scions, each having several buds, are inserted at the edges of the split, and are adjusted so that the lowest bud is close to the top of the stock and facing outward. The wedge is removed without displacing the scions, and the cut is covered with grafting wax and, if necessary bound with grafting tape. Sometimes, more than two scions are used, with all the scions but the strongest being removed in the following season. Cleft grafting is the most widely used method for grafting scions that produce high-quality fruit on mature trees. Side grafting is useful for grafting new branches onto bare spaces of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks. In this method, a longitudinal cut is made through the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> layer. The scion, with its base cut in a wedge shape, is inserted beneath the bark, tied, and then waxed.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gourd, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> consisting of characteristically rapid-growing vines with palmately lobed leaves, helically twisted tendrils, and often showy, unisexual flowers. The family contains about 760 species that are distributed mainly in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world. It is of importance as a source of food for humans, mostly as squashes and melons; it also provides fiber and ornamental plants.Several characteristics make members of the gourd family easy to recognize. The plants usually climb or are prostrate with long, nonwoody stems. Tendrils, slender projections arising from the stems, grasp nearby objects and coil around them, thus supporting the plants. The flowers, usually yellowish in color, open for only a short period, often less than a day, and are unisexualΓÇöthat is, either male or female. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> typically has a hard rind enclosing a fleshy pulp with many seeds; it is technically called a pepo. Members of the family are adapted to warm climates, and none tolerates freezing temperatures. Despite this, many are cultivated as annuals in temperate areas where the summers are long and warm.The bottle gourd, or calabash, is among the oldest of cultivated plants. The hard shells of the fruits are used as containers. Winter squashes were staples in the diets of the pre-Columbian civilizations of the western hemisphere.Members of the family are generally low in nutrient value and are used to add variety to the diet. Food crops are numerous, and some species include several crops. Cucumbers are eaten fresh and preserved as pickles; another species produces various melons, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cantaloupe</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Gourds constitute the family Cucurbitaceae in the order Violales. The bottle gourd, or calabash, is classified as Lagernaria siceraria. Winter squashes are classified in the genus Cucurbita. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cucumber</a></span><span class="style1"> is classified as Cucumis sativus, the cantaloupe as Cucumis melo.See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pumpkin</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Goosefoot, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, many members of which grow in salty, alkaline soils in arid areas. The external (epidermal) cells of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> dry into thin white flakes, making them greasy to the touch. Cattle and sheep eat the leaves and tender portions of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. The deep roots bring considerable quantities of alkali to the soil surface. Black goosefoot, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greasewood</a></span><span class="style1">, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows to about 2 m (about 7 ft) tall and bears small, fleshy, stalkless leaves. In quantity it can be toxic to animals. Beets and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spinach</a></span><span class="style1"> also belong to the family.Scientific classification: Goosefoots make up the family Chenopodiacea of the order Caryophyllales. Black goosefoot is classified as Sarcobatus vermiculatus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gooseberry, common name for some members of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus and for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The genus contains about 150 species of shrubs of the North Temperate Zone. Fruits of some other species in the same genus are known as currants; they differ from gooseberries in having spines at the base of the leafstalks. Gooseberry fruits are acidic berries used in North America and Europe for making jams, jellies, and pies. Berries of the European species are superior in size and quality but cannot withstand hot, dry summers or attacks of powdery mildew. An American species is used to hybridize with the European species to form mildew-resistant hybrids that can withstand hot weather when protected. It is, however, an intermediate host of white-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> blister rust. Many states have restricted the cultivation of gooseberries, which are sometimes intentionally destroyed to preserve pine forests. In the United States, a close relative of blueberries and cranberries is sometimes incorrectly called a southern gooseberry.Scientific classification: Gooseberries belong to the genus Ribes of the family Grossulariaceae. The European species is classified as Ribes uva-crispi. The American species that is hybridized with the European species is classified as Ribes hirtellun. The plant incorrectly called the southern gooseberry is classified as Vaccinium melanocarpum.</span></text>
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card_103758.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Goldenrod, common name for certain related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">). They are typical autumn flowers of the United States that grow in a great variety of habitats: woods, meadows, hills, and rocky ground. For many years goldenrods were considered a major cause of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> fever, but experiments with goldenrod </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> have indicated that it is virtually harmless. Goldenrods are occasionally transplanted to gardens but are too coarse and weedy for ordinary cultivation.Goldenrods are perennial herbs with wandlike stems and stalkless leaves. They usually grow to a height of 1.2 m (4 ft), but environmental conditions and species variations give them a range of 30 cm to 2 m (1 to 7 ft). Their yellow flowers are borne in graceful clusters, or racemes. The genus of goldenrods contains about 100 species, most of which are North American. The Canada goldenrod, one of the commonest species, is of average height and has large panicles of small yellow flowers. The smaller sweet goldenrod has </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anise</a></span><span class="style1">-scented leaves used to make </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1">. The wreath goldenrod, a low-growing species, is found in shady places. The November goldenrod is the tallest and bears large hairy panicles of flowers. Only one goldenrod species, the European goldenrod, is native to Europe. Several species of goldenrod that have white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers are commonly called silverrod.Scientific classification: Goldenrods make up the genus Solidago of the family Compositae. The Canada goldenrod is classified as Solidago canadensis, the sweet goldenrod as Solidago odora, the wreath goldenrod as Solidago caesia, and the November goldenrod as Solidago serotina. The European goldenrod is classified as Solidago virgaurea and the silverrod as Solidago bicolor.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Glycosides, class of complex chemical compounds in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. They are broken down by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> enzymes into sugars, among which glucose is generally included, and into other substances. The term glucoside is often used synonymously with glycoside, but in its more specific meaning it refers to glycosides that yield glucose.Each glycoside in a plant is hydrolyzed (converted in a reaction with water) by an enzyme, usually a specific enzyme found in the same plant. The enzyme emulsin, however, causes hydrolysis of several glycosides. The enzymes and glycosides are stored in separate plant cells until the reaction products of the glycosides are needed and the enzymes are activated.Glycosides are believed to serve several purposes in the plant. Glycosides are bitter tasting, and it is believed that they help keep birds and insects from eating seeds and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> before they are fully grown, by which time the glycosides have been converted to sweet sugars. When a plant tissue is bruised, the enzymes hydrolyze the glycosides into products, such as phenol compounds and acids that have an antiseptic action and prevent decay of the damaged tissues.Glycosides are soluble in water and are obtained from plants by water extraction. They are mostly colorless crystalline solids with a bitter taste. Simple glycosides have been synthesized in the laboratory, and several hundred glycosides have been extracted from plants and used for many purposes. Among the important glycosides are indican (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Indigo Plant</a></span><span class="style1">), used for dyeing; digitalin (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Digitalis</a></span><span class="style1">), used in medicine; and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saponins</a></span><span class="style1">, foaming agents used industrially and medicinally.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gloxinia, common name for a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">figwort</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which also contains the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">African violet</a></span><span class="style1">. Gloxinia, native to tropical Brazil, has large, downy leaves with conspicuous veins. The showy bell-shaped flowers have solid, marbled, or spotted corollas of purple, violet, pale red, or white. The leaves grow in a rosette just above the ground, and the flowering stems rise from the center of the rosette to a height of up to 25 cm (10 in).Scientific classification: Gloxinia belongs to the family Gesneriaceae. It is classified as Sinningia speciosa, formerly Gloxinia speciosa.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Gloxinia</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>African VioletFigwortHerbViolet</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>African VioletPlant Propagation</text>
</content>
<name>Gloxinia</name>
<script></script>
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card_102879.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Globeflower, common name for a genus of perennial flowers of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Flowers of this genus, borne in globe-shaped clusters, have large, yellow, petal-like sepals and small, linear petals. Globeflowers are native to the colder parts of the northern hemisphere. The common globeflower, called lucken gowan in Great Britain, is cultivated in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> gardens in the United States and Europe. It reaches a height of 60 cm (24 in). The spreading globeflower, somewhat smaller, grows in swampy areas of the northeastern United States and the Rocky Mountain region. It is now rare. An unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a double-flowered variety, is called the Japanese globeflower. It grows to 2 m (6 ft).Scientific classification: Globeflowers belong to the family Ranunculaceae. The common globeflower is classified as Trollius europaeus, the spreading globeflower as Trollius laxus. The Japanese globeflower is classified as Kerria japonica, family Rosaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Globeflower</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ButtercupFlowerPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Globeflower</name>
<script></script>
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card_102512.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Gladiolus, genus of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1"> family with sword-shaped leaves and showy flowers, widely cultivated in gardens and used as cut flowers. Some 180 species exist, mostly native to southern Africa, but some are also found in the Mediterranean area. Modern cultivation dates from the early 19th century. Because of the ease with which gladiolus hybridize and the length of time they have been bred for color, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> size and shape, and other desirable features, it is now impossible to assign most cultivars (cultivated forms) to botanical species.Gladiolus are generally not hardy in temperate zones and are grown as annuals from corms (swollen underground stems) or cormels (small, hard structures produced at the bases of corms) after the ground has warmed. The irregular funnel-shaped flowers are borne in vertical rows on long, unbranched flower stalks.Scientific classification: Gladiolus belong to the family Iridaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Gladiolus</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerFlowering PlantsIrisPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningLilyPlant Propagation</text>
</content>
<name>Gladiolus</name>
<script></script>
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card_102392.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Ginseng, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the ginseng family, and for one of its genera. The family consists of about 55 genera and 700 species of herbs, trees, and shrubs. It occurs in tropical and temperate regions, with the greatest concentration of species in the American tropics and the Indo-Malaysian region. The flowers are small and borne in dense, branched clusters called compound umbels. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> usually has five sepals (outer floral whorl) and five petals (inner floral whorl), which are fused to the ovary (female flower part). The stamens (male flower parts) are borne on a disk on top of the ovary. The ovary consists of five fused carpels (egg-bearing structures) that mature into a five-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The usually lobed or compound leaves are divided into separate leaflets.Ginseng is the source of a stimulant and supposed aphrodisiac, which is extracted from the roots. It is native to China, although a closely related species, American ginseng, occurs in eastern North America and is sometimes substituted for the Chinese variety. Other economically important members of the family are mainly used in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">. English </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ivy</a></span><span class="style1"> is widely grown as an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> ground cover and climber. Several other species are also cultivated. One genus contains several curiosities, including the devil's-walking-stick, native to eastern North America; this </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is a treelike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> with leaves and stems armed with large spines. Houseplants generally called aralia belong to other genera of the ginseng family.Scientific classification: Ginseng is the common name for the family Araliaceae and for its genus Panax. Ginseng is classified as Panax pseudoginseng, American ginseng as Panax quinquefolius, English ivy as Hedera helix, and the devil's-walking-stick as Aralia spinosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ginkgo, genus of deciduous trees; the maidenhair </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is the only living representative of its family and order, although other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of its family and order, although other plants of this order were abundant in the Mesozoic era. The ginkgo has been preserved as a sacred tree in Chinese temple gardens since ancient times. Botanists long believed that the species would have become extinct without this care, but wild ginkgos have been found in recent years in remote valleys of western China.Ginkgo trees grow 12 to 37 m (40 to 120 ft) tall. The ginkgo </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is a fan-shaped structure with veins arising from the base and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> dichotomously throughout. The common name, maidenhair tree, is derived from the resemblance in venation between the ginkgo and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maidenhair fern</a></span><span class="style1">. Larger branches of the ginkgo are covered with dwarf branches, called spurs, which grow slowly and bear leaves yearly. The ginkgo is dioeciousΓÇöthat is, male and female cones are borne on separate trees. Male cones produce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> that is distributed by wind; female cones bear seeds that are surrounded or enclosed by a malodorous fleshy integument that makes female ginkgo trees less preferred for ornamental purposes. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, called the ginkgo </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, is roasted and esteemed as a delicacy in China and Japan.The ginkgo is frequently planted in parks and ornamental gardens. The tree is also grown on the streets in large cities, where it flourishes in spite of air pollution, low sunlight, and other urban conditions. Horticultural varieties of ginkgo have been developed as a result of such extensive use.Scientific classification: Ginkgos constitute the family Ginkgoaceae and the order Ginkgogoales in the phylum Ginkgophyta. The maidenhair tree is classified as Ginkgo biloba.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ginger, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family with about 50 genera and 1300 species. It is pantropical in distribution, although mostly Far Eastern. Its complicated, irregular flowers have one fertile stamen and a usually showy labellum, formed from two or three sterile staminodes. The family is cultivated widely in the tropics for its showy flowers and useful products, derived mostly from the rhizomes. These products include the flavoring ginger; East Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arrowroot</a></span><span class="style1">, a food starch; and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">turmeric</a></span><span class="style1">, an important ingredient in curry powder.The order to which the ginger family belongs includes 8 families and some 1800 species, abundant throughout the moist tropics. Characteristically, members of the order have rhizomes (underground rootlike stems). These are often fleshy, containing large amounts of starch or other useful substances. Leaves consist of a broad blade with parallel veins running perpendicular to a thick midrib. The midrib extends into a petiole, or stalk, and a sheathing base. The bases of the leaves overlap tightly, forming a rigid pseudostem. Thus, the ΓÇ£trunkΓÇ¥ of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banana</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is not a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> at all but many overlapping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> bases. Stems, except those bearing the flowers, are rarely exposed in the ginger order, as they are underground or covered by leaf bases.Flowers of the order are usually showy, although sometimes bracts (specialized leaves) below the flowers or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters are more showy than the flowers themselves. In about half the families of the order the three sepals and three petals are the conspicuous parts of the flowers. These families have five or, very rarely, six fertile stamens (male parts). The other families have only one functional stamen and two to five petal-like, sterile staminodes, which are often showy; sepals and petals are less conspicuous.The banana family, with 2 genera and about 40 species, typically occurs in disturbed habitats in the Old World Tropics. It has unisexual, often bat-pollinated flowers. The banana originated in Southeast Asia, but it is now an important crop throughout the moist tropics, both as a local food staple and as an export crop. Bananas have sterile flowers, and the fruits develop unfertilized, so bananas contain no seeds. Production of new </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> is by vegetative means, and propagation is from suckers that develop at the bases of the old plants.The bird-of-paradise family, with 3 genera and about 7 species, occurs in tropical America, southern Africa, and Madagascar. The traveler's tree, one of the few woody members of the order, belongs to this family. The bird-of-paradise flower and the false bird-of-paradise are cultivated for their often long-lasting flower clusters, borne in large, colorful, boat-shaped bracts.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Canna</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Gingers make up the family Zingiberaceae in the order Zingiberales. The flavoring ginger is classified as Zingiber officinale, East Indian arrowroot as Curcuma angustifolia, and tumeric as Curcuma longa. The banana belongs to the family Musaceae and is classified as Musa paradisiaca. The traveler's tree, classified as Ravenela madagascariensis, and the bird-of-paradise flower, classified as Strelitzia reginae, belong to the family Strelitziaceae (sometimes Musaceae). The false bird-of-paradise belongs to the genus Heliconia of the family Musaceae (sometimes Heliconiaceae).</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gillyflower, common name given to several aromatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The word is believed to have come from the Middle English gilofre (ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clove</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥). Since the late 16th century, the name gillyflower has been applied to the clove </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, from which the cultivated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carnation</a></span><span class="style1"> is derived. The name has also been applied to other pinks, and it has been applied to some species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wallflower</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The clove pink is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dianthus</a></span><span class="style1"> caryophyllus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Geranium, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its representative genus. The family contains 11 genera and about 750 species of mostly temperate herbs or shrubs. The representative genusΓÇöcommonly called cranesbill because the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> bears a long ΓÇ£beakΓÇ¥ formed from the persistent styleΓÇöcontains about 250 species, many of which are cultivated. The garden geranium is a related genus. The two genera have several structural differences, the most significant being the presence of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">-producing spur on the calyx (the outer floral envelope) of garden geraniums. The two are easily distinguished vegetatively, however, garden geraniums being thick-stemmed, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1">, and usually strongly scented, and geraniums of the representative genus being low, spreading, and unscented.The geranium family belongs to an order which contains four other families and a total of about 2900 species. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oxalis</a></span><span class="style1"> family contains about 900 species of mostly subtropical and tropical herbs. The balsam family contains about 550 species. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nasturtium</a></span><span class="style1"> is a member of another family of the order.The flowers of the order are hypogynousΓÇöthat is, the various parts arise from below the ovary (female part of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">); usually the flowers have twice as many stamens (male flower parts) as petals or sepals (outer floral whorl); and the style (elongated part of the pistil) often persists after the flower has withered and the fruit has begun to develop.Scientific classification: Geranium is the common name for the genus Geranium and for the family Geraniaceae, of the order Geraniales. Garden geraniums make up the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pelargonium</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gentian, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> containing about 74 genera and 1200 species, and for its representative genus. The family is mainly a temperate group. One species, a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with dark blue flowers, is native to the Alps and Pyrenees and cultivated as an ornamental. Some members of the family are saprophytes (plants that absorb dead organic matter for their food).Members in the same order as the gentian family usually have simple (undivided) leaves that are opposite each other on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and flowers with four or five petals united into a corolla (floral tube). The ovary is usually superiorΓÇöthat is, borne above and free from other floral partsΓÇöand is composed of two fused carpels (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ovule</a></span><span class="style1">- or egg-bearing floral parts). Most families in the order have food-conducting tissue (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phloem</a></span><span class="style1">) located in the usual position external to the water-conducting tissue (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">xylem</a></span><span class="style1">) but also internal to it; this unusual feature helps to distinguish the order.There are four other families in the same order. The two largest are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">milkweed</a></span><span class="style1"> family and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogbane</a></span><span class="style1"> family, each having about 2000 species. Flowers in the milkweed family characteristically bear </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> in waxy sacs produced by anthers fused around the gynoecium (female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> organ). Included in the milkweed family are the commonly cultivated milkweeds and butterfly weeds as well as many cultivated succulents. Among the members of the dogbane family are some that yield important drugs and rubber. Ornamentals include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">periwinkle</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oleander</a></span><span class="style1">, and frangipani. The only other large family in the order has about 500 species, including many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poisonous plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Strychnos</a></span><span class="style1">) and the Carolina, or yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1">. The remaining family contains a single species, a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> native to Guyana.Scientific classification: The gentian family is Gentianaceae of the order Gentianales, class Magnoliopsida, division Magnoliophyta. The representative genus is Gentiana. The perennial herb with dark blue flowers is classified as Gentiana acaulis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gene Bank, term applied to a facility where </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genes are stored, usually in the form of seeds but also as whole </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">, and cell cultures. Gene banks provide a broad range of plant genes from which breeders can develop new plant varieties with desired characteristics such as higher yield and better resistance to disease and weather. To this end, breeders should have as large a variety of plant genes as possible. The need for such gene banks increases as agricultural lands impinge further upon undeveloped areas, with subsequent loss of species and strains of wild plants.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Gene Bank</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantPlantsPollen</text>
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<name>Gene Bank</name>
<script></script>
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card_99951.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Gebang </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Palm</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a fan-leafed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the palm family, native to the Malay Peninsula. The trunk grows 18 to 24 m (60 to 80 ft) tall and about 60 cm (about 24 in) in diameter and bears large, fan-shaped leaves composed of leaflets as much as 152 cm (60 in) long. The central pith of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> yields sago, a starch used as a food. Young leaves of gebang palm are plaited into baskets and bags. Fibers of the petioles are made into mats, ropes, baskets, and nets. Mature leaves are used for thatching.Scientific classification: The gebang palm belongs to the family Arecaceae. It is classified as Corypha elata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Gebang Palm</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PalmStemTree</text>
</content>
<name>Gebang Palm</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_99787.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Garlic, common name for several strongly scented herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the bulbs of these </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, which are used as a flavoring. Garlic, like the related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">onion</a></span><span class="style1">, has small, six-part, whitish flowers borne on umbels. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a capsule containing black, kidney-shaped seeds. Common garlic has been cultivated since ancient times. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">, which has a strong characteristic odor and taste, is covered with a papery skin and may be broken into constituent bulblets, called cloves. Garlic is used as a flavoring in cooking and pickling, sometimes in the form of whole or grated cloves and sometimes in the form of a cooked extract, as in sauces and dressings. In medicine, garlic is used as a digestive stimulant, diuretic, and antispasmodic. Other possible mild medicinal uses are under investigation. The British wild garlic, the American wild garlic, and the field garlic of both Europe and the Americas are also used for seasoning. The false garlic, or crow poison, is a North American species with pale yellow or pale green flowers closely related to garlic but lacking the characteristic garlic odor. It is poisonous to livestock.Scientific classification: Garlic belongs to the family Liliaceae. Common garlic is classified as Allium sativum, British wild garlic as Allium oleraceum, and American wild garlic as Allium candense. The field garlic of Europe and the Americas is classified as Allium vineale. False garlic is classified as Nothoscordum bivalve.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gardening, cultivation of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in enclosed areas for ornamental purposes. It is contrasted with agriculture and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">, both of which are concerned with plants grown on a large scale for economic or other gain to the cultivator. Scientific research in plants is normally a matter for the botanist. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Botanical Garden</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Botany</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Breeding</a></span><span class="style1">.Gardening is often a matter of recreation for the home gardener, who usually follows the patterns and methods established by commercial and professional gardeners but adapted to smaller operations. The gardener also may purchase some plants, seeds, and tools from a commercial nursery, which provides various services to householders and small-scale gardeners.The type of garden planted by the average homeowner generally depends on a number of cultivation variables, as well as on individual tastes and preferences. Among such variables are soil type and fertility, wind and sun exposure, air pollution (if in or near large urban centers), position of existing trees and shrubs, visual effect desired, amount of land available, size and design of buildings, need for walks and pathways, desire for privacy, and ease of maintenance. Local regional climate determines the plants available and useful to the home gardener (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Distribution</a></span><span class="style1">). The U.S. Department of Agriculture has divided the continental United States, the subject of this article, into zones that are based on the average minimum temperature for that zone in any given year.Trees and Shrubs Trees and shrubs, which are relatively permanent materials in the garden design, should be planted before more temporary plantings. Evergreens (such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">juniper</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">), rhododendrons, and some forms of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">holly</a></span><span class="style1"> are suitable as background material for a garden that will be green year-round. Many plants that are deciduous in the northern U.S. remain green throughout the year in warmer areas (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Deciduous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">). Another desirable feature in trees is spectacular autumn foliage; some excellent species are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dogwood</a></span><span class="style1">, mountain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">, the maples, redbud, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poplar</a></span><span class="style1">, white ash, and American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beech</a></span><span class="style1">. Copper beeches are popular for their naturally dark red leaves. Other trees such as dogwood, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">magnolia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mimosa</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tulip tree</a></span><span class="style1"> offer lovely spring blossoms. Good trees for milder areas include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">, tulip tree, and loblolly pine. In the Deep South, camphor trees, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jacaranda</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">eucalyptus</a></span><span class="style1"> are good choices. A large majority of tropical and subtropical species will not survive drastic temperature fluctuations, and thus they are not suitable for cold-weather environments, except when kept in a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> during the winter, or sometimes in the home. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Crab apple</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honey locust</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hawthorn</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1">, and plane trees adapt well to areas of high air pollution. Seaside plants must be able to withstand considerable wind and salt spray. Deciduous trees are generally best planted in the fall after they have shed their leaves. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> species for gardens include euonymus, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bayberry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forsythia</a></span><span class="style1">, ilex, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhododendron</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">azalea</a></span><span class="style1">, cotoneaster, mountain andromeda, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1">. In the Deep South, Natal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gardenia</a></span><span class="style1">, santolina, floribunda </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrtle</a></span><span class="style1"> are suitable and will be evergreen. Many other shrubs, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">privet</a></span><span class="style1">, holly, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barberry</a></span><span class="style1">, aborvitae, and nandina, are trimmed and clipped into hedges or are used as border and foundation plantings. A foundation planting is made up of plants, often evergreen, set in the ground close to a building and useful in hiding its unattractive features. An important plant in any garden is the rose.Lawns Different </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lawn</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> have been developed for best results according to climate. Preferred in cooler areas are the Kentucky bluegrasses, fine fescues, and bent grasses, the last being particularly well suited for formal gardens. In the South, Saint Augustine grass or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buffalo grass</a></span><span class="style1"> (good for shady areas), centipede grass, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bermuda grass</a></span><span class="style1"> are best. Ground covers can substitute for lawns. They require little maintenance, control soil erosion, and are excellent underplantings for trees and shrubs. Low-growing plants such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ivy</a></span><span class="style1">, pachysandra, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">periwinkle</a></span><span class="style1">, dwarf juniper, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily of the valley</a></span><span class="style1"> are typical.Beds and Borders Long, narrow strips in the garden planted with a large variety of plants are referred to as borders. They may include hardy perennials, annuals, and shrubs. Keynotes in a border are harmony of color and a succession of blooms throughout the growing season. Plants grouped together for a mass effect form a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> or shrub bed. Low-growing species are used to edge a flower bed, driveway, path, or lawn. Shrubs and perennials form the backbone of a border or bed, annuals being used to fill the spaces in between and to contribute a continuous colorful display of flowers. Perennials are those plants that will live on indefinitely, although some may die down to the ground in cold weather. Types often found in the garden include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">impatiens</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alyssum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">delphinium</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">day lily</a></span><span class="style1">, feverfew, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">candytuft</a></span><span class="style1">, moss </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">. Biennials are plants that require two years to complete their life cycle. They bloom in the second year after the seeds are sown in the garden. They are useful in the flower garden because they often bloom early in summer, when few perennials are in flower. Favorite biennials include Canterbury bells, some </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forget-me-not</a></span><span class="style1"> varieties, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hollyhock</a></span><span class="style1">. Many perennials, including such plants as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">foxglove</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet William</a></span><span class="style1">, are treated as biennials.Annuals, which complete their life cycle in one season, are used most often as filler plants to harmonize with other plantings. They offer dramatic colors not often found in perennials and are usually good as cut flowers. Most require bright sun. In cooler climates, some tender perennials are grown as annuals. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Zinnia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ageratum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">petunia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dianthus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phlox</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">baby's breath</a></span><span class="style1"> are all grown as annuals.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Narcissus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crocus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1">, lily, tulip, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gladiolus</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dahlia</a></span><span class="style1"> are all treated as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1"> plant. They have a longer dormancy period than most plant species, flowering very briefly. Many bulbs need annual chilling and will not grow in gardens in milder climates that do not experience frost. According to species, bulb plants flower from early spring through autumn. In the garden, they are generally planted in beds or borders or among low ground covers. Narcissus may be planted in drifts on uncultivated ground.Special Gardens Gardens may be of many different types of designs, as a rock garden, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> garden, a wildflower garden, or a water garden. They may also manifest different styles or gardening techniques, as in a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bonsai</a></span><span class="style1"> garden or an espalier garden.A rock garden duplicates the natural environmental conditions in which rock and mountain plants thrive. It is somewhat easier to cultivate than an ordinary garden because the contained plants are hardier and more resistant to drought and cold and require far less </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1"> than plants that succeed in other types of gardens. Slightly sloping ground that is well drained naturally or artificially is the best location. Rock gardens are often terraced to prevent the washing away of topsoil by rain. The most suitable plants for rock gardens are flowering, hardy perennials. Among the cultivated alpine plants that meet these requirements are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aconite</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monkshood</a></span><span class="style1">), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anemone</a></span><span class="style1">, rockfoil or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saxifrage</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinquefoil</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sedum</a></span><span class="style1"> (creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stonecrop</a></span><span class="style1">). In addition, rock gardens are often planted with dwarf trees and shrubs.Herb gardens have, by common practice, come to include a large number of shrubs as well. Most of the plants cultivated are perennial, and all are used primarily today in culinary recipes, sachets, and perfumes. Some of the more familiar herbs are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">thyme</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basil</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">salvia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marjoram</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dill</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sage</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chive</a></span><span class="style1">. Some are used cut fresh from the garden; others are best dried and stored.Wild-flower gardens generally require a rich, acid soil. They may include native marsh or bog plants as well as typical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1">-floor wild flowers. A setting as close as possible to the natural environment of the species is important in the garden design. Native orchids, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cranberry</a></span><span class="style1">, gentians, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bloodroot</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">partridgeberry</a></span><span class="style1">, ferns, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">trillium</a></span><span class="style1"> are commonly used wild flowers. Water gardens, styled around natural or artificial ponds, are typically planted with hardy water lilies and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marsh marigold</a></span><span class="style1">, among others.The Japanese style in gardening emphasizes year-round continuity by using a maximum of evergreen plants. Color is restricted to spring-flowering azaleas and the fall berries of other shrubs. Stone lanternsΓÇöstones selected for texture, shape, and sizeΓÇöand walking paths are sometimes included. Streams and waterfalls may be natural or artificial, with raked sand or rocky beds to create the illusion of a landscape in miniature. A gardening technique typical of the Japanese is the bonsai, a method originally developed in China, involving the deliberate, artificial dwarfing of plants by special methods of cultivation. The tree or shrub is planted in a shallow container or an urn and is starved of plant food. The space for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> growth is limited, and the roots are pruned. As the plant grows, the shoots also are pruned, and the branches are twisted or bent with wire so that the full-grown bonsai, often less than 61 cm (less than 24 in) tall, will have the appearance of an aged, gnarled tree or shrub. Favorite plants for bonsai gardens include pine and fir trees and such hardwood flowering shrubs as azaleas and Japanese quinces, as well as shrubs known for their foliage, including hollies and cut-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> maples.Another gardening technique, known as espalier, was originally developed in France. Espalier gardening involves the planting of a tree or woody shrub close to a wall or trellisΓÇöthus the popular name wall trees. The plant is trained flat by tying its branches to the support. The result is a two-dimensional effect. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pruning</a></span><span class="style1"> is important in determining the shape of the flattened plant against the trellis. The design or pattern of growth may be candelabra shaped, U shaped, T shaped, or palmlike. Espalier gardening has special decorative effect where space is limited.</span></text>
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<text>AconiteAgeratumAlyssumAnemoneAppleAshAzaleaBaby's BreathBarberryBasilBayberryBeechBermuda GrassBloodrootBonsaiBotanical GardenBotanyBuffalo GrassBulbCandytuftChiveCinquefoilCitrusCrab AppleCranberryCrocusDahliaDay LilyDeciduous PlantsDelphiniumDianthusDillDogwoodEucalyptusEvergreenFertilizerFirFlowerForestForget-Me-NotForsythiaFoxgloveGardeniaGinkgoGladiolusGrassesGreenhouseHawthornHemlockHerbHollyHollyhockHoney LocustHoneysuckleHorticultureHyacinthImpatiensIvyJacarandaJuniperLavenderLawnLeafLilacLilyLily of the ValleyLocustMagnoliaMarigoldMarjoramMarsh MarigoldMimosaMintMonkshoodMyrtleNarcissusOakParsleyPartridgeberryPeriwinklePetuniaPhloxPinePinkPlantPlant BreedingPlant DistributionPlantsPlumPoplarPrivetPruningRhododendronRootRoseSageSalviaSaxifrageSedumShrubSpruceStonecropSweet WilliamThymeTreeTrilliumTulipTulip TreeVioletWillowZinnia</text>
<text><span class="style1">Gardenia, genus of shrubs and small trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madder</a></span><span class="style1"> family, named for Alexander Garden, an 18th-century American physician and naturalist. There are about 200 species native to tropical and subtropical countries. Gardenias are popular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> because of their beautiful and fragrant flowers. A few species are hardy enough to survive outdoors in warm temperate summers. Propagation is by cuttings.Flowers of gardenias are usually white and funnel-shaped or salverform (tubular with a spreading limb), with the tube much longer than the calyx. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, which in several species contains a-crocetin, a crystalline compound used for yellow silk dyes.The Cape </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1"> is one of the most popular species of gardenia in the United States. Native to China, it is an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> up to 1.5 m (5 ft) high, with heavily scented waxy, white flowers. Two common greenhouse plants of the United States are shrubs or small trees; in one, the flowers are white, with long tubes; the other bears pale yellow flowers with purple markings and has short tubes. Their hardwood is used in South America for agricultural implements. A dwarf species from Japan is about 46 cm (about 18 in) high, has double flowers, and is cultivated as a houseplant.Scientific classification: Gardenias belong to the family Rubiaceae. The Cape jasmine is classified as Gardenia jasminoides. The two common greenhouse shrubs of the United States are classified as Gardenia thunbergia and Gardenia rothmannia. The dwarf species from Japan is classified as Gardenia radicans floreplana.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Gamboge, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> resin obtained from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of various Asian and American trees. Gamboge is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red in the resin form and becomes bright yellow when powdered. The best-quality gamboge, obtained from Singapore and from the Guangzhou (Canton), China, area, is a product of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> native to southeast Asia; the word gamboge is derived from the name Cambodia. Gamboge is used as a yellow pigment by artists, as a resin in varnishes, and, in medicine, as a cathartic and diuretic.Scientific classification: Gamboge is obtained from Asian trees classified in the genus Garcinia and from American trees classified in the genus Vismia.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Gall, also cecidium, swelling or excrescence of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> tissues caused by the action of parasites. Such swellings, which may occur on any part of a plant but are usually found in regions of active cell division and growth, are initiated by the chemical action of secretions of infesting organisms, usually insects or fungi. Galls assume a great variety of forms; each form is characteristic of the parasite that causes it, and usually each species of gall-forming parasite infects a specific organ of a specific plant. The growth of the gall may result either from a tremendous swelling of the individual cells or from the rapid division of cells near the point of attack by the parasite. The gall provides a protective capsule for the parasite while it feeds on the plant.The most striking galls are caused by insects that begin their invasion by laying eggs in plant tissues. The resultant enlargement of surrounding tissue is caused either by growth-promoting stimulation furnished by the eggs or by secretions of the larvae. The gall wasps, a family of small hymenopterous insects, Cynipidae, include the greatest number of species of gall-forming insects. These species restrict their attacks to about 20 genera of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> included in 6 families, especially the oaks; various species produce galls on roots, trunks, leaves, buds, flowers, or acorns. Several cynipids of the genera Amphibolips and Dipolepis stimulate production of galls known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> apples. Specialization of function is so great in the cynipids that reproduction in some has been altered. Plagiotrochus punctatus, for example, produces in the summer a normal generation, the larvae of which cause blister galls on oak leaves. A second generation, entirely female, is produced in the spring; its larvae cause irregular swellings on oak twigs. The unfertilized eggs of the second generation produce gall wasps of both sexes, which repeat the cycle.Several galls caused by members of the genus Cynips are important sources of tannic acid. The commercial gallnut, C. gallaetinctoriae, which infests several Eurasian oaks, contains about 65 percent tannic acid. These gall nuts may be harvested and sold to leather-tanning or ink-manufacturing industries.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Gaillardia, genus of about 28 American herbs of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family named for Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French amateur botanist. Gaillardias, commonly called blanketflowers, are annual, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">, or perennial. Two wild species grow in the western United States: one with yellow flowers; and the other with bright yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, deep red at the base in some varieties, and brownish-purple disk flowers. Also a perennial garden flower, the latter blooms from early summer to late autumn, growing to 91 cm (36 in) tall. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">-ring gaillardia is an annual species with purple disks and yellow ray flowers that have rose-purple shading at the base. Native to the central United States, it grows up to 51 cm (20 in) tall and has two major varieties: a cultivar with enlarged, tubular ray flowers; and the painted gaillardia variety with heads larger than those of the typical rose-ring gaillardia and rays in shades of yellow, red, or white. Popular as cut flowers, gaillardias grow best in open, well-drained spaces.Scientific classification: The genus Gaillardia belongs to the family Compositae. The two wild species that grow in the western United States are classified as Gaillardia aestivalis variety flavovirens and Gaillardia aristata. The rose-ring gaillardia is classified as Gaillardia pulchella; the cultivar with enlarged, tubular ray flowers as Gaillardia pulchella variety lorenziana; and the painted gaillardia as Gaillardia pulchella variety picta.</span></text>
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card_98040.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Furze, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gorse</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). Common furze is native to Great Britain and western Europe. It is a thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> with sharply pointed leaves and solitary flowers having a two-lipped, shaggy, deep yellow calyx subtended by two small bracts. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">. In mild climates the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> blooms all winter. In its natural state furze provides food for sheep; after the spines are removed, the shoots provide winter fodder for horses and cattle. Furze is sometimes planted as a sand binder; the common furze, introduced to the eastern coast of the United States from Nantucket to Virginia, serves in this capacity. Seeds of the common furze yield a poisonous alkaloid, ulexine, which was formerly used as a local anesthetic and diuretic.Scientific classification: Furzes belong to the family Papilionoideae. Common furze is classified as Ulex europaeus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fumitory, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family contains about 16 genera and 400 species, mostly north temperate in distribution, with a few genera and species occurring in eastern and southern Africa; the greatest concentration of species is in Eurasia. More than 300 species occur in one genus, and about 60 in the family's representative genus. The remaining genera, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bleeding heart</a></span><span class="style1"> or Dutchman's-breeches genus, contain a few species each. Plants of the fumitory family are herbaceous with watery, alkaloid-containing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. Many have swollen rootstocks, and the leaves are always much dissected. The flowers have a complicated and distinctive structure, although features of some of the simpler representatives demonstrate that the fumitory family is a member of the order Papaverales (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poppy</a></span><span class="style1">). The flowers have two small sepals and four coherent petals. The variously lobed petals form distinctive bleeding-heart-shaped flowers. Six stamens are arranged in two groups, and the ovary is composed of two fused carpels. Some species are agricultural weeds.Scientific classification: Fumitories belong to the family Papaveraceae. Its representative genus is Fumaria. The genus Corydalis contains more than 300 species. The bleeding heart, or Dutchman's-breeches, genus is Dicentra.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fuchsia, genus of tropical and subtropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Evening Primrose</a></span><span class="style1">), named after the 16th-century German botanist Leonhard Fuchs. Except for a few Australasian species, fuchsias are found in forests and shady mountain habitats in Central and South America. A few are climbing plants, and others are small trees, but most wild fuchsias are shrubs. Fuchsias cultivated in the United States are grown in greenhouses and as houseplants in colder regions of the country; in the summer, and in milder regions, they may be grown in windowboxes or as bedding plants. The graceful pendulous flowers, often called lady's eardrops because of their shape, may be solitary or arranged in clusters in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> axils. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> has a colored, funnel-shaped, four-part calyx and a corolla composed of four petals. In many fuchsias, the color of the calyx contrasts sharply with the color of the corolla. Fuchsia fruits are small berries, which, in several species, are edible.Most cultivated fuchsias are hybrids of wild species or varieties. One of the most attractive cultivated varieties has crimson sepals and purple, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, or white petals.Scientific classification: Fuchsias make up the genus Fuchsia, of the family Onagraceae. The cultivated variety with crimson sepals and purple, rose, or white petals is classified as Fuchsia hybrida.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fruit, mature ovary in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, together with all inseparably connected parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">. In strict botanical usage, the meaning may be restricted to the ovary alone. Commonly the term fruit is often restricted to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1">, edible fruits of woody plants, to melons, and to such small fruits as strawberries and blueberries. In nature, fruit is normally produced only after fertilization of ovules has taken place, but in many plants, largely cultivated varieties such as seedless </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> fruits, bananas, and cucumbers, fruit matures without fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. In either case, the maturation of the ovary results in the withering of stigmas and anthers and enlargement of the ovary or ovaries. Ovules within fertilized ovaries develop to produce seeds. In unfertilized varieties, seeds fail to develop, and the ovules remain their original size. The major service performed by fruit is the protection of developing seeds. In many plants, fruit also aids in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> distribution.Structure of Fruit As the ovary matures, its wall develops to form the pericarp, divided into three layers. The outermost, exocarp, is usually a single epidermal layer. The extent of the middle layer, mesocarp, and the inner layer, endocarp, varies widely, but in any single type of fruit one of the layers may be thick, the others thin. In fleshy fruits the pulpy layer is usually the mesocarp, as in peaches or grapes. The seed or seeds, which lie immediately within the pericarp, in some cases constitute the entire edible portion of the fruit. For example, the hard outer husk of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coconut</a></span><span class="style1"> is the complete pericarp, and the edible part inside, including the ΓÇ£milk,ΓÇ¥ is the seed.In typical cases, the fruit is confined to the ripened ovary, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">; but in apples it includes ovary plus receptacle (other fused floral parts), in strawberries it is an aggregation of small individual fruits on a fleshy receptacle, called achenes, and in pineapples it is a development of an entire </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1">, or cluster of flowers.Types of Fruit Fruit is classified by several characteristics, the most significant being the number of ovaries included. A simple fruit is a single ovary, developed from the pistil of a single flower, which may be single or compound; an aggregate fruit is composed of many ovaries attached to a single receptacle; a multiple, or collective, fruit is formed from the coalesced ovaries of an entire inflorescence. Simple fruits are further subdivided into two categories, dry or fleshy. Ovary walls that develop into simple fruits are succulent when young, but as they mature, those of dry fruits lose most of their moisture, whereas those of fleshy fruits increase in size and moisture capacity. Dry fruits that dehisce, or split, when ripe are called dry dehiscent fruits; those that do not are indehiscent fruits.Among the dry dehiscent fruits, a pod, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1">, characterizes most of the legumes. The shell of the pod is the pericarp, and the beans or peas inside it are the seeds. Dehiscence occurs along the sutures of the two edges, the seeds being attached to the ventral suture. A few leguminous plants have pods that do not dehisce but break at maturity; a pod of this type is termed a loment. A follicle, found in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peony</a></span><span class="style1"> and in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">milkweed</a></span><span class="style1">, has two sutures like the pod but opens only along one of them. A capsule, unlike a follicle, contains more than one seed chamber, or fused carpels. When capsules split down the middle of each chamber, as in lilies, their dehiscence is termed loculicidal. When the dehiscence occurs at the lines of fusion of the chambers, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">azalea</a></span><span class="style1">, it is called septicidal. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poppy</a></span><span class="style1"> capsules open by pores, the dehiscence known as poricidal. Capsules of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plantain</a></span><span class="style1"> split along a circular horizontal line, so that a ΓÇ£lidΓÇ¥ comes off the top; this type of dehiscence is termed circumscissile. A silique, characteristic of the mustards, is a two-chambered dry fruit that dehisces along two sutures, leaving the exposed seeds clinging to a thin, membranous partition. Most siliques are at least as long as they are broad; when broader than long, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">delphinium</a></span><span class="style1">, they are usually called silicles.Most indehiscent fruits develop a single seed for each ovary. The pericarp of these fruits is so closely invested around the seed that the entire fruit assumes the appearance of a seed. The true </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1">, or caryopsis, characteristic of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, is little more than a seed with a thin, membranous pericarp inseparable from it. The achene, such as the ΓÇ£grainΓÇ¥ of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckwheat</a></span><span class="style1">, is sometimes called a naked seed because of its thin, separable pericarp. The samara, or key fruit, typified by the fruits of elms, maples, and ashes, has a winglike outgrowth of the ovary wall that aids in dispersal by wind. The typical fruit of the Apiaceae, the schizocarp, has more than one seed, unlike other dry indehiscent fruits, but the fruit splits into single-seeded portions at maturity. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1"> exemplified by acorns, chestnuts, and hazelnuts, is a single-ovaried fruit with an extremely hard pericarp.All fleshy fruits are indehiscent, the pulpy parts remaining attached to the seeds during dispersal. The true </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, typified by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tomato</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blueberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gooseberry</a></span><span class="style1">, possesses seeds dispersed throughout the fleshy mesocarp and endocarp. The exocarp is thin and skinlike. Many fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, are commonly, but incorrectly, called berries. Two specialized types of berry, the hesperidium and the pepo, include valuable commercial fruits. All citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons, and grapefruits, are hesperidia, having leathery rinds composed of exocarp and mesocarp, and juicy sections of endocarp. The pepo is the characteristic fruit of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cucumber</a></span><span class="style1"> family, Cucurbitaceae, including cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, and gourds. The outer layer of the pepo is receptacle tissue covering the exocarp; the pulpy portion of the fruit is mostly endocarp and mesocarp. The remaining type of fleshy fruit, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pome</a></span><span class="style1">, has a pericarp limited to the so-called core and the inner fleshy portion of the fruit, as in apples, pears, and quinces. The other portion of the fleshy part of a pome is tissue developed from the fusion of the other floral parts and the ovary. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> is the stone fruit of such plants as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">almond</a></span><span class="style1">. (The familiar, edible, almond, incorrectly called a nut, is the dried stone of a large drupe.) The single seed is surrounded by a stony endocarp; the fleshy portion is mesocarp. A small drupe occurring as part of a larger cluster is usually called a drupelet.The constituent fruitlets of most aggregate and multiple fruits can be recognized as belonging to the same classification as simple fruits. The aggregate fruitlets of blackberries, raspberries, and dewberries, for example, are drupelets, and those of strawberries are achenes. It is not the fruit, that is, achenes, of strawberries that are eaten, but the fleshy receptacle. In the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pineapple</a></span><span class="style1">, on the other hand, the separate fruitlets cannot be classified as types of simple fruit; the multiple fruit is a mass of fused ovaries growing from the central axis of the pineapple.Food Value Fruits are eaten raw or cooked, dried, canned, or preserved. Carbohydrates, including starches and sugars, constitute the principal nutritional material. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and strawberries are primary sources of vitamin C, and most fruits contain considerable quantities of vitamin A and vitamin B. Vitamin content is sharply reduced in storage and shipping of fresh fruits, but is maintained efficiently in frozen fruit. The jelly-making quality of many fruits is due to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pectin</a></span><span class="style1">, an important carbohydrate constituent. In general, fruits contain little protein or fat. Exceptions are avocados, nuts, and olives, which contain large quantities of fat, and grains and legumes, which contain considerable protein. Although the edible portions of fruits have a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> content, fruits supply an important part of the mineral matter necessary in human diet. Dried or evaporated fruits contain much more nutritional material in proportion to their bulk than do fresh fruits, due to concentration by evaporation.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Orchard</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant Breeding</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pruning</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Freesia, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Iris</a></span><span class="style1">), named in honor of the 19th-century German physician F. H. Freese. Freesias are native to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The fragrant tubular flowers of freesias vary in color from white to yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">. Freesias grow from a corm, or thickened underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. They are important as commercial cut flowers and are grown for market in southern California. They are not successful garden plants in the northern United States but may be grown in greenhouses.Scientific classification: Freesias make up the genus Freesia, of the family Iridaceae.</span></text>
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<text>Freesia</text>
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card_96314.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Frankincense, name applied to various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> resins, containing volatile oils, that diffuse a strong fragrance in burning. Oriental frankincense, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olibanum</a></span><span class="style1">, was esteemed by ancient peoples for use in embalming and as incense and is still the most important incense resin. It is obtained from several Oriental trees that grow in northeastern Africa and Arabia. The hardened, semitransparent yellowish material is still used widely as ceremonial incense. Common frankincense is obtained from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the Norway </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">. When boiled in water and strained, the resin becomes Burgundy pitch, formerly used in making medicinal plasters.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Frankincense</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BarkGumOlibanumSpruce</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Olibanum</text>
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card_96008.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Four-O'Clock, common name for a medium-size family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for one of its genera. The family contains about 350 species in 34 genera, mostly in the tropical and subtropical parts of the New World; two genera are native to the Old World. The leaves are usually opposite on the stems and have unindented margins. The flowers are characteristic, although their parts are not easy to interpret. No petals exist, and the sepals (outer floral parts) are fused along their margins into a tubular perianth. This tube often persists on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> after the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> forms, and it may aid in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> dispersal. The ovary is superior (above and free from other floral parts) and has one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ovule</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers are usually subtended by one to several petal-like bracts that are the most conspicuous part of the blossom, although they are not technically part of the flower.A noted member of the family is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bougainvillea</a></span><span class="style1">, a spiny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> native to South America. Various hybrids and cultivars have been developed, making available a wide variety of bract colors. The four-o'clock genus is grown as a garden annual. Its flowers open in the afternoon, giving the family its name.Scientific classification: Four-o'clocks make up the family Nyctaginaceae. The name is applied particularly to plants.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Forsythia, small genus of yellow-flowered ornamental shrubs, native to Asia and southeastern Europe (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Olive</a></span><span class="style1">). The genus, comprising about eight species and several hybrid varieties, is named for the 18th-century British royal gardener William Forsyth. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> vary in height from about 1 to 3 m (about 5 to 10 ft). The bell-shaped flowers are closely set on graceful, drooping branches and blossom in the early spring before the leaves appear. The slender green leaves sometimes turn dark green, olive, or purple in autumn. The plants are hardy and grow well in a variety of soils. They are used frequently in hedges or borders.Scientific classification: Forsythias make up the genus Forsythia, of the family Oleaceae.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Forsythia</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningOlive</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>OlivePlants</text>
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<name>Forsythia</name>
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card_95442.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Forget-Me-Not, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Borage</a></span><span class="style1">) found in temperate areas worldwide. A number of species are common in ditches and damp meadows of the United States.The true forget-me-not has creeping perennial roots with ascending stems bearing small, sky-blue flowers. The most popular horticultural forget-me-nots are admired especially for their brilliant blue flowers. They are used extensively in gardens and beside pools and streams. A dark blue species, the Azores forget-me-not, requires </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> cultivation in temperate regions.Scientific classification: Forget-me-nots make up the genus Myosotis, of the family Boraginaceae. The true forget-me-not is classified as Myosotis scorpioides. The Azores forget-me-not is classified as Myosotis azorica.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Forget-Me-Not</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BorageGreenhousePlants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BorageGardening</text>
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<name>Forget-Me-Not</name>
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card_95156.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Forestry, management of forestlands for maximum sustained yield of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forest</a></span><span class="style1"> resources and benefits. Although forestry originally concerned mainly timber production, it now also involves the management of grazing areas for domestic livestock, the preservation of wildlife habitats, watershed protection, and the development of recreational opportunities. The management of forestlands therefore helps to ensure that wooded areas are used for maximum benefit according to their nature.History Attempts to regulate and manage forestlands occurred well before the 19th century in Rome, the Middle East, China, and Western Europe. Wars and political instability invariably interfered with these efforts; so destructive use of forests was common in the more densely populated countries. Early settlers in the U.S., for example, regarded forests as impediments to cultivation and sought to remove them as quickly as possible. This attitude fostered a ΓÇ£cut and get outΓÇ¥ philosophy among timber operators, and exploitative logging persisted well into the 20th century. Scientific forestry was initiated in the U.S. at the end of the 19th century largely through the influence of the federal government, with measures including the establishment of the Division of Forestry in 1885 and authorization of forest reserves in 1897. The latter became known as the National Forests in 1905, when the jurisdiction of reserves was transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture, and the Division of Forestry became the Forest Service. Since that time, forest management has been practiced on state and private lands as well as on federal holdings.Education in technical forestry began in Western Europe about 1825 with private schools in France and Germany; these were later replaced by state institutions. Until World War II, Western Europe was the world leader in scientific forestry, and many famous schools and institutes were established there. In the U.S. the first forestry curriculum was established in 1898. Forestry education is now offered in many universities throughout the country and elsewhere in the world.Practice Forestry comprises such specialties as dendrology, silviculture, forest protection, mensuration, engineering, utilization, and management. Dendrology concerns </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> identification, distribution, age determination, and species characteristics. Silviculture studies the relationship of a forest to its environment and involves the development, care, and reproduction of stands of timber. Forest protection examines sources of injury, including disease, erosion, insect and animal destruction, and fire. The science of measuring forest stands, including rate of growth and potential yield of standing timber, is called mensuration. Forest engineering concerns the mechanics of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> and transportation involved in modern timber growing and harvesting. Forest utilization considers the properties of wood and its conversion into lumber and wood products. Forest management applies business methods and the principles of technical forestry to the overall operation of forestlands.The practice of technical forestry includes many operations, from tree planting to harvesting. Central to the operation is the cycle of cutting and replenishment. Four major methods have been developed for this purpose: clear-cutting, selection, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, and shelterwood. In clear-cutting all trees in a given area are cut, and reproduction is obtained by artificial planting or by natural seeding from trees bordering the cleared areas. This method, adapted to light-demanding species, produces even-aged stands, allows control of stand composition, and is conducive to mechanized harvesting and disposal of slash, or logging debris. Selection cutting maintains a forest of mixed ages from which the largest and most mature trees are harvested periodically. Although this method is expensive and may cause injury to younger trees during logging, it provides continuous cover and an attractive forest and involves sounder ecological practices. In the seed tree method, about 10 percent of the trees in the cutting area are left in an evenly spaced pattern as a natural seed source. The shelterwood method, which involves the removal of the mature trees in cuttings over a 10- to 15-year period, promotes natural reproduction and produces relatively even-aged stands.Other practices contribute to the development of commercial forestry. These include artificial planting by direct seeding or transplants, especially in conjunction with clear-cutting; treatment with fertilizers to increase production; and the selection and breeding of timber trees, producing strains that excel in growth, disease resistance, or other desirable characteristics. These measures fit into the pattern of an intensive forestry in which greater production is obtained through technical knowledge and increased mechanization.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Forest, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> community, predominantly of trees or other woody vegetation, occupying an extensive area of land. In its natural state, a forest remains in a relatively fixed, self-regulated condition over a long period of time. Climate, soil, and the topography of the region determine the characteristic trees of a forest. In local environments, dominant species of trees are characteristically associated with certain shrubs and herbs. The type of vegetation on the forest floor is influenced by the larger and taller </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, but because low vegetation affects the organic composition of the soil, the influence is reciprocal. Disturbances such as a forest fire or timber harvesting may result in a shift to another forest type. Left undisturbed, ecological succession will eventually result in a climax forest community. Human intervention is practiced to maintain some desirable forest types.Classification Forests may be divided into the following eight general types on the basis of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> characteristics and climate.1. Deciduous forests of the temperate regions are the typical formation of the eastern United States. Two subtypes exist; forests of the same latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres are radically different, probably due to the continental climate of the northern hemisphere and the oceanic climate of the southern.2. Deciduous monsoon forests are characteristic of Bengal and Burma and common throughout Southeast Asia and India; they are also found along the Pacific coastal regions of Mexico and Central America. The climate is characterized by heavy daily rainfall, seasonally relieved by dry periods during which the trees shed their leaves.3. Tropical savanna forests are found in regions such as the campos of Brazil, where forest and grassland meet. Savannas, which occur widely in Africa and South America, are dominated by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> and sedges, with open stands of widely spaced trees that are frequently thorny. Some savannas are created by fire or by grazing and browsing mammals.4. Northern coniferous forests form a worldwide belt in subarctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere. Gnarled scrub trees dominate at the northern </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> line and on mountaintops. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spruce</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> trees are characteristic of the more northerly forests; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">larch</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1"> dominate farther south. These forests usually occupy formerly glaciated regions and occur in association with lakes, bogs, and rivers.5. Tropical rain forests are characteristic of central Africa and the Amazon watershed. Plant growth is profuse, and because the fall and regrowth of leaves occur gradually throughout each year, the forest is always active. Tree species are highly diverse but usually have smooth, straight trunks and large, simple leaves. Large vines are common, but the tangled growth of a jungle occurs only where the normal forest area has been abused or at a river's edge.6. Temperate </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> forests are found in the subtropical regions of North America and the Caribbean islands that have a warm maritime climate. The type is best developed along the Gulf Coast and in the Florida Everglades. The characteristic trees are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">live oak</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">magnolia</a></span><span class="style1">, palms, and bromeliads.7. Temperate rain forests, with broad-leaved evergreen trees, are common on Mediterranean coasts. Rainfall may be low, but the ocean-cooled air is moisture laden, and fogs are frequent. In the United States the temperate West Coast rain forests are dominated by hemlock, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1">, spruce, fir, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">redwood</a></span><span class="style1">.8. Tropical scrub forests occur in regions of slight rainfall, bordering wetter forests (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Chaparral</a></span><span class="style1">).United States Forests Three major forest areas exist in the United States. The western forests of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast are coniferous and contain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas fir</a></span><span class="style1">, ponderosa pine, western white pine, Engelmann spruce, and white fir. More than half of the softwood lumber yield of the United States comes from the productive Douglas fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. The South Atlantic and Gulf states account for most of the remaining softwood lumber, chiefly from longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, and slash pines. Hardwoods, yielding about one-fourth of the total production, are found in the eastern half of the United States, with particularly dense stands in the area surrounding the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Among the many hardwood species are oaks, black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">walnut</a></span><span class="style1">, yellow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poplar</a></span><span class="style1">, and sugar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1">.More than one-fourth of the forest area of the United States is under the administration of the Forest Service. Beginning in 1891 with a single area in Wyoming, the National Forest System had by the late 1980s expanded to more than 77 million hectares (191 million acres) in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.The earliest national forests, called forest reserves, were established through reservation of public lands. Present national forests, whose boundaries are established by Congress, cover areas that include about 17 percent privately held land, which the federal government is acquiring gradually. Almost every state has a state forester, whose duties involve administration and protection of state forestlands.Canadian Forests The forestlands of Canada stretch across the continent in a belt varying from about 800 to 950 km (about 600 to 1300 mi) in width. Forests producing usable timber cover about 3 million sq km (about 1.2 million sq mi). Coniferous trees make up four-fifths of the total, and deciduous trees the rest. The belt of conifers that extends from the Atlantic coast westward and northwest to Alaska includes spruce, balsam, fir, and pine, with poplar and white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">birch</a></span><span class="style1"> the principal deciduous species represented. South of this coniferous belt are the mixed forests of the Great Lakes, Saint Lawrence, and Acadian regions. Here the major conifers are eastern white and red pine, eastern hemlock, spruce, cedar, and fir. Also present are deciduous yellow birch, maple, oak, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basswood</a></span><span class="style1"> trees. On the western coast, in British Columbia, the large coniferous species provide more than one-fourth of all wood cut in Canada annually. Most important are cedar, hemlock, spruce, fir, and Douglas fir.More than 90 percent of productive forestland is publicly owned. Its administration and protection is largely vested in the various provincial governments, which lease the forests to private industry. In the three Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), however, a sizable proportion of the forestland is privately owned. On the federal level, the Canadian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Forestry</a></span><span class="style1"> Service of the Department of the Environment promotes improved management of forest resources and better products, in addition to providing advisory services to the provincial forestry administrations.Diseases and Pests Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mistletoe</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dodder</a></span><span class="style1">. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<text>BasswoodBirchCedarChaparralDiseases of PlantsDodderDouglasDouglas FirEvergreenFirForestryGrassesHemlockLarchLeafLive OakMagnoliaMapleMistletoeOakPinePlantPlantsPoplarRedwoodRootSpruceTreeWalnut</text>
<text><span class="style1">Flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Maple</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of about 150 species of mainly perennial shrubs and herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">). The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are native to warm regions of both hemispheres. They have long-stemmed, lobed leaves and bell-shaped flowers, about 2.5 to 7.5 cm (about 1 to 3 in) long, of various colors. In subtropical regions of the United States they grow in gardens; in cooler regions they are grown in greenhouses and as houseplants. Indian mallow yields a coarse fiber used for cordage.Scientific classification: Flowering maples make up the genus Abutilon, of the family Malvaceae. Indian mallow is classified as Abutilon theophrasti.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Flower, name applied to reproductive organs of certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">), which produce fruits containing seeds (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">). Not all </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> plants have flowers; conifers, for example, produce seeds on scales united to form a cone.Parts of a Flower Every flower is a terminal branch consisting of a modified </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, the floral axis, or receptacle. The floral axis bears one to four types of specialized appendages, or modified leaves, usually arranged in whorls in the more advanced flowers and spirally arranged in the more primitive ones. In a typical flower the outermost whorl, the calyx, consists of a number of sepals that protect the flower </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> before it blooms. The next whorl on the floral receptacle, the corolla, is composed of a number of petals, often bearing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">-producing glands that aid in attracting pollinators (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1">). The next whorl, the androecium, consists of a number of stamens that produce in anthers the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> necessary for reproduction. Two whorls of stamens may be present. The next, or innermost, whorl of the flower, called the gynoecium, consists of several carpels frequently fused to form a pistil. Each carpel contains at least one placenta to which are attached ovules, or immature seeds (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ovule</a></span><span class="style1">). The calyx and corolla are collectively known as the perianth.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are divided into two major classes, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">. In the dicots, floral organs in multiples of five or four predominate; in the monocots, multiples of three are usual.Types of Flower Most angiosperm species bear flowers that deviate from the norm described above. Flowers that bear sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are termed complete; a flower lacking any of these whorls is called incomplete. If the parts involved in reproductionΓÇöthe stamens or pistilsΓÇöare lacking, the flower is said to be imperfect. It is a perfect flower if both pistils and stamens are present. If only pistils are present the flower is said to be pistillate; with stamens only, staminate. Typical flowers are bisexual. When staminate and pistillate flowers occur on one plant, it is said to be monoecious; when they occur on different plants, dioecious.In many flowers, sepals and petals are uniform in size and arranged in a star-shaped, or radially symmetrical, form. Bilaterally symmetrical flowers, however, have petals that differ in size or shape. The five petals of the sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, include a large, showy banner, or standard petal; two smaller, winglike petals at the side of the flower; and between them the keel, two petals that encase the pistils and stamens. These are united along their edges.Floral parts vary in their relative positioning. In a hypogynous flower the sepals form the lowest whorl, followed by successively higher whorls of petals, stamens, and pistils. In a perigynous flower, there is a floral cup that surrounds the gynoecium with the other floral parts attached to the rim of the cup. In some cases the floral cup is the result of the fusion of the basal portions of the other floral parts; in other cases it is the result of an upward extension of the receptacle. In an epigynous flower, the floral cup is fused to the gynoecium, and the other floral parts are on top of the ovary, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. In some cases, the floral cup that is fused to the ovary is a result of fusion of floral parts; in other cases, it is a result of upward growth of the receptacle that is fused to the ovary.Evolution of Flowers Flowers that have numerous spirally arranged parts separately attached to their floral axes appeared earlier in the evolution of angiosperms. Flowers that vary from this condition are more derived. Thus, whorling, reduction of parts, fusion of parts, loss of parts, and bilateral symmetry indicate modification. The flower in possession of all or any one of these characteristics is more derived. If only one characteristic is present, the flower is considered derived for that characteristic alone. Buttercups and magnolias are among the oldest plants on earth in terms of resemblance to fossil ancestry, and snapdragons, mints, composites (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), and orchids are among the most advancedΓÇöthat is, more recently evolved.The composite is a special case. The flower of the composite (a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">daisy</a></span><span class="style1">, for example) is not a flower at all but a mass of many flowers called a head, or capitulum. The petals of the daisy are not single petals; they are five fused petals and are part of an entire, small, bilaterally symmetrical flower that is inserted at the rim of the head. The center of the daisy is composed of complete, perfect, radially symmetrical flowersΓÇöfrom a few to manyΓÇöwith five fused petals shaped to form a tube. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1">.Coloration of Flowers Two types of pigment are responsible for the coloration of flowers: fat-soluble pigments contained in chromoplasts and water-soluble pigments contained within the vacuoles of the epidermal cells of the petals. Most blues and purples seen in flowers are due to vacuolar pigments known as anthocyanins. These will change color depending on the degree of acidity or basicity, as well as on the type of anthocyanin pigment presentΓÇöif the vacuolar solution is basic, they are blue; if neutral, purple or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">; and if acid, red. Reds may also be due to the presence of chromoplast pigments. Yellows are often due to the presence of flavones, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">primrose</a></span><span class="style1">. The white appearance of petals is caused by numerous minute air pockets between the cells of the petals.Flower Fragrance The fragrance of flowers is caused by minute quantities of volatile oils formed by the alteration of essential oils in petals. Natural perfumes are made from such flowers as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heliotrope</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mimosa</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, and violet, among others. The various fragrances attract pollinators to the flower. Some flowers give off putrid odors, again to attract their pollinators, usually the house fly or a fly relative. Such flowers are called carrion flowers and usually smell like rotting flesh. Carrion flowers are not limited to any one family or order among the flowering plants.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Floriculture, cultivation of ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> for aesthetic purposes, whether grown in window boxes, greenhouses, or gardens. In floriculture, plants are grown for individual effect; in landscape </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gardening</a></span><span class="style1">, for total effect. Although flowers have been cultivated since the rise of civilizations, commercial cultivation in greenhouses of plants and flowers native to other countries was not established until the 19th century. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Horticulture</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fleabane, common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that emit an odor thought to drive away fleas and other insects. In the United States the most common fleabanes are the two species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">daisy</a></span><span class="style1"> fleabanes. In both species disk flowers are yellow and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers white, giving the appearance of small daisies. Common in waste places, they are about 10 to 76 cm (about 4 to 30 in) high at maturity and have stout stems bearing sharply toothed oval- or lance-shaped leaves.Scientific classification: Fleabanes belong to the family Compositae. The daisy fleabanes are classified as Erigeron annuus and Erigeron strigosus.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style1">Flax, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for plants of a genus within that family. One species is grown extensively for its fiber and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. The fiber products include linen threads and fabrics, and the seed is the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">linseed</a></span><span class="style1"> oil and meal. Other species are cultivated as ornamental plants or for pharmaceuticals.Flax plants range in height from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 40 in) and have shallow taproots. Because the stems contain the fiber, the taller varieties, which are sparsely branched, are used for fiber production. The seed-producing varieties have shorter stems and are more heavily branched. Both fiber and seed flaxes have narrow, alternate, lancelike leaves. The flowers are completely symmetrical, with five sepals, five petals, ten stamens, and up to ten seeds. The seeds are borne in five double-celled carpels, which are part of the pistil. The flowers of most cultivated varieties range in color from deep to pale shades of blue. Some varieties, which may have white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or red blossoms, make effective ornamental plants. Flaxseeds are shiny and may be dark brown, yellow, or mottled in color.Origin The use of flax fiber for cloth originated almost 10,000 years ago. Remnants of linen fishing nets and clothing and unworked flax have been found in Switzerland in the remains of Stone Age lake dwellings. The ancient Egyptians used linen shrouds, some of which are still preserved on mummies, and pictures of flax cultivation adorn the walls of various Egyptian tombs. Passages in the Bible refer to the manufacture of linen. Annual flax, which was cultivated in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Egypt for about 5000 years, still grows wild in the regions around the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, and the Black Sea.In North America flax was grown as early as 1626, and linen was the most important textile fiber until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. With the invention of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1"> gin in 1793, cotton became an extremely cheap raw material, and it largely displaced flax as a fiber source. Subsequently flax has been cultivated in the United States mainly for its seed.Fiber Flax Primarily a temperate-region </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, flax grows under a wide range of temperature and moisture conditions. High temperatures and high precipitation are, however, unfavorable for production of either flax or seed. Moderately fertile silt or clay loams are most satisfactory for cultivation.Fiber flax is harvested by uprooting the plants, which then are piled in the fields to dry. The seed is removed to be used for feed or oilseed or to be retained for planting. The straw is retted, a process that promotes partial decomposition of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> to permit separation of the fiber from the woody portions. In retting, the straw is spread on the ground in order to subject it to the action of rain, dew, and microorganisms, and to cyclic wetting, drying, freezing, and thawing. Another process, called water-retting, which is used in some countries, consists of immersing the straw in ponds, streams, or special tanks in which water and microorganisms promote decomposition.The retted stems are crushed and broken and the fiber is separated from the woody fragments, called shives. This process yields relatively long and straight fibers, known as line fibers, and short, damaged or tangled fibers, called tow. Flax tow is used primarily in upholstery. Having high tensile strength, line fibers are used in the manufacture of various threads employed in the bookbinding and shoe industries and in such products as twine, fishnets, and laces. Flax fibers are also used extensively in various types of linen cloth and other fabrics.France and Belgium produce high-quality fiber. Flax fiber is also produced in eastern Europe, and on a limited scale in Ireland and Canada. Small amounts of fiber flax have been cultivated in the United States, primarily in Michigan and Oregon, but little commercial production of flax fiber has taken place since 1950. The Soviet Union cultivated flax extensively; despite a large total yield, however, the quality of the fiber usually was inferior to that obtained from western Europe.Seed Flax Flax for seed is produced and harvested in about the same manner as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1"> and other small grains. The crop is most productive on loamy soils with moderate to high fertility. In California, India, and Argentina, seed flax is planted in the fall and matures in about 150 days. In the northern United States and in Canada and the northern latitudes in Europe, the crop is seeded in the spring and matures in 100 to 120 days. Yields and quality are best in relatively cool climates. High temperatures and drought during the time the seed is developing often reduce the crop yield and oil content.Seed flax does not compete well with weeds. It is planted on clean firm seedbeds, usually on acreage previously planted with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1"> or a similar intertilled crop, in which weeds have been killed by cultivation. The inability of seed flax to compete with weeds or other plants has made it valuable as a so-called nurse crop, or companion crop, for plantings of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">, clovers, and other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> legumes. Weeds in flax crops may be controlled by use of herbicide sprays.Flax seed yields from 30 to 40 percent linseed oil by weight. The oil is used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, linoleum, oilcloth, printing inks, soaps, and many other products. Since 1959 it also has been used as a coating for concrete pavements and bridge decks to prevent scaling and surface deterioration from heavy traffic, freeze-thaw cycles, and applications of salt or calcium chloride for snow and ice control. The oil cake, or linseed meal, which remains after the oil has been expressed, contains 30 to 40 percent crude protein and is a valuable feed for livestock.In recent years the fiber from seed flax has been used in the manufacture of high-grade and special-purpose papers. Most U.S. cigarette paper is manufactured from the fiber of domestically grown seed flax.Scientific classification: Flax plants make up the family Linaceae. The species grown extensively for its fiber and seed is classified as Linum usitatissimum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Flag, common name for several monocotyledonous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">) having sword-shaped leaves and bearing large, asymmetrical flowers. Each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> is dominated by a large petal called a banner. Species include the blue flags of North America, the sweet flag, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cattail</a></span><span class="style1"> flag.Scientific classification: Blue flags belong to the family Iridaceae and are classified in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Iris</a></span><span class="style1">. The sweet flag belongs to the family Araceae and is classified as Acorus calamus. The cattail flag belongs to the family Typhaceae and is classified as Typha latifolia.</span></text>
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<text>Flag</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CattailFlowerIrisMonocotsPlants</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Maple</text>
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<name>Flag</name>
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card_92413.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Fireweed, perennial flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evening primrose</a></span><span class="style1"> family. It is so named because it is often one of the first </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> to appear in a burned-over area. (The name is also given to other plants of similar habit.) Fireweed grows to about 2.5 m (about 8 ft) high. The flowers, usually purplish, grow on spikes, and the leaves are long. The plant spreads on underground runners that may quickly cover an area.Scientific classification: Fireweed belongs to the family Onagraceae and is classified as Epilobium angustifolium.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Fireweed</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Evening PrimrosePlantPlantsPrimrose</text>
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<name>Fireweed</name>
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card_91979.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Fir, common name for any of a genus of trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pine</a></span><span class="style1">). The trees, known as true firs, generally have a straight trunk with somewhat pyramidal growth. The branches grow in whorls from the trunk. The cones, which are erect at maturity, are composed of thin, close scales. Each scale bears two winged seeds. The flat leaves are scattered, with the midribs showing clearly on the whitish undersides.About 25 species of true firs are widely scattered throughout the northern hemisphere. The silver fir of Europe sometimes reaches a height of 46 m (150 ft), with large boughs curved upward at their outer extremities. The leaves are dark green above, with two white lines beneath. When seen from below, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> appears to have a silvery color. It is abundant in the mountains of southern and central Europe. It is also found in Asia, in the Caucasus Mountains.Ten species of fir are native to North America, growing chiefly in the region west of the Rocky Mountains. They achieve maximum growth in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">balsam fir</a></span><span class="style1"> is found from Virginia to Newfoundland and northwestward to the Yukon and Labrador. It grows from 12 to 18 m (40 to 60 ft) high, and its leaves are highly fragrant and resinous. The balsam fir, probably the best known of the true firs, is used for pulpwood and yields the oleoresin known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Canada balsam</a></span><span class="style1">. The noble fir, found in California, Washington, and Oregon, grows to a height of 30 to 60 m (100 to 200 ft), with a trunk as large as 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter. The alpine fir is smaller than the noble fir, growing commonly from 24 to 30 m (80 to 100 ft) high. It is found from New Mexico to Alaska in the Rocky Mountains. The lowland or grand fir, growing from Montana to the Pacific Coast, at times reaches a height of 91 m (300 ft). True firs do not have the resin ducts that typify true pines or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">, although these trees all resemble one another in softness of wood.Scientific classification: Firs make up the genus Abies, of the family Pinaceae. The silver fir of Europe is classified as Abies alba; the balsam fir as Abies balsamea; the noble fir as Abies procera; the subalpine fir as Abies lasiocarpa, and the lowland, or grand, fir as Abies grandis.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas Fir</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Figwort, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family comprising about 227 genera and 4450 species of mostly temperate herbs, and for its representative genus. Important members of the figwort family include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">calceolaria</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">foxglove</a></span><span class="style1">, the monkey </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">snapdragon</a></span><span class="style1">, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">speedwell</a></span><span class="style1">. The common foxglove yields the heart medication </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">digitalis</a></span><span class="style1">.The figwort family belongs to an order that contains 12 families and more than 11,000 species. The order is large and not easily characterized, either vegetatively or florally, and exceptions to the following generalizations are not uncommon. The leaves are simple and opposite. The flowers are complete; that is, all the basic parts are present. The four to six petals are fused to one another, at least at their bases, forming a tubular corolla. The ovary is borne above the other flower parts and matures into a capsule or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">.Other important families in the order are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bignonia</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with 112 genera and 725 species of mostly tropical trees, lianas, and shrubs; the gesneria family, with 150 genera and 2000 species of mostly tropical herbs; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">acanthus</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with 250 genera and 2500 species of mostly tropical shrubs; and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with 24 genera and 900 species of trees and shrubs. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the order range from the aquatic, threadlike, carnivorous bladderworts (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Insectivorous Plants</a></span><span class="style1">) to vines and gigantic tropical trees reaching 50 m (160 ft) in height. Individual plant parts also vary: The flowers and fruits of one genus of the figwort family are about 1 mm (about 0.04 in) long, whereas the fruits of the tropical sausage trees of the bignonia family are nearly 1 m (nearly 3 ft) long.Among the ornamentals of the order are two well-known North American plants, the princess </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the figwort family, and the catalpas of the bignonia family. The jacarandas and trumpet trees, also of the bignonia family, are natives of tropical America that are widely planted in tropical areas of the world. Ornamental vines include the herbaceous sky-flower of the acanthus family, and the woody cross vines and trumpet creepers of the bignonia family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lilac</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jasmine</a></span><span class="style1"> belong to the olive family. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sesame</a></span><span class="style1"> is an important oil plant.Several members of the order are important agricultural pests. These parasitic plants attach to the roots of host plants and depend on them for water and minerals while manufacturing their own food (such plants are termed semiparasites), or are entirely dependent on their hosts (holoparasites) because they lack photosynthetic pigments. The holoparasitic broomrapes attack potatoes and other food crops. Several genera of the figwort family are parasitic on the roots of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorghum</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöimportant agricultural </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇöand on peanuts and soybeans.Scientific classification: Figworts make up the family Scrophulariaceae of the order Scrophulariales. The representative genus is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Scrophularia</a></span><span class="style1">. The common foxglove is classified as Digitalis purpurea and the princess tree as Paulownia tomentosa. Broomrapes are classified in the genus Orebanche of the family Orobancaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fig, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mulberry</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the fruits of these plants. The common commercial fig, native to southwest Asia, is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a low, deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, about 5 to 8 m (about 15 to 25 ft) tall, having deeply lobed, alternate leaves that are rough above and smooth beneath; branches are covered with downy, greenish </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">.The small flowers of the fig </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> are borne on the inner surface of a fleshy, hollow organ called a receptacle, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is the result of further growth of the receptacle. Many commercial fig varieties produce no fertile </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">, and as fruit development cannot proceed without fertilization, pollen of the wild fig is used for these varieties. Fruits of other varieties develop without fertilization. To ensure </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> in fig orchards, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> branches of the wild fig are suspended in the vicinity of cultivated fig trees, a process known as caprification. Propagation is usually accomplished by cuttings.Commercial production of cultivated figs is widespread throughout the Mediterranean region. Most of the fruit is dried before marketing. In the United States, the major centers are California and Texas. The more popular Californian varieties are packed fresh or dried. Most Texas figs are canned.Another species of fig, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sycamore</a></span><span class="style1"> fig, is a taller tree that also bears edible fruit. The figs are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped, sweet, and slightly aromatic but inferior to the common fig. This tree is the true sycamore, mentioned several times in the Old Testament, and is a favorite shade tree in the Middle East. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pipal</a></span><span class="style1">, or sacred fig, is another tall member of the genus, growing in Southeast Asia. It is venerated by Buddhists and Brahmins, to whom it is known as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bo tree</a></span><span class="style1">. The common rubber plant, which is familiar in United States homes and conservatories, is a species of fig. In Southeast Asia, its native home, the plant's overall growth is much greater than under temperate conditions, and in this form it is known as the India rubber tree, a source of Assam rubber. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">banyan</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, or Indian fig, produces edible fruits.Two figs native to the subtropical United States develop from seeds germinated on the trunks of trees. Aerial roots are extended down the sides of the trunks, eventually establishing contact with the ground.Scientific classification: Figs constitute the genus Ficus, of the family Moraceae. The common commercial fig is classified as Ficus carica, the sycamore fig as ficus sycomorus, and the pipal, or sacred fig, as Ficus religiosa. The common rubber plant is classified as Ficus elastica, and the banyan tree, or Indian fig, as Ficus bengalensis. The two figs native to the subtropical United States are classified as Ficus aurea and Ficus citrifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fertilizer, natural or synthetic chemical substance or mixture used to enrich soil so as to promote </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> growth. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> do not require complex chemical compounds analogous to the vitamins and amino acids required for human nutrition, because plants are able to synthesize whatever compounds they need. They do require more than a dozen different chemical elements, and these elements must be present in such forms as to allow an adequate availability for plant use. Within this restriction, nitrogen, for example, can be supplied with equal effectiveness in the form of urea, nitrates, ammonium compounds, or pure ammonia.Virgin soil usually contains adequate amounts of all the elements required for proper plant nutrition. When a particular crop is grown on the same parcel of land year after year, however, the land may become exhausted of one or more specific nutrients. If such exhaustion occurs, nutrients in the form of fertilizers must be added to the soil. Plants can also be made to grow more lushly with suitable fertilizers.Of the required nutrients, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon are supplied in inexhaustible form by air and water. Sulfur, calcium, and iron are necessary nutrients that usually are present in soil in ample quantities. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lime</a></span><span class="style1"> (calcium) is often added to soil, but its function is primarily to reduce acidity and not, in the strict sense, to act as a fertilizer. Nitrogen is present in enormous quantities in the atmosphere, but plants are not able to use nitrogen in this form; bacteria provide nitrogen from the air to plants of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family through a process called nitrogen fixation. The three elements that most commonly must be supplied in fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Certain other elements, such as boron, copper, and manganese, need sometimes to be included in small quantities.Many fertilizers used since ancient times contain one or more of the three elements important to the soil. For example, manure and guano contain nitrogen. Bones contain small quantities of nitrogen and larger quantities of phosphorus. Wood </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> contains appreciable quantities of potassium (depending considerably on the type of wood). </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Clover</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">, and other legumes are grown as rotating crops and then plowed under, enriching the soil with nitrogen.The term complete fertilizer often refers to any mixture containing all three elements; such fertilizers are described by a set of three numbers. For example, 5-8-7 designates a fertilizer (usually in powder or granular form) containing 5 percent nitrogen, 8 percent phosphorus (calculated as phosphorus pentoxide), and 7 percent potassium (calculated as potassium oxide). While fertilizers are essential to modern agriculture, their overuse can have harmful effects on plants and crops and on soil quality. In addition, the leaching of nutrients into bodies of water can lead to water pollution problems such as eutrophication, by causing excessive growth of vegetation.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fern, common name for any of a division of cryptogamous (spore-producing) </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The fern phylum contains about 150 genera; estimates of the number of species range from 6000 to 15,000. Ferns are found throughout the world. Most grow in damp, shady places, although certain species grow on dry ground, soil, or rocks. Some ferns, in fact, grow only in rocky placesΓÇöin fissures and crevices of cliff faces and in boulders. Others grow as epiphytes, or air plants, on trees. Fossil remains of ferns have been found in rocks of the Lower Devonian Period. The phylum thus appeared on earth earlier than any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing plants. Ferns are among the oldest land plants. During the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian periods (about 300 million years ago) they were the dominant form of vegetation.Ferns vary in size from those only a few centimeters high to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> ferns of tropical regions, which may reach a height of 24 m (80 ft). Tree ferns have woody trunks without branches, topped with clusters of feathery leaves, or fronds. Most ferns, however, have no trunks, and fronds grow directly from a short underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">.The reproductive cycle of ferns consists of two generations, one asexual and one sexual. The asexual, or sporophyte, generation represents the fern </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> as it is commonly known. On the underside of the leaves, groups of spore cases, or sporangia, form. These can be observed as small brown spots, called sori. There are two major groups of ferns, leptosporangiate and eusporangiate. In leptosporangiate ferns, the sporangium develops from the outer derivative of a single epidermal cell, is slender-stalked, and produces fewer than 64 spores. In eusporangiate ferns, the sporangium develops from the inner derivatives of several epidermal cells, is sessile, or thin-stalked, and produces more than 256 spores. In many species all leaves are photosynthetic and bear sori. In others some leaves are sterile and photosynthetic, while other fertile leaves are nongreen and bear only sori. Upon drying out, the sporangium breaks open and in many cases catapults the spores into the wind.When a spore falls in a place that has the proper conditions of heat and moisture, it begins to germinate, developing into a small, sexual fern plant, or gametophyte, called the prothallium. The prothallium, which in no way resembles the asexual fern plant, is a small, flat, heart-shaped structure with a number of rhizoids growing on its underside. Also on the underside of the prothallium are the sexual organs: the female organ, or archegonium, and the male organ, or antheridium. In certain species these organs are carried on separate prothallia. Fertilization of the eggs carried in the archegonia takes place only in the presence of water, which causes both organs to swell and open. Only one sporophyte plant develops from each prothallium, and after development has begun, the parent prothallium dies.A large number of ferns are native to the United States and are frequently grown in gardens. Ferns used as pot plants are usually tropical species.The rhizomes, or underground stems, of certain ferns found in Asia and the South Seas are used for food. The delicate young fronds (leaves) of some European ferns, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1"> and the ostrich, are often eaten as greens.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Maidenhair Fern</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Ferns make up the division Filicinophyta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Fenugreek, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">), native to central Europe and western Asia. The leaves are triplicate leaflets that broaden toward the tip, with the middle leaflet stalked. The flowers are single, double, or triple, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> is cylindrical and sometimes slightly curved. The seeds of fenugreek are ground and used as an ingredient of curry powder and for flavoring cattle food. They contain an alkaloid, trigonelline, and have been used for medicinal purposes. In India fenugreek is grown for fodder, as it was in ancient Greece, thus the scientific name (Latin foenum, ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥; graecum, ΓÇ£GreekΓÇ¥).Scientific classification: Fenugreek belongs to the family Papilionoideae. It is classified as Trigonella foenum-graecum.</span></text>
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<text>Fenugreek</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>HayHerbLegumePodSeed</text>
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<name>Fenugreek</name>
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card_89387.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Fennel, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Parsley</a></span><span class="style1">), characterized chiefly by its aromatic leaves and seeds. Fennel grows from about 61 to 122 cm (about 24 to 48 in) in height and has small yellow flowers. The common fennel is cultivated in both Europe and America. Its leaves and seeds are used for flavoring. Another variety, called variously Florence fennel, sweet fennel, Italian fennel, or Cretan fennel, is cultivated in southern Europe. The bases of the leafstalks of Florence fennel are greatly enlarged and form a bulbous structure, which is bleached by earthing and then eaten raw or cooked. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> of Florence fennel is used widely in Italy as an aromatic condiment and as a medicine.Scientific classification: Fennel belongs to the family Umbelliferae. It is classified as Foeniculum vulgare. The common fennel is classified as Foeniculum vulgare variety azoricum, and the Florence fennel as Foeniculum vulgare variety dulce.</span></text>
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<text>Fennel</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>ParsleySpices</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>ParsleyPlantSeed</text>
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<name>Fennel</name>
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card_89279.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Everlastings, name given to various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that keep their color and shape on drying and may be kept for months or years without change. Their florets are surrounded by a circlet of enlarged flowerlike bracts that are rigid, membranous, and papery. The French call everlastings immortelles and often weave them into wreaths to place beside graves. They are also sometimes so used in the United States.Everlastings are mainly thistles (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Thistle</a></span><span class="style1">). The strawflower is an Australian annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, much grown in the United States. It is good as a fresh-cut </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and is one of the most suitable for dry bouquets. The winged everlasting is an Australian herb with white, hairy leaves. Various species of Australian annuals having </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, yellow, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1">, or purple inflorescences are also everlastings. Cupid's-dart, or blue succory, is a southern European </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with flat disk heads of blue </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. The common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">immortelle</a></span><span class="style1"> has dense hairs on the foliage and a flower head composed of silvery bracts surrounding purplish cylindrical flowers; a native of southern Europe, it is popular in gardens in the United States. Among native American species are the cudweed, or common everlasting, and the pearly everlasting. Both are common in the eastern United States and have white or pearly-white inflorescences. Among other flowers that do not fade or wither when picked, the best known are species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">amaranth</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Everlastings belong mainly to the family Compositae. The strawflower is classified as Helichrysum bracteatum, and the winged everlasting as Ammobium alatum. Australian annual everlastings are classified in the genus Podolepis. Cupid's-dart, or blue succory, is classified as Catananche caerulea; the common immortelle as Xeranthemum annuum; the cudweed, or common everlasting, as Gnaphalium praecox; and the pearly everlasting as Anaphalis margaritacea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Evergreen, name applied to any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that retains its foliage through two or more consecutive seasons. In contrast to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">deciduous plants</a></span><span class="style1">, which shed their leaves seasonally, evergreens retain their foliage anywhere from 1 to 18 years. Many commmon varieties, such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1">, and other members of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> family, have needle-shaped foliage, but most evergreens are broad-leaved. Some shrubs and trees are both deciduous and evergreen, depending on where they are grown. Many species are valuable for their timber, while </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mistletoe</a></span><span class="style1"> and other evergreen foliage is popular as Christmas decoration.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Evening </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Primrose</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a family of annual to perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, native largely to temperate regions of the western hemisphere. The family is named for the nocturnal flowering members of one genus, particularly the common evening primrose. This </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, which reaches more than 1.2 m (4 ft) high, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> with large yellow flowers. Others of this genus of about 200 species are also cultivated for their flowers, which range from white to purplish red. Day-blooming members are called sundrops. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fuchsia</a></span><span class="style1"> is another member of the family.Scientific classification: Evening primroses make up the family Onagraceae. The common evening primrose is classified as Oenothera biennis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Evening Primrose</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialFuchsiaPlantPlantsPrimrose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FireweedFuchsiaMyrtle</text>
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<name>Evening Primrose</name>
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card_88468.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Eupatorium, genus of about 38 </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), native to eastern North America and Eurasia. The plants, commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">boneset</a></span><span class="style1"> or thoroughwort, are usually perennials with erect stems, opposite leaves, and white, bluish, or purple flowering heads. In the United States, bonesets </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> in the late summer or fall and often form conspicuous parts of the fall flora, such as the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">joe-pye weed</a></span><span class="style1">. A few species are garden plants, others have been used in medicine, and still others are dangerous weeds, for example, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">white snakeroot</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Eupatorium belongs to the family Compositae. The common joe-pye is classified as Eupatorium purpureum. White snakeroot is classified as Eupatorium rugosum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Eucalyptus, genus of trees and some shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrtle</a></span><span class="style1"> family. This genus, which includes about 450 species, forms the preponderant vegetation and most valuable timber trees of western Australian forests. Eucalyptus trees are characterized by leathery, whitish leaves that hang vertically, their edges facing the sun, and their ragged </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> and peculiar aroma. Some trees in the genus are among the tallest trees known. One specimen of mountain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> with a height of at least 97 m (at least 318 ft) was found near Melbourne, Australia.Many species are known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> trees because of their resinous exudations. Among these are the blue gum and the cider gum, the lumber of which is widely used. Other species are known as stringybarks because of their fibrous inner bark. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peppermint</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, black peppermint and Sydney peppermint, are also included in this group. The ironbarks have hard gray bark and yield good timber. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Botany</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bay</a></span><span class="style1"> kino, a dark red, odorless gum employed as an astringent and a hemostatic drug and for tanning and dyeing, is derived from the ironbarks. The bloodwoods have reddish wood and also yield Botany Bay kino. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dragon's blood</a></span><span class="style1">, tannin, oils, dyes, tars, and acids are yielded by other species of eucalyptus. Scientific classification: The genus Eucalyptus belongs to the family Myrtaceae. The mountain ash is classified as Eucalyptus regnans, the blue gum as Eucalyptus globulus, and the cider gum as Eucalyptus gunnii. Black peppermint is classified as Eucalyptus amygdalina and Sydney peppermint as Eucalyptus piperata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ergot, name used interchangeably for a disease of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rye</a></span><span class="style1">, for the fungus causing the disease, for the sclerotium (compact hardened mycelium, or fruiting surface) of the fungus, and for the dried sclerotium, which contains certain valuable drugs.Ergot fungi are molds that infect rye and other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1"> and wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">. The filamentous mycelium of the mold spreads through the tissues of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and attacks the ovaries, which become deformed and enlarged and then wither. The deeper mycelium within the ovary becomes dense and hard, forming sclerotium.The dried sclerotium as used in medicine contains the crystalline alkaloids ergotamine, C33H35N5O5, and ergotinine, C35H39N5O5, and the amorphous alkaloid ergotoxine, C35H39N5O5. Histamine is also present in minute quantities. In moderate doses ergotamine causes the contraction of unstriped muscle fibers, such as those in terminal arterioles. It is used to control hemorrhage and to promote contraction of the uterus during childbirth; it is used also to treat migraine headaches. In large doses the drug paralyzes the motor nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. Ergotism, a disease of humans and animals, is caused by excessive intake of ergot: in humans, either by the overuse of the drug or by eating breadstuffs made with infected flour, and in cattle, by the eating of ergot-infected </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> and grass. Acute and chronic ergotism are characterized by mental disorientation, muscle cramps, convulsions, and dry gangrene of the extremities. One of the psychoactive drugs, LSD is chemically related to the ergot alkaloids.Scientific classification: Ergot fungi belong to the genus Claviceps, of the family Clavicipitaceae.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Ergot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CerealsFlowerGrainGrassesRye</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Rye</text>
</content>
<name>Ergot</name>
<script></script>
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card_87326.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Epiphyte, or air </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, plant that does not </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> in soil, but attaches itself to a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> or other tall object where it can secure light and moisture. Epiphytes are not parasitic; they live on airborne moisture and dust particles, which they absorb mainly through specialized leaves and, in many species, also through aerial roots that anchor the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, as well. The fleshy leaves of epiphytic orchids serve as food and water reservoirs. The leaves of some bromeliads are arranged to trap rainwater, or contain scales that open and close during moist or dry periods. In temperate regions many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, lichens, algae, and liverworts are epiphytes, as are many ferns and cacti in tropical and subtropical areas. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spanish moss</a></span><span class="style1"> and the popular houseplant staghorn </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1"> are familiar air plants.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Endive, also escarole, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">) having a curly, lettucelike head, with inner leaves that are used in salads. The inner leaves of the plant are sometimes blanched by enclosing the head of the endive in its outer leaves (which normally fall away) or by covering the entire plant with a special tube of paper. The long blanched shoot of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicory</a></span><span class="style1"> is called Belgian or French endive, or witloof.Scientific classification: Endive belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Cichorium endivia.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Endive</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ChicoryComposite FlowersPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>ChicoryComposite Flowers</text>
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<name>Endive</name>
<script></script>
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card_86844.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Elm, common name for trees and shrubs of a family widespread throughout the North Temperate Zone. The tall, deciduous trees of the representative genus have straight-veined elliptic leaves. The purple or yellowish flowers bloom in clusters and appear before the leaves unfold.The most common and most popular of the North American elms is the American elm, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> valued for its ornamental shade qualities, which often grows to 37 m (120 ft). Five other species from which numerous horticultural varieties have been developed, are native to the United States. The Chinese elm is a small half-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, frequently planted in the South and in California. The red (or slippery) elm is a common species of medium height. The rock (or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1">) elm, valued for its corky, winged twigs, is hardy in the New England area and northern portions of the United States. The wahoo (or winged) elm, is a small tree found primarily in Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.Another important species of elm is the English elm, which grows up to 30 m (100 ft) high; occasional specimens are much taller. Found throughout western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, it has been introduced into the United States and planted along the streets of many cities. The wood is compact, durable, and water resistant and is used for the manufacture of numerous items. The outer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> is used medicinally; dyes are also made from it. Also in the family, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hackberry</a></span><span class="style1"> genus contains about 80 species of trees and shrubs, some of which produce edible fruits.In recent years the elm population in the United States has been markedly decreased by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dutch elm disease</a></span><span class="style1">. The disease was introduced into the United States accidentally from the Netherlands; no effective control has been discovered for it, although several varieties of elm have been developed that are resistant to the disease.Elm trees are also frequently destroyed by insects that feed on their foliage. Examples of these insects include the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the bagworm. The elm-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> beetle is perhaps the most destructive to the foliage of the elm. It is a small yellowish-brown beetle, which begins to feed while the leaves are still young, eating large, round holes into them. The adult elm-leaf beetle deposits clusters of eggs on the undersides of the leaves and dies soon thereafter. The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Phloem</a></span><span class="style1"> necrosis, another serious disease, is caused by a virus carried by an insect, the leafhopper.Japanese zelkova, an elm species resistant to Dutch elm disease, has replaced the American elm as an ornamental tree in many areas of the United States. The name elm is also applied in Australia to a tall </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family.Scientific classification: Elms make up the family Ulmaceae. The American elm is classified as Ulmus americana, the Chinese elm as Ulmus parvifolia, and the red (or slippery) elm as Ulmus rubra. The rock (or cork) elm is classified as Ulmus thomasii, the wahoo (or winged) elm as Ulmus alata, and the English elm as Ulmus procera. The hackberry genus is Celtis. The Japanese zelkova is classified as Zelkova serrata and the tall shrub of Australia of the family Solanaceae as Duboisia myoporoides.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Elm</text>
</content>
<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BarkCorkDutch Elm DiseaseEvergreenHackberryLeafNightshadePhloemShrubTree</text>
</content>
<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>BarkDutch Elm DiseaseHackberryLeafMistletoeNettle</text>
</content>
<name>Elm</name>
<script></script>
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card_86584.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Elephant's Ear, common name for about eight species of large herbs of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to tropical Asia and Polynesia. The leaves, which give the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> its name, may reach a length of 1 m (40 in) in some species. Several species are grown as house and garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the United States, including culcas, with shield-shaped leaves edged and veined in purple. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Taro</a></span><span class="style1">, which grows in the islands of the Pacific, has large edible underground tubers. Like other members of the arum family, elephant's ear plants contain calcium oxalate, which produces a burning sensation and sometimes swelling in the mouth and throat if the leaves are eaten.Scientific classification: Elephant's ears make up the genus Colocasia of the family Araceae. Culcas is classified as Colocasia esculenta variety antiquorum and taro as Colocasia esculenta.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Elephant's Ear</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumPlantPlantsTaro</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Arum</text>
</content>
<name>Elephant's Ear</name>
<script></script>
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card_86082.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Elecampane, common name for a hardy, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), that grows to a height of about 1 m (about 3 ft) and has large, toothed leaves and yellow flowers with three-notched rays. The thick, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> is bitter to the taste, has a camphorlike smell, and contains inulin, a carbohydrate used in medicine. Elecampane is found from England to southern Europe, and in Asia as far east as the Himalayas. It grows wild in North America from Nova Scotia as far south as Georgia and as far west as Ontario and Minnesota. The root of the elecampane was cultivated in ancient times and was used as a diuretic and a diaphoretic.Scientific classification: The elecampane belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Inula helenium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Elecampane</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BranchingComposite FlowersHerbRoot</text>
</content>
<name>Elecampane</name>
<script></script>
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card_85939.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Elder (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), also elderberry, common name for any of a genus of trees and shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1">). About 20 species occur in widely distributed areas. The common elder of Europe grows to 9 m (30 ft) in height and is sometimes grown North America. It has large compound leaves, dense, flat clusters of cream-colored flowers, and, later, black berries. The American, or sweet, elder, common along roads and in neglected meadows in the United States, resembles the common elder of Europe, except that it has white flowers and purplish-black berries. Its thick, soft stems break easily and are filled with a cottony pith. The American red-berried elder is noted for its scarlet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, as is the European red elder.The berries of many elder are used for making wines and jellies. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> themselves, however, and especially the roots, contain active ingredients that produce severe purging if eaten. In some cases children have been poisoned by using the stems as straws or blowguns. Animals usually avoid elder.Scientific classification: Elders make up the genus Sambucus, of the family Caprifoliaceae. The common elder of Europe is classified as Sambucus nigra, the American, or sweet, elder as Sambucus canadensis, the American red-berried elder as Sambucus pubens, and the European red elder as Sambucus racemosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Eglantine, common name for a dense </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">), also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweetbrier</a></span><span class="style1">. It is often 1.8 m (6 ft) tall, with stems that bear hooked prickles. The upper side of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is dark green, the underside much lighter in color. The leaves have a pleasant aroma. The flowers, which occur as inflorescences of one to three blossoms, are bright </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> and sweet-scented and have short stems. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red or scarlet. Native to Europe, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is widely cultivated in North America. The name eglantine has been used for the Austrian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brier</a></span><span class="style1"> and dog rose; it is also sometimes applied to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The eglantine belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Rosa eglanteria. The Austrian brier is classified as Rosa foetida and the dog rose as Rosa canina.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Eggplant, common name for an East Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> it bears. Varieties include the common eggplant, the dwarf eggplant, and the snake eggplant, which has long, slender, curved fruits. The common variety bears from two to five purple, white, or yellowish fruits that vary in diameter from 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 in) and resemble an egg in shape. Eggplants are cultivated for their edible grayish pulp.Although the eggplant is a perennial, it is widely grown in temperate climates as an annual. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> grow slowly, and they are damaged by temperatures below 10┬░ C (50┬░ F).Scientific classification: Eggplants belong to the family Solanaceae. The East Indian herb is classified as Solanum melongena, the common eggplant as Solanum melongena variety esculentum, the dwarf eggplant as Solanum melongena variety depressum, and the snake eggplant as Solanum melongena variety serpentium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Eggplant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Nightshade</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbNightshadePlants</text>
</content>
<name>Eggplant</name>
<script></script>
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card_85007.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Edelweiss, common name for a densely woolly perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), found at high altitudes in Asia and Europe. The inconspicuous blossoms are borne in heads surrounded by woolly, petal-shaped leaves. The edelweiss is readily cultivated in gardens in the United States and Europe and grows best in coarse, sandy loam. It is the floral emblem of Switzerland.Scientific classification: Edelweiss belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Leontopodium alpinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Edelweiss</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Composite FlowersHerb</text>
</content>
<name>Edelweiss</name>
<script></script>
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card_84881.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Ebony, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and for trees of its representative genus. Because of its wood and fruits, the ebony family, with close to 500 species, is probably the best-known and most important member of its order. Several tropical species in the representative order are exploited for their hard, dense wood. Ebony wood varies in color from species to species but has the common characteristics of being derived from the heartwood of the trees and of being capable of taking a beautiful polish. Other Temperate Zone species of the same genus produce persimmons. These include the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">persimmon</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the United States, and the kaki, originally from China but now widely grown elsewhere.The order to which the ebony family belongs comprises 5 families and about 2000 species. Leaves are simple and entire. Flowers are bisexual with many stamens and superior ovaries (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1">). Many members of the order, primarily in the Tropics, produce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">; other characteristics vary considerably. Useful products include wood, latex derivatives, and edible fruits.The snowbell family contains 12 genera and about 180 species. In tropical areas, trees of this family are tapped to extract saplike materials containing benzoin, used in medicine and incense, and storax, useful as an antiseptic. Snowbell and silverbell are useful ornamentals in temperate areas.The final family of note is the sapote family with about 70 genera and about 800 species. This group occurs mainly in the moist lowlands of the Tropics. Several genera, little known elsewhere, produce delicious fruits with such names as gambeya, sapote, marmalade </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plum</a></span><span class="style1">, and star </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1">. Some species produce balata, a milky latex that was useful in such items as golf balls and insulators before the discovery of natural rubber (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">). The elastic ingredient in chewing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicle</a></span><span class="style1">, is derived from the latex of sapodilla, although synthetic substitutes are now widely employed.Scientific classification: Ebony is the common name for the family Ebenaceae of the order Ebenales. The common persimmon is classified as Diospyros virginiana and the kaki as Diospyros kaki. Snowbells belong to the family Styracaceae. The sapodilla belongs to the family Sapotaceae and is classified as Manilkara zapota.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dutch </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Elm</a></span><span class="style1"> Disease, disease of elm trees, caused by a fungus. The disease is characterized by gradual yellowing of the leaves and defoliation. Eventually the infected </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> dies. The fungus is transmitted from diseased trees to healthy elms by various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> beetles native to the United States and by the small European bark beetle. Hope for controlling the disease rested with a technique developed in the 1970s of injecting a fungicide solution into a hole drilled at the base of the tree. This proved effective in preventing the disease or arresting it in its early stages. Badly infected trees are cut down and burned, and all dead elm wood, which might harbor the fungus, is removed.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dutch Elm Disease</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkElmTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Elm</text>
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<name>Dutch Elm Disease</name>
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card_84235.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Dumb Cane, common name for some </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> frequently grown as ornamental foliage plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Arum</a></span><span class="style1">). A full-grown dumb cane is at least 1.8 m (6 ft) tall with a thick, erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> scarred by the points of detachment of dropped leaves. The leaves are large, ovate, simple-bladed, and stalked. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> blade has a strong central vein with a large number of secondary veins running from the main vein to the edge of the blade. Its leaves usually have irregular areas of lighter green, yellow, or off-white that follow the veining pattern.The leaves and stem contain dangerous quantities of needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate. The plant's name is derived from the fact that a person who chews it may experience an intense burning sensation and then lose speech. In severe cases, swelling at the base of the tongue may block the air passage of the throat, with fatal results if not treated in time.Scientific classification: Dumb cane belong to the family Araceae. The name is applied especially to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dieffenbachia</a></span><span class="style1"> sequine.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dumb Cane</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumDieffenbachiaLeafPlantPlantsStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Dieffenbachia</text>
</content>
<name>Dumb Cane</name>
<script></script>
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card_83867.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Dry Rot, decay of seasoned wood caused by the attacks of any of a number of species of fungi. These fungi penetrate to the interior of timbers and consume the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cellulose</a></span><span class="style1"> in the wood fibers, leaving the timbers porous, although the wood may appear sound on the surface. The decay, dry rot, is so called because of the powdery appearance of the decayed wood, but the term is misleading because the fungi need water to live, and dry rot appears only in wood that has been exposed to moisture. The best method of preventing dry rot in any type of wood construction is to avoid dampness. If dampness is unavoidable, as in outdoor construction, creosote or other compounds may be used to protect timbers.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dry Rot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Cellulose</text>
</content>
<name>Dry Rot</name>
<script></script>
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card_83502.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Dragon's Blood, oleoresin, usually dark red in color, derived from the coat of the ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of several species of trees, particularly of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rattan palm</a></span><span class="style1"> (see Palm). Other trees that yield dragon's blood include the dragon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. Dragon's blood is used in photoengraving and is sometimes used for coloring varnishes.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dragon's Blood</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>EucalyptusGum</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitPalmRattan PalmTree</text>
</content>
<name>Dragon's Blood</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_82431.xml
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<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fir</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a large coniferous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, named for the British botanist David Douglas. It is sometimes called Douglas </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spruce</a></span><span class="style1"> but is not closely related to either the firs or the spruces. The Douglas fir occasionally reaches a height of 76 m (250 ft) and commonly grows to 60 m (200 ft) in height and 2 m (6 ft) in diameter. It is the most important timber tree of the western United States and British Columbia and is particularly abundant in Oregon and Washington. Douglas fir lumber, usually known as Oregon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> or yellow fir, amounts annually to about one-fourth of all the lumber produced in the United States. The saplings are popular as Christmas trees.Scientific classification: The Douglas fir belongs to the family Pinaceae. It is classified as Pseudotsuga douglasii.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Douglas Fir</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DouglasFirPineSpruceTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>ConiferDouglasFirForestPine</text>
</content>
<name>Douglas Fir</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_82548.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Douglas, David (1798-1834), British botanist, born in Scone, Perth, Scotland. After working as a gardener in the Glasgow botanical gardens, he was sent to the Pacific coast of the United States as a collector for the British Royal Horticultural Society. In the course of this expedition and subsequent surveys in California, Oregon, and British Columbia, Douglas discovered more than 150 varieties of native American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and trees, all of which he introduced into England. His name was given to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas fir</a></span><span class="style1"> and to the Douglas squirrel of northern California.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Douglas</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>ConiferDouglas FirFirForestPine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Douglas FirFirPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Douglas</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_82109.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Dogwood, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> distributed mainly in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, with a few species occurring in tropical South America and Africa. Of the 14 genera in the family, only the dogwood genus is native to North America. Members of the family are mostly trees or shrubs with simple, opposite leaves. Well-known exceptions, however, are the bunch </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">; and the pagoda dogwood, which has alternate leaves. Dogwood flowers are small and are produced in branched terminal clusters that are sometimes surrounded by showy white bracts. Thus, the so-called petals of the familiar flowering dogwood are actually bracts.The main economic importance of dogwoods </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> from their valuable ornamental species, grown for their attractive flowers, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> bracts, fruits, twigs and stems, and colorful autumn leaves. In addition to the species already mentioned, most of which are commercially grown, others commonly found in cultivation include the Cornelian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, the red-osier dogwood, the Japanese dogwood, and certain sour gums (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sour Gum</a></span><span class="style1">). The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the Cornelian cherry, a native of Europe, is used in France to make an alcoholic beverage, vin de courneille, and is also used in preserves. Oil extracted from the fruit of the blood-twig dogwood is used in France for making soap. The wood of several species is used in furniture.The order to which the dogwoods belong contains 4 families and about 150 species, about 100 of which are in the same family as dogwoods. The sour gum family contains three genera. The two other families both contain one genus. Members of the order vary greatly in flower structure, making the order difficult to characterize. The flowers are usually small, however, with the four or five sepals commonly reduced in size and forming a tube that is fused to the ovary (female flower part). A </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">-producing disk is usually present on the upper part of the ovary. Four or five petals are commonly found; they are not fused to one another. Occasionally, however, the petals are absent.Scientific classification: Dogwoods make up the family Cornaceae, in the order Cornales. The bunch berry is classified as Cornus canadensis, the pagoda dogwood as Cornus alternifolia, the flowering dogwood as Cornus florida, the Pacific dogwood as Cornus nuttalli, the Cornelian cherry as Cornus mas, the red-osier dogwood as Cornus stolonifera, the Japanese dogwood as Cornus kousa, and the blood-twig dogwood as Cornus sanguinea. The sour gums commonly found in cultivation are classified in the genus Nyssa, in the family Nyssaceae. The two other families in the order Cornales are Alangiaceae and Garryaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dogbane, common name for a group of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and for the family to which the group belongs. Two species, spreading dogbane and Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1">, are widely distributed in the United States and Canada on poor soils of waste areas, roadsides, and gravel banks. Both species are perennial herbs and somewhat woody; the former is more branched and spreading than the latter. They have opposite leaves, copious milky juice, and pencil-like pods hanging in clusters. The pods are filled at maturity with a cottony mass of milkweedlike fuzz and seeds. Indian hemp was used by Native Americans as a source of fiber for making rope. Vegetation of both species contains a number of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">glycosides</a></span><span class="style1">, which make them toxic when eaten. Other members of the family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">periwinkle</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oleander</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Dogbane species belong to the family Apocynaceae of the order Gentianales. Spreading dogbane is clssified as Apocynum androsaemifolium. Indian hemp is classified as Apocynum cannabinum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dodder, common name for a group of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">morning glory</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Dodder is also called love </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">, strangleweed, goldthread, and hell-bind. It is one of the few higher plants that are parasitic on other plants. It has yellowish or reddish threadlike twining stems and no leaves or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1">. During germination, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> attaches itself to surrounding vegetation by means of sucking organs called haustoria, through which it takes nourishment from the host. Dodder is especially harmful to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alfalfa</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1"> and is also found on ornamental plants. Commercial clover and alfalfa </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> is always specially treated to avoid contamination by dodder seed.Several species are common in Europe and the United States. Dodder are annuals, with small white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, or yellow flowers, which appear from summer to autumn. The plants produce an abundance of seeds until frost.Scientific classification: Dodders belong to the family Convolvulaceae. They constitute the genus Cuscuta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dock (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a group of about 200 species of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckwheat</a></span><span class="style1"> family, widely distributed in temperate areas of the world. Dock plants usually have stout taproots and large basal leaves. The flowers lack petals and are individually inconspicuous, but they are often brightly colored and borne in dense clusters. Most species are weeds. Great water dock, which grows to 2 m (6 ft), is cultivated for landscaping; the leaves of curly dock and patience dock are used as pot greens. The roots of canaigre, or wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhubarb</a></span><span class="style1">, a red-stemmed plant native to the southwestern United States, produce tannins, used in leather manufacture. Both the leaves and leafstalks of wild rhubarb are eaten, although the leaves of the unrelated garden rhubarb are poisonous. The lower-growing species of dock are also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorrel</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Docks belong to the family Polygonaceae. Great water dock is classified as Rumex hydrolapathum, curly dock as Rumex crispus, patience dock as Rumex patientia, and canaigre, or wild rhubarb, as Rumex hymenosepalus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BuckwheatPlantPlantsRhubarbSorrel</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BuckwheatSorrel</text>
</content>
<name>Dock</name>
<script></script>
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card_80902.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Dittany, common name for various </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> order. Dittanies are used as a seasoning and for brewing mint teas. American dittany, a North American perennial, has bell-shaped white to purple flowers. It is also known as stone mint and sweet horsemint. Crete dittany grows in the Mediterranean area and resembles </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marjoram</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Dittanies belong to the order Lamiales. American dittany is classified as Cunila origanoides. Crete dittany is classified as Origanum dictamnus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dittany</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MarjoramMintPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Dittany</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_80817.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Diseases of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1">, deviations from the normal growth and development of plants incited by microorganisms, parasitic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, nematodes, viruses, or adverse environmental conditions. In the United States alone, known </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant diseases</a></span><span class="style1"> attributable to these causes are estimated to number more than 25,000; the estimated annual losses therefrom add up to several billion dollars. Injuries to plant life due primarily to insects, mites, or animals other than nematodes are not regarded as plant diseases.Bacteria-Induced Diseases Bacterial diseases are marked by various symptoms, including soft rot, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> spot, wilt of leaves and stems, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">canker</a></span><span class="style1">, leaf and twig </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blight</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gall</a></span><span class="style1"> formation. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fire blight</a></span><span class="style1">, a disease of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">apple</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, is historically interesting because it was the first plant disease in which a bacterium was shown to be the inciting agent. Infected trees exhibit a blackening of the flowers, leaves, and twigs, and the disease finally may involve the entire </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, causing serious damage and even death. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> canker, an Asian disease of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> tree and its relatives, is characterized by corky growths on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, leaves, and twigs. Common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">scab</a></span><span class="style1"> of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">potato</a></span><span class="style1">, bacterial canker of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tomato</a></span><span class="style1">, angular leaf spot of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">black rot</a></span><span class="style1"> of crucifers are a few of the bacterial plant diseases prevalent in the U.S. Crown gall, or plant cancer, which occurs in a wide range of woody plants and some herbaceous groups, is a striking example of bacteria-induced disease.Destructive Fungi The majority of plant diseases are incited by fungi. Fungus diseases have been observed and commented on since ancient times. Biblical records mention blights and mildews on the cereal and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> crops of the ancient Hebrews. Fungus diseases were responsible for several major catastrophes in various parts of the world. Prominent among these fungal diseases was the late blight, a disease of the potato, which invaded Europe after 1845 with particularly devastating results in Ireland. Powdery mildew of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grape</a></span><span class="style1">, native to America, became established in France and nearly wrecked the French wine industry. A parasitic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, destroyed the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1"> plantations of Sri Lanka and other Oriental countries. In the U.S. the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">, an important timber, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, and tannin-producing tree, was subsequently eliminated by an introduced Oriental fungus. More than 1400 species of rust fungi, all parasitic, and several hundred species of smut fungi occur in North America. Equally large numbers of fungi in other groups produce a large array of diseases characterized by leaf spots, ulcerous lesions, blights, powdery and downy mildews, cankers, wood rots and stains, root rots, wilts, club root, and various other symptoms.Viral Infections The viruses cause as wide a range of host reactions as do the bacteria and the fungi. The number of recognized virus diseases of plants has increased rapidly in recent years. Typical symptoms of viral infections include mosaic patterns, yellowing of foliage, veinclearing, ring spots, stunting and premature death, malformations, and overgrowth. Under some conditions the symptoms may be masked. Such virus diseases as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1"> yellows, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1"> mosaic, potato-leaf roll, and curly top of beets have been studied intensively because of heavy losses to U.S. crops afflicted with these diseases. All economic plants suffer from one or more of these obscure but potentially dangerous diseases. Virus diseases are infectious and are transmitted largely by insects. Control of these insects is the best means of reducing the disease incidence. Virus infections also may be transmitted in the process of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1">, by contamination of the soil, and less commonly by means of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> or parasitic flowering plants. Among the flowering plants or so-called higher plants are a few true parasites that cause injury or death to their hosts. The mistletoes, dodders, and root parasites of the genera Striga and Orobanche (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broomrape</a></span><span class="style1">) are the more common of these parasitic plants.Nematodes Nematodes, or roundworms, are an important cause of disease in plants. For many years attention was focused on the root-knot nematodes, which cause fleshy root knots or galls on plants. More recent investigations were concerned with other species, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1"> nematodes, which live in the leaves, stems, bulbs, and roots of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">narcissus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">phlox</a></span><span class="style1">, and many other plants, and the leaf nematodes, growing in herbaceous plants including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">begonia</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chrysanthemum</a></span><span class="style1">. The golden nematode of the potato plant and of related plants and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">soybean</a></span><span class="style1"> cyst nematode are recent introductions into the U.S. that are causing increased concern.Environmental Enemies Nonparasitic diseases attributable to adverse environmental conditions are numerous and include many of economic importance. Major causes of these diseases are excessively high or low temperatures, soil-moisture disturbances, atmospheric impurities, lightning, and nutritional disorders. Low temperatures, for example, are responsible for winter injury to fruit trees and potatoes, and high temperatures produce such disturbances as water core of apple and heat canker of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flax</a></span><span class="style1">. Excessive or irregular water supplies cause a variety of troubles, such as blossom-end rot of tomatoes. Disease-producing atmospheric impurities include escaping illuminating gas and smelter fumes; the latter in particular may be responsible for widespread killing of crops and forests. Lightning frequently causes injuries to plantings of cotton, bananas, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugarcane</a></span><span class="style1">, potatoes, and many other field crops. Excessive soil acidity adversely affects many plants; on the other hand, high alkalinity may be deleterious. An excess of nitrogen or any other substance required for normal growth may cause abnormalities in plant development. Mineral deficiencies also cause diseases, and the characteristic symptoms produced by lack of each of many minerals are well established.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dioecism (Greek di, ΓÇ£twoΓÇ¥; oikos, ΓÇ£houseΓÇ¥), condition in which the male and female reproductive organs of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> species are borne on different individual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. In certain ferns and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, for example, one gametophyte bears the antheridium, or male reproductive organ, and the female organ, the archegonium, is borne on another. In dioecious </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> plants, such as the willows, the stamens and pistils occur on separate plants. In monoecious plants, such as the oaks, the staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers are borne on different branches of the same plant. Where both these organs occur in a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> (as is usually the case), the plant is monoclinous. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dill, common name for an annual or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family. It grows wild in grainfields of southern Europe, the British Isles, and the United States and is also cultivated as an herb. Dill has a strong, aromatic taste; its leaves are used for flavoring pickles and sauces.Scientific classification: Dill belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Anethum graveolens.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dill</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialHerbParsley</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningParsleySpices</text>
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<name>Dill</name>
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card_79933.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Digitalis, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">figwort</a></span><span class="style1"> family. One species introduced from Europe, the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">foxglove</a></span><span class="style1">, is a self-seeding </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> or perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, widely grown in gardens and naturalized along roadsides and in meadows or logged-off areas, especially in the western United States. The naturalized </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> bears a showy, terminal cluster of hanging, tubular, spotted, purple flowers. Cultivated varieties are of various colors and markings. The erect stems are about 91 cm (about 36 in) tall with numerous large, thick leaves at the base.Digitalis, a drug prepared from digitalin, a glycoside obtained from the common foxglove, is used in medicine. With techniques of modern pharmacology, about a dozen steroid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">glycosides</a></span><span class="style1"> have been isolated from the leaves. The best known of these exert a twofold action on the heart that results in a more effective heartbeat. These medicines strengthen the force of contraction and, at the same time, slow the beat so that the period of relaxation between beats is lengthened. The heart muscle thus obtains more rest even though it is working harder.Poisoning may occur in humans or grazing animals if more than a small amount of the glycoside enters the system. Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and gross disturbances in heartbeat and pulse. In sufficient amounts, digitalis can lead to convulsions and death.Scientific classification: The genus Digitalis belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae. The common foxglove is classified as Digitalis purpurea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dieffenbachia, genus of about 30 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The shrublike plants occur throughout tropical America and grow to no more than about 1.8 m (about 6 ft) high, with leaves up to 0.6 m (2 ft) long. The shiny leaves are splotched with red, yellow, or white in many species. The flowers grow on a stalk. Some species are grown as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">house plants</a></span><span class="style1">. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dumb Cane</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Dieffenbachia belongs to the family Araceae. Two species commonly grown as house plants are Dieffenbachia amoena and Dieffenbachia seguine.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dicots, popular name for dicotyledons, one of the two large groups of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">. A number of floral and vegetative features of dicots distinguish them from the more recently evolved monocotyledons (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Monocots</a></span><span class="style1">), the other class of flowering plants. In dicots the embryo sprouts two cotyledons, which are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves that usually do not become foliage leaves but serve to provide food for the new seedling.</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts of dicots are in fours or fives, and the leaves usually have veins arranged in a reticulate (netlike) pattern. The vascular tissue in the stems is arranged in a ring, and true secondary growth takes place, causing stems and roots to increase in diameter. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1"> forms are common. Certain woody dicot groups (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Magnolia</a></span><span class="style1">) exhibit characteristics such as large flowers with many unfused parts that are thought to be similar to those of early flowering plants. About 170,000 species of dicots are known, including buttercups, maples, roses, and violets.Scientific classification: Dicots make up the class Magnoliopsida, in the phylum Magnoliophyta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dewberry, common name for any of several varieties and species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blackberry</a></span><span class="style1">. Dewberries differ from other types of blackberry chiefly in having long, slender stems that trail along the ground. One species is often grown in gardens because the fruits ripen as much as two weeks earlier than those of other blackberry species. The western dewberries are also trailing, and by hybridization the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">loganberry</a></span><span class="style1">, youngberry, and boysenberry have been derived from them. In Great Britain the name dewberry is applied to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of a different species.Scientific classification: The dewberry often grown in gardens is classified as Rubus flagellaris. The western dewberries are classified as Rubus ursinus and Rubus macropetalus. In Great Britain the name dewberry is applied to the fruit of the species Rubus caesius.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dewberry</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BlackberryFruitLoganberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BlackberryBrambleLoganberryRose</text>
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<name>Dewberry</name>
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card_78348.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Delphinium, common name for any of about 250 species of annual and perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Delphiniums are native to the northern hemisphere worldwide. The flowers, which grow on spikes, are usually blue or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1">, but white, red, and yellow species exist. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of five large sepals with four to six spurred petals at the center. The leaves are deeply divided. Some species grow to 2.5 m (8 ft) or higher. Many varieties have been developed as garden flowers. In the wild, some species contain poisonous alkaloids such as aconitine (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Aconite</a></span><span class="style1">) that can cause severe illness or even death in grazing animals. Delphiniums are also called larkspurs, but the garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">larkspur</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs in another genus.Scientific classification: Delphiniums make up the genus Delphinium of the family Ranunculaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1">, plants that shed their leaves annually at the approach of a season of cold or drought. The term is also applied to plants that drop leaves, fruits, or flowers at maturity, in contrast to those that retain their foliage or flowers. Plants that keep their foliage throughout the year are called evergreens (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">).</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Deciduous Plants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BaneberryEvergreenGardening</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenPlants</text>
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<name>Deciduous Plants</name>
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card_77317.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Day </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> originally native to Europe and Asia. The flowers of most species bloom for only a brief period, although the plants may produce flowers for several weeks or a month. A number of species are cultivated, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1"> lily, a native of Siberia and northern China, which has fragrant yellow flowers, and the tawny day lily, with tawny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. In addition to these and other natural species, a large number of hybrid day lilies have been bred and have become popular in the United States. Flowers of these hybrids have a wider range of color, including shades of purple, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, and red, and a considerable variety in the size and form of the blooms. Day lilies are rewarding garden plants; they are resistant to disease and insects and thrive in both sun and shade in many soils.Scientific classification: Day lilies belong to the family Liliaceae. The lemon lily is classified as Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus. The tawny day lily is classified as Hemerocallis fulva.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Day Lily</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Gardening</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LemonLilyOrangePinkPlants</text>
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<name>Day Lily</name>
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card_76815.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Date </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Palm</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for several related trees found in tropical regions. The common date palm is native to northern Africa, southwest Asia, and India and is cultivated extensively in hot, dry regions throughout the world. The trunk is straight and rough and grows to a height of up to 18 m (up to 60 ft). It bears a head of waxy-green, barbed leaves, about 3 m (about 9 ft) long, and a number of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> spikes that, on the female </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, bear 200 to 1000 dates each. A cluster of dates weighs up to 12 kg (up to 25 lb), and the annual yield of a single tree may reach 270 kg (600 lb). The tree begins to bear about the eighth year, reaches maturity at 30 years, and begins to decline at about 100 years. From earliest times, fertilization has been aided by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> off the male </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> cluster just before the stamens ripen and suspending it among the flowers of the female tree.In many parts of northern Africa, Iran, and Arabia, date palms are the main wealth of the people, and dates are the chief article of food. The fleshy part of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> contains about 58 percent sugar and 2 percent each of fat, protein, and minerals. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> stalks are used for basketry and wickerwork, leaves are woven into bags and mats, and fiber from both is made into cordage.Another species, the sugar date palm, or toddy palm, is cultivated in India for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. The sap may be boiled down to form jaggery, or gur, a crude sugar; or it may be used as a fresh beverage, or to make palm wine, from which arrack, a rumlike liquor, may be distilled.Date palms are often cultivated in the southern United States for ornamental effect in regions too cool for the fruit to ripen. The blue date palm grows in clumps and has silvery blue foliage; the pygmy date palm is a dwarf species that is also popular in the north as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> or houseplant.Scientific classification: Date palms belong to the family Palmae. The common date palm is classified as Phoenix dactylifera, the sugar date palm as Phoenix sylvestris, the blue date palm as Phoenix zeylanica, and the pygmy date palm as Phoenix roebelenii.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Daphne (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">), genus of shrubs native to Europe and Asia but frequently grown in gardens in the United States. Mezereon is a small, deciduous shrub that bears clusters of fragrant purple flowers along its bare, woody stems in very early spring. Soon, foliage appears and hides the scarlet berries that develop from the flowers. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> is another ornamental daphne; it bears </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> foliage and has bluish-black berries and slightly fragrant yellowish-green flowers. The foliage, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, and berries of daphnes are poisonous. The attractive berries, when taken into the mouth, produce an immediate, intense burning; if swallowed, they cause severe intestinal burning. Eating only a few berries may be lethal to a small child.Scientific classification: Daphnes belong to the family Thymelaeaceae, in the order Myrtales. Mezereon is classified as Daphne mezereum. The spurge laurel is classified as Daphne laureola.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Daphne</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BarkEvergreenLaurelShrubSpurge</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous Plants</text>
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<name>Daphne</name>
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card_76345.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Dandelion, common name for stemless perennial or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> herbs of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, especially the common dandelion. The species has long taproots, rosettes of deeply incised lanceolate leaves, and flat flower heads containing bright yellow florets on hollow, stemlike stalks. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> of the common dandelion contains a substance used as a laxative; the root is also roasted and ground as a substitute or adulterant for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1">. The leaves are used for salad greens and potherbs, and the flowers are sometimes used for making wine. It is occasionally cultivated, especially in Europe, but is found chiefly as a persistent weed in all temperate regions. The red-seeded dandelion is similar to the common species, but is smaller, with reddish seeds and darker down. A Russian species has some importance as a source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Dandelions belong to the family Asteraceae. The common dandelion is classified as Taraxacum officinale, the red-seeded dandelion as Taraxacum erythrospermum, and the Russian species that is a source of latex as Taraxacum kok-saghyz.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dandelion</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialCoffeeFlowerLatexRoot</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Composite Flowers</text>
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<name>Dandelion</name>
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card_76240.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Daisy, common name for a number of flowering herbs of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1">. True daisies include the English daisy, a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> with a yellow disk and small white or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> rays, and the western daisy of the United States, which has </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> or purple rays. Various other species are called daisies, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">African daisy</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">black-eyed Susan</a></span><span class="style1"> is a common United States wild flower with a dark brown disk and yellow rays.Scientific classification: Daisies belong to the family Compositae. The English daisy is classified as Bellis perennis and the western daisy of the United States as Astrathium integrifolium integrifolium. African daisies make up the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Arctotis</a></span><span class="style1">. The black-eyed Susan is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rudbeckia</a></span><span class="style1"> hirta.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Dahlia, genus of about 28 species of tuberous-rooted perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Central America and Mexico, they were introduced to Europe about 1790 and further cultivated by the Swedish botanist Anders Dahl, a pupil of Carolus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linnaeus</a></span><span class="style1">. The genus is named for him. The dahlias introduced into cultivation </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grew</a></span><span class="style1"> to a height of about 2.2 m (about 7.5 ft) and produced single flowers with a yellow disk and scarlet rays. A number of different types of dahlia have been developed with single, double, and multiple rows of rays and with flower heads that vary from small, tight pompons to broad, curling rays that resemble peonies. Flowers of every shade except blue have been produced by hybridizing.Scientific classification: Dahlias belong to the family Asteraceae. The dahlias introduced into cultivation probably belonged to the species Dahlia pinnata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Dahlia</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BulbComposite FlowersGardening</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerGrewLinnaeusPlants</text>
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<name>Dahlia</name>
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card_75412.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cypress (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for several related coniferous trees and shrubs. The common cypress, native to the Mediterranean region, is a symmetrical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> that resembles some poplars and often reaches a height of more than 27 m (about 90 ft). It has a close-grained yellow or reddish wood so resinous that it resists rotting even after prolonged submersion in water. The Monterey cypress is an even larger tree found on the Pacific Coast in California. It sometimes grows as tall as 46 m (about 150 ft), with a base trunk circumference of 3 m (10 ft). This cypress is normally symmetrical but is often distorted into fantastic shapes by the action of the winds. Another true cypress is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1"> of Goa, or Portugal cedar, which is often planted in the United States for the decorative effect of its spreading branches.Among trees to which the name cypress is often applied are two trees of the western United States, the Port Orford cedar and the yellow cedar, and a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> of the eastern United States, the white cedar. These are so-called false cypress. The bald cypress is a valuable timber tree of Mexico and the southern United States. It is deciduous, with a massive trunk as much as 52 m (170 ft) high. This tree grows at the edges of swamps or streams, and its roots form natural crooks, or knees, that extend above the water. The knees are frequently used for curved members in the construction of wooden boats.Scientific classification: Cypress make up the family Cupressaceae. The common cypress is classified as Cupressus sempervirens, the Monterey cypress as Cupressus macrocarpa, the cedar of Goa as Cupressus lusitanica, the Port Orford cedar as Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, the yellow cedar as Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, and the white cedar as Chamaecyparis thyoides. The bald cypress is classified as Taxodium distichum, of the family Taxodiaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cyclamen, genus of decorative </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">primrose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to Europe and Asia, and grown in gardens and greenhouses in the United States. The cyclamens are perennials and produce cormlike tubers. The petals are bent sharply downward, and the leaves are marked with white along the veins. The most common cyclamens in U.S. gardens are hybrids of the Indian, or Persian, cyclamen, with flowers of white or various shades of red, on stalks about 17 cm (about 7 in) tall. Two other species are also grown: one with deep red flowers, the other with white and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers.Scientific classification: Cyclamens belong to the family Primulaceae. The Indian, or Persian, cyclamen is classified as Cyclamen persicum. The species with deep red flowers is classified as Cyclamen europaeum, the species with white and pink flowers as Cyclamen neapolitanum.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cyclamen</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Primrose</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PinkPlantsPrimrose</text>
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<name>Cyclamen</name>
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card_74713.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cycad, common name for a phylum of slow-growing palmlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. Today only 11 genera and 150 species of cycads occur, but during the Age of the Dinosaurs, the Jurassic Period, some 200 million years ago, they were the dominant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> life. Cycads are primitive gymnosperms (ΓÇ£naked </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥ plants) with motile sperm cells, producing exposed seeds in conelike clusters at the apex of the plants. They occur in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas. Most are good-size plants of unbranched columnar stems with frondlike leaves clustered at the tip. The only species that occurs in the United States is found in the sandy woods of Florida. This and other species are a source of sago to make bread and other starchy foods. Cycads are evergreens with attractive foliage, and plants of all genera are cultivated for their horticultural value. They are grown out-of-doors in warm areas and as houseplants in colder regions. One species, the Sago Cycas, is a popular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bonsai</a></span><span class="style1"> subject. Most cycads are in danger of extinction because of indiscriminate collectors.Scientific classification: Cycads constitute the phylum Cycadophyta. The representative genus is Cycas of the family Cycadaceae. The species found in the United States is classified as Zamia pumila and the popular bonsai species as Lycas revoluta.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cycad</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BonsaiGymnospermPlantPlantsSeed</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>ArrowrootGymnospermTracheophytes</text>
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<name>Cycad</name>
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card_74282.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Custard </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Apple</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a family comprising more than 2000 species of mostly tropical trees and shrubs, and for its representative genus. Members of the family have aromatic leaves and fragrant flowers, typically containing three sepals and six petals. They have numerous stamens spirally arranged and numerous separate carpels (ovary-bearing floral parts), which mature into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> consisting of an aggregate of berries. The fruit is usually round, brown to yellowish with a yellow pulp, and edible.Pawpaw, which is sometimes planted for its foliage and form, is a well-known North American member of the family. The custard-apple genus contains several species that produce large, aromatic, sweet-tasting fruits; these include the pond apple of southern Florida and, in tropical regions, sweet-sop; soursop; and cherimoya. The ilang-ilang </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, a native of Southeast Asia, produces delicately scented flowers from which oils used in perfume are distilled.Scientific classification: Custard apples belong to the family Annonaceae. The representative genus is Annona. The pawpaw is classified as Asimina triloba, the pond apple as Annona glabra, the sweet-sop as Annona squamosa, the soursop as Annona muricata, the cherimoya as Annona cherimola, and the ilang-ilang tree as Cananga odorata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Custard Apple</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AppleFruitTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>MagnoliaPapaw</text>
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<name>Custard Apple</name>
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card_73856.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Currant, common name originally applied to a small, seedless </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">raisin</a></span><span class="style1">, the dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grape</a></span><span class="style1">, and now also given to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and fruits of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saxifrage</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plants of the latter genus bear fruit in clusters and have smooth stems. These currants are common in cultivation in home and commercial gardens in cooler regions of Europe and North America. The fruit is acid and is used mainly in cooking and for jams and jellies. Red and white varieties are also used in making wine, and black currants in making a liqueur called cassis.Both red and white varieties of these currants have been developed from the common currant and its hybrids with the red currant. One species of black currant was popular, but, because it is a common host of the white-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> blister rust, it is being eradicated in many parts of the United States. Another species, the American black currant, is more resistant to rust, and several red varieties, including Viking and Red Holland, are completely immune. Other species, grown more for ornamentation than for fruit, include the golden currant, with yellow flowers and purple fruit, and the buffalo currant, with fragrant yellow flowers and black fruit. Native currant is the name applied in Australia to several unrelated edible berries similar in taste and appearance to currants.Scientific classification: Currants make up the genus Ribes of the family Saxifragaceae. The common currant is classified as Ribes sativum, the red currant as Ribes rubrum, and the black currant that is a host of the white-pine blister rust as Ribes nigrum. The American black currant is classified as Ribes americanum, the golden currant as Ribes aureum, and the buffalo currant as Ribes odoratum.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gooseberry</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cumin, also cummin, common name for a dwarf annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Cumin is native to the Middle East and is widely cultivated for its seedlike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, which resembles </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">caraway</a></span><span class="style1"> seeds in taste. Cumin is used to flavor curries, soups, and meats. The plant attains a height of about 15.24 cm (about 6 in) and has a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> that bears small, white or pinkish flowers.Scientific classification: Cumin make up the genus Cuminum of the family Umbelliferae.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cumin</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BranchingCarawayFruitPlantStem</text>
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<name>Cumin</name>
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card_73222.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cucumber, common name for a trailing or climbing annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Asia, it is widely cultivated in North America and Europe for the immature </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, which resembles a long, green cylinder. The fruit is picked at various stages of development and is usually eaten raw or pickled. Small cucumbers, picked when they are 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 in) long, are known as gherkins. Different varieties of cucumbers vary in length from about 10 to 76 cm (about 4 to 30 in). If the cucumber is allowed to mature, the fruit bulges in the middle, changes in color from green to yellow, and is not fit to eat.Scientific classification: The cucumber belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is classified as Cucumis sativus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cucumber</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CornFruitGourd</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitGourdHerb</text>
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<name>Cucumber</name>
<script></script>
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card_73212.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Crocus, genus of hardy perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to southern Europe and Asia and widely cultivated. Crocuses produce a single tubular </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and grasslike leaves growing from a corm, or underground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> base. Common autumnal species include the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">saffron</a></span><span class="style1"> crocus, which has a bright </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1"> flower from which the dye and flavoring agent saffron is made, and a crocus whose flowers are a more delicate shade of lilac. The yellow cloth-of-gold crocus is one of the earliest blooming flowers in temperate climates. Other spring species are the Dutch crocus, which is also yellow, and the early crocus with lilac or white flowers. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Autumn Crocus</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Crocuses belong to the family Iridaceae. The saffron crocus is classified as Crocus sativus and the autumnal species with flowers of a more delicate shade of lilac as Crocus speciosus. The yellow cloth-of-gold crocus is classified as Crocus susianus, the Dutch crocus as Crocus moesiacus, and the early crocus as Crocus imperati.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cress, common name for a number of herbs, most of which are used as garnishings or in salads for their pungent flavor and high vitamin C content. One of the most common cresses is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">watercress</a></span><span class="style1">, a perennial that grows in brooks and springs or in wet ground. Garden cress, also called peppergrass, is an Asian annual sometimes cultivated in the United States. A similar native species is wild peppergrass, a common weed. The various species known as bitter cress include the cuckooflower, found in bogs and other wet areas in the northern United States. Indian cress is known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nasturtium</a></span><span class="style1">, although it is not related to the garden nasturtium.Scientific classification: Cresses belong to the family Cruciferae. Watercress is classified as Nasturtium officinale, garden cress as Lepidium sativum, wild peppergrass as Lepidium virginicum, and the cuckooflower as Cardamine pratensis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cress</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>MustardWatercress</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>NasturtiumWatercress</text>
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<name>Cress</name>
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card_72523.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Creosote Bush, common name for five related species of bushes of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Growing to a height of about 3 m (10 ft) in dry, hot regions, creosote bushes range from the southwestern United States into South America. The name derives from the tarlike odor of the resin. An individual creosote bush can live for up to 100 years, but the crown of the bush also splits into several lobes that eventually bend over into the surrounding soil and develop their own roots and branches. Because these new shoots are genetically identical to, or clones of, the original bush, the spreading </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> may be thought of as still constituting the original one. An elliptical grouping of such clones found in the Mojave Desert has been dated as about 11,700 years old, arguably making it the oldest </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> life yet known.Scientific classification: Creosote bushes belong to the family Zygophyllaceae. They constitute the genus Larrea. The name applies particularly to the species Larrea tridentata.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Creosote Bush</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenPlantPlants</text>
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<name>Creosote Bush</name>
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card_72233.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Crape </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Myrtle</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for an ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> or small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, a member of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">loosestrife</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to China, it is widely cultivated in the southern United States and elsewhere for its showy white to red or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, which grow in clusters up to 25 cm (10 in) wide. The tree itself rarely stands more than about 9 m (about 30 ft) high. On large limbs the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> peels to expose a much lighter colored bark below.Scientific classification: The crape myrtle belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is classified as Lagerstroemia indica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cranberry, common name for several species of low vines of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heath</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their small, sour, seedy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, which belong to the same genus as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blueberry</a></span><span class="style1">, have drooping, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers and small, thick, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves. The small, or European, cranberry grows wild in marshlands of temperate and colder regions of Europe and North America. The large, or American, cranberry is cultivated in the northeastern United States in sand-covered bogs that can be flooded or drained at will. Flooding protects the vines from frosts and freezing weather and destroys insect pests. Most of the cranberry crop produced in the United States each year is canned as sauce or jelly or bottled as juice. The cowberry, or mountain cranberry, is common in both Europe and North America. It is gathered and sold in considerable quantity but is rarely cultivated. The highbush cranberry, with its clusters of white flowers followed by red berries, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">honeysuckle</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Its fruit is sometimes used as a substitute for cranberries.Scientific classification: Cranberries belong to the genus Vaccinium of the family Ericaceae. The small, or European, cranberry is classifed as Vaccinium oxycoccos; the large, or American, cranberry as Vaccinium macrocarpon; and the cowberry, or mountain cranberry, as Vaccinium vitis-idaea. The highbush cranberry belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae and is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Viburnum</a></span><span class="style1"> opulus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Crabgrass, common name for any of several annual and perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">. Although originally a native of Europe, crabgrass has become naturalized in all parts of the United States. In the field it may grow to more than a meter high, bearing 3 to 12 spreading, purplish spikes at the top. The blades are coarse and hairy.Several species are cultivated in the southern United States for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and pasturage, but elsewhere it is a noxious weed and crowds out </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lawn</a></span><span class="style1"> grasses. The stems lie along the ground and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> wherever the nodes touch the earth; thus the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> spread rapidly. Even cuttings often take root. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> dies early in the autumn, leaving brown patches in the lawn. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Weed Control</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Crabgrasses belong to the family Poaceae. The most familiar species is classified as Digitaria sanguinalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Crab </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Apple</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain wild and cultivated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> trees of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The bright red to yellow, small, acid fruit of several species is used in cooking, especially for jellies. Several species and varieties are cultivated for their showy blossoms. Crab apple trees vary in height from about 0.9 m to more than 11.2 m (about 3 ft to more than 40 ft). Species found in the United States include the American, or wild, crab; the Siberian crab; and the prairie crab, all of which have pinkish blossoms fading to white. Medium-size trees include the Japanese flowering crab, and the showy crab, which bear large red to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> blossoms in profusion. Among the small trees is the 4.6-m (15-ft) Siebold crab, with bluish-pink blossoms. Several varieties with double blossoms have been developed.Scientific classification: Crab apples belong to the family Rosaceae. The American, or wild, crab </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> is classified as Malus coronaria; the Siberian crab as Malus baccata; the prairie crab as Malus ioensis; the Japanese flowering crab as Malus floribunda; the showy crab as Malus spectabilis; and the Siebold crab as Malus sieboldii.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Crab Apple</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AppleFruitPinkRoseTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Gardening</text>
</content>
<name>Crab Apple</name>
<script></script>
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card_71161.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cowslip, common name for flowers of several genera of the same family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">primrose</a></span><span class="style1">). The name most commonly refers to the European primrose and the American shooting star. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marsh marigold</a></span><span class="style1"> is also sometimes called a cowslip. The Cape cowslips are bulbous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> related to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">. Virginia cowslip is another name for the Virginia </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bluebell</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Borage</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Cowslips belong to the family Primulaceae. The European primrose is classified as Primula veris, the American shooting star as Dodecatheon meadia, and the marsh marigold as Caltha palustris. The Cape cowslips are classified in the genus Lachenalia. The Virginia cowslip is classified as Mertensia virginica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cowpea, common name for any of a genus of leguminous herbs. Cowpeas are sprawling or twining herbs with triple leaves and with pods 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) long, enclosing several kidney-shaped seeds. Cowpeas were originally native to Asia and are now an important </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> and cover crop in the southern United States. The seeds, usually called black-eyed peas or black-eyed beans, are cooked and eaten. A South American variety is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, which has a long, shriveled </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Cowpeas belong to the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae. The name applies particularly to the species classified as Vigna unguiculata. The asparagus bean is classified as Vigna unguiculata, variety sesquipedalis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cowpea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AsparagusBeanForagePod</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeanBlack-Eyed Pea</text>
</content>
<name>Cowpea</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_70485.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cow </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Parsnip</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which includes the edible parsnip. They are stout perennial (or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">) weeds that usually grow in shaded, marshy places. The common cow parsnip of the North Temperate Zone reaches a height of about 2.4 m (about 8 ft). It has trisected leaves that are fuzzy underneath, and in the summer it bears umbels (clusters) of white flowers that may be up to 50 cm (20 in) wide. Although it can be an annoying weed, it has also been planted for ornamental purposes. The stalks are sometimes eaten like </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">celery</a></span><span class="style1">, but the leaves can irritate humans and animals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">giant hogweed</a></span><span class="style1"> of western Asia now also occurs in the United States.Scientific classification: Cow parsnips belong to the family Apiaceae. The common cow parsnip is classified as Heracleum sphondylium. The giant hogweed is classified as Heracleum mantegazzianum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cotton, natural </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> fiber of great economic importance as a raw material for cloth. Its widespread use is largely due to the ease with which its fibers are spun into yarns. Cotton's strength, absorbency, and capacity to be washed and dyed also make it adaptable to a considerable variety of textile products.Cotton </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plants</a></span><span class="style1"> Cotton is produced by small trees and shrubs of a genus belonging to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mallow</a></span><span class="style1"> family, which also includes </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hibiscus</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">okra</a></span><span class="style1">, and the familiar swamp mallow. The immature </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, called a square, blossoms and develops into an oval boll that splits open at maturity, revealing a mass of long white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> hairs, called lint, that cover a large number of brown or black seeds. When fully mature and dry, each of these hairs is a thin flattened tubular cell with a pronounced spiral twist and is attached to a seed. The length of the individual fibers ranges from 1.3 to 6 cm (0.5 to 2.5 in). Shorter fibers that grow from the seeds are called linters.A few species are grown commercially; these range from a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of Asia, to the common American Upland cotton, a low, multibranched </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> that is grown as an annual. Another species includes the long-fiber Egyptian and Sea Island cottons botanically derived from the Egyptian species brought to the United States about 1900. Sea Island cotton thrives in the unique climate of the Sea Islands, located off the southeastern coast of the United States, and on the islands of the West Indies such as Barbados. As with Egyptian cotton, the fiber is white and lustrous but its fiber length is longer than that of any other type of cotton, which permits the spinning of extremely fine yarns. Pima, originally called American-Egyptian cotton, is a hybrid type. It is the only variety of long-fiber cotton now grown in commercially significant quantities in the United States, where it is cultivated under irrigation in the Southwest.It is almost impossible to determine the original habitats of the various species of cotton. Scientists have determined fiber and boll fragments from the Tehuacán Valley of Mexico to be about 7000 years old. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has certainly been grown and used in India for at least 5000 years and probably for much longer. Cotton was used also by the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, and North and South Americans. It was one of the earliest crops grown by European settlers, having been planted at the Jamestown colony in 1607.Cultivation Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long growing season, plenty of sunshine and water during the period of growth, and dry weather for harvest. In general, these conditions are met within tropical and warm subtropical latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. The U.S. Cotton Belt stretches from northern Florida to North Carolina and westward to California.In the United States, production of the crop for a given year starts soon after harvesting the preceding fall, when many cotton farmers chop or shred the stalks with machines. The residue is plowed under and the land usually left rough until spring tillage. Planting time varies from the beginning of February in southern Texas to the beginning of June in the northern sections of the Cotton Belt.A number of methods, chemical and mechanical, have been used to control weeds and grass, including intensive spraying of herbicide before and after planting. The cultivator, rotary hoe, and flame cultivator are also used to destroy weeds.Approximately 95 percent of the cotton in the United States is now harvested mechanically with spindle-type pickers or strippers. Pickers are used extensively in irrigated lands. The picker has vertical drums equipped with wire spindles that engage and pull the cotton from open bolls. Strippers are used primarily in western Texas and western Oklahoma. They are “once-over” machines that pull the bolls from the plant.Cotton Insects and Diseases In addition to the flowers, the underside of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> of the cotton plant contains a small cuplike structure holding </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">. These deposits and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> make the plant attractive to a variety of insect pests. Chief among these is the boll weevil. The use of early maturing strains of cotton plus the application of several chemicals and control methods have greatly reduced losses from boll-weevil infestation. The bollworm, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> larva of a small moth, is believed to have been a native of India but is now parasitic on cotton all over the world. The larvae burrow into the bolls and eat the seeds. In the United States the pink bollworm is largely confined to Texas and the western sections of the Cotton Belt. Quarantine, fumigation of seed, and destruction of trash removed from the cotton in ginning are control measures. The bollworm-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1"> budworm also is one of the most damaging cotton pests in terms of losses and control costs. Armyworm, thrips, lygus, and red spider are among other significant pests.Among the serious diseases to which the cotton plant is subject is the wilt caused by a fungus which enters the roots from the soil and manufactures a poison. No treatment is known, but wilt-resistant strains of cotton have been developed. Another fungus disease is boll rot or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anthracnose</a></span><span class="style1">, caused by sac fungus. The best control is using seed from fungus-free fields.Processing When cotton arrives at the cotton gin, it is sucked into the building through pipes placed in the trailers or trucks. In many plants it first enters driers that reduce the moisture content for easier processing. The cotton travels next to equipment that removes burrs, sticks, dirt, leaf trash, and other foreign matter. It then moves to the gin stand, where lint is separated from the seeds. After separation from the seeds, the lint is packed tightly into bales. For the processing of cotton fiber to make yarn, cloth, and cordage.Marketing In determining the value of cotton, workers class samples from each bale according to staple, grade, and character. Staple refers to fiber length. Short staple accounts for about 25 percent of the domestic crop and is used in many coarser textiles. Medium staple accounts for about 70 percent of U.S. cotton, and long staple and extra-long staple for about 5 percent.Grade refers to color, brightness, and amount of foreign matter. Standards for grading U.S. cotton are established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and revised from time to time. The highest of the grades are Good Middling and Strict Middling. Six color groupings indicate the degree of whiteness from white to gray. Character refers to the diameter, strength, body, maturity (that is, ratio of mature to immature fibers), uniformity, and smoothness of the fibers.Cottonseed Once a waste-disposal problem for gins, cottonseed is now a valuable by-product. The seed goes to oil mills, where it is delinted of its linters in an operation similar to ginning. The bare seed is then cracked and the kernel removed. The meal that remains after the oil has been extracted is high in protein. Linters are used for padding in furniture and automobiles, for absorbent cotton swabs, and for manufacture of many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cellulose</a></span><span class="style1"> products such as rayon, plastics, lacquers, and smokeless powder for munitions. The hulls, or husks, are used as feed for cattle. Kernels, or meats, provide cottonseed oil. The cake and meal are used for feed and flour. Foots, the sediment left by cottonseed oil refining, provides fatty acids for industrial products.Production Cotton ranks just behind </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">, soybeans, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> among the leading cash crops of United States agriculture and is among the nation's principal agricultural exports. The leading cotton-producing states are Texas, California, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Arizona.Surplus stocks of cotton on hand in the United States fluctuated widely during the 1970s. The world economic recession of 1973-74 ushered in a period during which both production and consumption of cotton dropped. Production, however, fell faster than consumption, and by the mid-1970s the U.S. surplus had been reduced to the lowest level in 50 years in order to compensate. Toward the end of the decade, rising prices caused by the shortages had stimulated increased production, but at the same time these higher prices made domestic cotton more vulnerable to competition from artificial fibers and imported cotton goods. World demand for cotton continued to be erratic, and some groups lobbied for increased price-supports, but an upward trend began in the 1980s.Cotton is still a principal raw material for the world's textile industry, but its dominant position has been seriously eroded by synthetic fibers. In the United States, cotton accounts today for about 35 percent of the materials processed in textile mills, as against 80 percent before World War II. Net per capita consumption of cotton fibers in the United States, after declining by more than one-third between 1950 and 1970, increased during the 1980s and by the early 1990s was about 12 kg (about 27 lb) per year.World production of cotton in the early 1990s stood at 18.9 million metric tons annually. In the 1930s, the United States produced more than half the world's cotton; by the early 1990s it was turning out about a sixth. The other leading producers included China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cosmos, genus of tropical American herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">) containing about 26 species. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are tall with feathery leaves and brightly colored, rayed flowers borne on long stems. They blossom in late summer and early fall. Three species are often grown in gardens in the United States. The most common is the garden cosmos, an annual that grows to 3 m (10 ft). The flowers of this species are 8 cm (3 in) in diameter and are composed of yellow disks surrounded by petals, or rays, of various shades, ranging from white to crimson. A perennial, the black cosmos grows from a tuberous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is about 40 cm (about 16 in) tall and has flowers with red disks and purplish-red rays. Another species, the yellow cosmos, growing to about 1.8 m (about 6 ft), has yellow flowers.Scientific classification: Cosmos belong to the family Compositae. The garden cosmos is classified as Cosmos bipinnatus, the black cosmos as Cosmos diversifolius, and the yellow cosmos as Cosmos sulphureus.</span></text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Composite FlowersPlantPlantsRoot</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Composite Flowers</text>
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<name>Cosmos</name>
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card_68886.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cornflower, common name for a flowering European annual of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is widely cultivated as a garden ornamental. The blue, white, purple, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers are borne on long, slender stems. In North America the most popular variety, used extensively in floral arrangements, has bright blue flowers known also as bachelor's buttons.Scientific classification: The cornflower belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is classified as Centaurea cyanus.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cornflower</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Bachelor's Button</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerPinkPlant</text>
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<name>Cornflower</name>
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card_68749.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Corn or Maize, common name for the cereal grass widely grown for food and livestock fodder. Corn ranks with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1"> as one of the world's chief </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> crops, and it is the largest crop of the United States.Description The corn </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has an erect, solid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, rather than the hollow one of most other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">. It varies widely in height, some dwarf varieties being little more than 60 cm (2 ft) at maturity, whereas other types may reach heights of 6 m (20 ft) or more. The average is 2.4 m (8 ft). The leaves, which grow alternately, are long and narrow. The main stalk terminates in a staminate (male) </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1">, or tassel. The tassel is made up of many small flowers termed spikelets, and each spikelet bears three small anthers, which produce the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> grains, or male gametes. The pistillate (female) inflorescence or ear is a unique structure with up to 1000 seeds borne on a hard core called the cob. The ear is enclosed in modified leaves called husks. The individual silk fibers that protrude from the tip of the ear are the elongated styles, each attached to an individual ovary. Pollen from the tassels is carried by the wind and falls onto the silks, where it germinates and grows down through the silk until it reaches the ovary. Each fertilized ovary grows and develops into a kernel.History Corn is native to the Americas and was the staple grain of the region for many centuries before Europeans reached the New World. The origin of corn remains a mystery. Conclusive evidence exists, from archaeological and paleobotanical discoveries, that cultivated corn has existed in the southwestern United States for at least 3000 years. Wild corn was once thought to have existed in the Tehuacán Valley of southern Mexico 7000 years ago. More recent evidence puts the appearance of corn in that region at a much later date, about 4600 years ago. Early wild corn was not much different in fundamental botanical characteristics from the modern corn plant.Varieties The many varieties of corn show widely differing characteristics. Some varieties mature in 2 months; others take as long as 11 months. The foliage varies in intensity of color from light to dark green, and it may be modified by brown, red, or purple pigments. Mature ears vary in length from less than 7.5 cm (3 in) to as much as 50 cm (20 in). The number of rows of kernels ranges from 8 to 36 or more. Six general groups of varieties are differentiated by the characteristics of the kernel. Dent corn is the leading type of corn grown on U.S. farms. The sides of the kernel consist of hard, so-called horny starch, and the crown contains soft starch. As the grain matures, this soft starch shrinks, forming the characteristic dent.In flint corn, the horny starch extends over the top of the kernel, so that there is no denting. Some varieties of flint corn, which are used for the same purposes as dent corn, are favored in cold climates because of their ability to germinate at low temperatures, or in tropical climates because of their resistance to attack by weevils. Popcorn is a light, highly popular snack throughout the United States, a variant of flint corn with small kernels of great hardness. When heated, the moisture in the kernels expands, causing the kernels to pop open.Flour corn contains a preponderance of soft or less densely packed starch, and it is readily ground into meal. It is grown extensively in the Andean regions of South America that were part of the Inca Empire. Sweet corn is the type commonly grown in the United States for human consumption as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. The sugar produced by the sweet-corn plant is not converted to starch during growth, as it is in other types. The seeds are characteristically wrinkled when the plant is allowed to mature. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pod</a></span><span class="style1"> corn is seldom used as food but is often grown as a decorative plant; each kernel is enclosed in its own set of diminutive husks. Another decorative corn, commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Indian corn</a></span><span class="style1">, consists of multicolored varieties of flour and flint types.Breeding and Cultivation The most important advance in the cultivation of corn was the introduction of hybrids in about 1933. Botanists have developed thousands of hybrids, of which one or more can flourish in almost any combination of soil and climate found in the farming areas of the United States. Hybrids have also been developed to increase corn yields in many other areas of the world. Open-pollinated varieties of corn, which were the normal or standard types used for many years, are inbred (self-pollinated), and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with desirable characteristics are selected for further breeding. Inbred lines are weak, but when two of these lines are crossed the selected best are much more productive than the original varieties. The canning and freezing industries make use of the single-crossed corn of the type described—that is, the cross of two inbred lines. Most of the hybrid </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> used by farmers is double-crossed corn, or the cross product of two single-cross hybrids. Recently farmers have also been using single-cross hybrids because higher yielding plants have been developed.Hybrids do not transmit their increased vigor to their offspring, so that the parent stocks must be crossed each year to produce a new crop of hybrid seed. This is done by seed companies and by some farmers who specialize in the production of hybrid seed. Hybridization adds to the cost of the seed, but the improved yields more than compensate for the added expense. Yield increases of 25 to 50 percent have been attributed to the use of hybrid corn. A major finding in 1978 was the rediscovery in Mexico of a species of perennial wild corn thought to be extinct; this corn could provide the basis for the development of a plant that would not need to be reseeded annually.Corn is an important food staple and animal feed. It is an excellent source of carbohydrates, but since it is low in total protein and the protein is of poor quality, a corn diet must be supplemented with proteinaceous foods for satisfactory growth. Two genetic mutants, known as opaque-2 and floury-2, which cause a change to floury endosperm in normal dent corn in which they are found, have been discovered to result in an increase in tryptophane and lysine, two essential amino acids. These amino acids are in short supply in corn protein. The presence of either mutant gene in corn results in what is called high-lysine corn and renders it equivalent to skim milk in the diet of humans. Swine fed this type of corn will gain weight three times as fast as those fed normal corn. Plant breeders everywhere are now transferring these genes to varieties and parent lines of hybrids. The development is said to equal in importance the discovery of hybrid corn.Corn Pests Corn is attacked by a number of plant parasites and insect pests. An important group of fungi attacks the roots, stalks, and ears, causing rots that reduce yield and damage grain quality. Corn smut is caused by a parasitic fungus that produces a large mycelial mass at various places on the plant (ear, stalk, tassel). As it matures a mass of black spores develops. In some parts of Central and South America, the fresh, unsporulated smut galls, or swellings, are used as food. Corn is also attacked by several fungi that form lesions on the leaves that result in reduction of grain yield. Two important virus diseases, maize dwarf mosaic and stunt, both transmitted by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> hoppers, attack the corn plant. If the virus is transmitted to corn at an early stage, yield reduction can be serious. The corn earworm, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1"> bollworm, feeds on the kernels within the husk. The European corn borer mainly attacks the stems of the plants. In recent years the corn rootworm has caused serious losses. These small larvae of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cucumber</a></span><span class="style1"> beetles feed on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> system of the developing plants.Production and Consumption World output of corn in the early 1990s stood at more than 469 million metric tons annually; in volume of production, corn ranked third behind wheat and rice. A net gain of about 11 percent in production was realized during the 1980s; intensive cultivation with heavy use of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1"> and herbicides was responsible for the increase. The United States is the leading corn-growing country, with more than 40 percent of the world's production. Most of its crop is grown in the midwestern region known as the Corn Belt, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. The other leading corn-growing nations are China, Brazil, and Mexico.Approximately 61 percent of the corn sold by farmers in the United States is used as livestock feed. About half of that amount is fed directly to hogs, cattle, and poultry, and the rest is used in mixed feeds. Another 22 percent of U.S. corn is exported; the remaining 17 percent is sold as food and taken by commercial users for the production of alcohol and distilled spirits, syrups, sugar, cornstarch, and dry-process foods.Corncobs are an important source of furfural, a liquid used in manufacturing nylon fibers and phenol-formaldehyde plastics, refining wood resin, making lubricating oils from petroleum, and purifying butadiene in the production of synthetic rubber. Ground corncobs are used as a soft-grit abrasive. Large, whole cobs from a special type of corn, “cob pipe” corn, are used for pipes for smoking </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">. Corn oil, extracted from the germ of the corn kernel, is used as a cooking and salad oil and, in solidified form, as margarine; it is also used in the manufacture of paints, soaps, and linoleum. The search for alternate sources of energy has brought attention to corn as a fuel source. High in sugar content, corn is processed to produce alcohol for use with gasoline as gasohol, and the dry stalk is a potentially important fuel biomass.Scientific classification: Corn is classified as Zea mays. The perennial wild corn thought to be extinct and rediscovered in Mexico is classified as Zea diploperennis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cork (material), thick outer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> of the Mediterranean area, and also the similar but thinner protective layer on the stems and roots of most woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Cork is an elastic, homogeneous mass of flattened dead cells with a fatty substance that makes it almost impermeable to water and gases.Cork oak grows in forests and may exceed 30 m (100 ft) in height, although the average is about 9 m (about 30 ft). The young trees are first stripped of their bark when 15 to 20 years old. This cork is coarse, but successive strippings at intervals of about ten years yield a closer-grained product as the trees mature. The useful life of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> may be more than 150 years.Strippers make horizontal and vertical cuts through the outer bark to remove it, taking care not to harm the living inner bark. The bark is seasoned briefly and then boiled to remove tannic acid and make it pliable.Cork and its properties were known thousands of years ago. However, cork was not generally used until the 16th century AD, when stoppers were made from it for the newly introduced glass bottles.More than 80 percent of the world's supply of cork is produced in Algeria, Portugal, and Spain. Efforts to naturalize cork oak in the United States have met with little success. Cork is used in the manufacture of insoles, life belts, linoleum, and other products. Urethane foams and other plastics have largely replaced cork as an insulating material. Many other products, once exclusively made of cork, are now made of synthetic materials.Scientific classification: Cork comes from the outer bark of an evergreen oak which is classified as Quercus suber.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Coriander, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family that grows to a height of about 30 to 90 cm (about 12 to 36 in). The lower leaves are divided into fine, threadlike partitions; the white and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers grow in small, loose clusters. Native to Europe and Asia Minor, coriander has become naturalized in the United States. It is cultivated for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, the dried seeds of which, also called coriander, are used as a spice in a wide variety of foods, and for its pungent leaves, called cilantro, a basic ingredient in Latin American and Asian cooking. Oil that is extracted from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> is used in the preparation of liqueurs and is a medicine for abdominal discomfort.Scientific classification: Coriander belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Coriandrum sativum.</span></text>
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<text>Coriander</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>ParsleySpices</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbParsleyPinkSeed</text>
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<name>Coriander</name>
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card_67682.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Coreopsis, genus of annual and perennial herbs, of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, popularly known as tickseed. The name calliopsis is often given to species of this genus, especially the annuals. The various species grow from 30 to 122 cm (12 to 48 in) and have a profusion of red, yellow, or parti-colored, rayed flower heads that blossom from early summer to fall. Of about 114 known species native to the Americas, tropical Africa, and Hawaii, about a dozen grow wild in the United States; others are extensively cultivated as border and edging </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and for cut flowers. Many varieties and color combinations have been developed. The most popular annuals are calliopsis, with 5-cm (2-in) flower heads of red-based yellow rays and brown disks, and goldenwave calliopsis, with yellow rays and disks.Scientific classification: The genus Coreopsis belongs to the family Asteraceae. The calliopsis is classified as Coreopsis tinctoria, the goldenwave calliopsis as Coreopsis drummondi.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Coreopsis</text>
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<id>39</id>
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card_67414.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Conifer, common name for a group of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that is characterized by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing cones and that includes about 550 of the 700 known species of gymnosperms, plants with seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary. There are two orders of conifers. Conifers are known from fossils more than 290 million years old. Although more species of conifers once existed, they are still a widely distributed group and are one of the world's most important renewable resources. In late 1994, descendants of a group of conifers widespread in the Cretaceous period were discovered in the Wollemi National Park, near Sydney, Australia. Thirty-nine trees, the tallest of which reaches a height of 40 m (130 ft), were found in a remote area of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rain forest</a></span><span class="style1">. Fossils of the ancestors of the newly discovered trees exist, but scientists had believed that the group had become extinct 50 million years ago.Conifers, like </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">), reproduce by means of seeds, which contain food tissue and an embryo that will grow into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The seeds are borne on the scales of female cones rather than being surrounded by carpel tissue, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> is produced in separate male cones rather than in anthers. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> in conifers is always dependent on wind currents to blow the abundant yellow pollen from the male cones to the female cones. Conifers usually have needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, and nearly all are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">. They typically have straight trunks with horizontal branches varying more or less regularly in length from bottom to top, so that the trees are conical in outline. They vary in size from shrubs to giant sequoias. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Arborvitae</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cedar</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cypress</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Douglas Fir</a></span><span class="style1">; Fir; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hemlock</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Juniper</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Larch</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pine</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sequoia</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spruce</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Yew</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Conifers constitute the phylum Pinophyta. The two orders of conifers are Pinales and Taxales. The newly discovered Australian conifers belong to Auracariaceae, a family of primitive trees.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Composite Flowers, common name for one of the largest families of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, with more than 20,000 species. The common name refers to the clustering of the flowers into compact heads so that an entire cluster resembles a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, as in the familiar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aster</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dandelion</a></span><span class="style1">.The composite family is worldwide in distribution except for Antarctica, where two species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1"> are the only flowering plants known. Composites are particularly well adapted to semiarid parts of tropical and subtropical regions, to arctic and alpine tundra, and to temperate regions. They are poorly represented only in tropical rain forests.Although the composite family contains nearly 10 percent of all the flowering plants, its direct economic importance is relatively small. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lettuce</a></span><span class="style1"> is the most important crop; other notable food plants are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">artichoke</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">endive</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">salsify</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicory</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tarragon</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sunflower</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">safflower</a></span><span class="style1"> are important sources of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> oils, and some members such as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">guayule</a></span><span class="style1"> have been studied as potential sources of rubber. Weedy members of the family include dandelion, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">thistle</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cocklebur</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ragweed</a></span><span class="style1">, which is a major source of the airborne </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> that affects </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> fever sufferers. Horticulturally important members of the composite family include </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marigold</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dahlia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">zinnia</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">daisy</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cosmos</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chrysanthemum</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tansy</a></span><span class="style1">, and aster.Structure The flowers are always grouped into an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> (flower cluster) called the head, or capitulum, which resembles and functions as a single flower. In more than half the species, the flowers at the margin of the head have outwardly extended corollas, called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> florets, that resemble numerous petals and make the flower head more conspicuous to pollinators. The flowers within the head are called disk florets. Both types are surrounded by bracts (specialized leaves) at the base. The calyx (floral envelope, or pappus) that surrounds the individual flowers in a head consists of scales or bristles, which often aid in distribution of seeds. In the common dandelion the pappus consists of fine bristles that enable the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> to float through the air. In the beggar-ticks it is barbed, causing the fruit to stick to passersby.The petals of the florets are fused along the base, forming a somewhat tubular corolla. The anthers (pollen-producing flower parts) are joined to form a tube through which the style (part of the female flower part) extends. The anthers release the pollen into the tube, and as the style elongates, it pushes the pollen upward out of the tube, making it available to insect pollinators or to wind dispersal. The stigmatic (pollen-receiving) areas of the style are located on two branches of the style tip, and these branches separate after elongation. Thus, self-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> is usually avoided, although in some cases the stigmatic branches recurve backward into the pollen-bearing anther tube.The pistil (female flower part), which has a single ovary, bears the other flower parts on its apex. After fertilization it matures into a hard-coated fruit that bears a single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">.Flower Types Although the flowering heads of composites are fundamentally similar, variation in their structure, particularly in the corolla, accounts for much diversity. The simplest head is the discoid, consisting of all disk florets with tubular corollas. Both stamens and pistils are functional. Thistle, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">eupatorium</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ageratum</a></span><span class="style1"> have heads solely of disk florets.A second type of head is the radiate, which has disk florets in the center and ray florets at the margin. The corollas of the marginal florets are tubular at the base but flatten and elongate as they grow outward. Ray florets are usually pistillate (with functional pistils but nonfunctioning anthers) or sterile. Such familiar flowers as sunflowers, black-eyed Susans, and daisies have radiate heads.A third common head is the ligulate, in which all the florets resemble ray florets but have both pistil and stamens functioning. The flowering heads of dandelions and chicory are ligulate. Other kinds of heads also occur in the family.Scientific classification: Composite flowers make up the family Compositae of the order Asterales. The family is also called Asteraceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Compass </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a large plant found on the prairies of the central United States. It has a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> 91 cm to 3 m (36 in to 11 ft) high and leaves 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 in) long. When the plant grows in full sunshine, leaves borne on the lower stem and growing from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> tend to arrange themselves vertically in a north-south plane, giving rise to the popular name. By this means both surfaces of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> receive light during the day and are equally capable of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">. The plant is also called rosinweed because it is extremely resinous.Scientific classification: The compass plant belongs to the family Compositae. It is classified as Silphium laciniatum.</span></text>
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card_66547.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Columbine, common name for certain perennial herbs with lacy, lobed leaves and delicate flowers. Remarkably, both sepals and petals are colored, and the petals extend to form a spur. The 40 known species are widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone and show a prismatic range of color. Both North American and Eurasian species, as well as a number of hybrids, are grown in gardens. Among the common species are the wild columbine, with scarlet to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, native from Nova Scotia to Texas, and the Colorado, or Rocky Mountain, columbine, with blue flowers.Scientific classification: Columbines belong to the family Ranunculaceae. Wild columbine is classified as Aquilegia canadensis. Colorado, or Rocky Mountain, columbine is classified as Aquilegia caerulea.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Columbine</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Buttercup</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Pink</text>
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card_66090.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Coltsfoot, common name for any of several </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with round leaves shaped somewhat like the foot of a colt, especially the daisylike perennial herbs of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The leaves of one species were formerly used as a cough remedy. The name coltsfoot is sometimes also applied to the wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginger</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Coltsfoot plants belong to the family Asteraceae. The species formerly used as a cough remedy is classified as Tussilago farfara. The wild ginger is classified as Asarum canadense.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Coltsfoot</text>
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<id>39</id>
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card_65900.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Coleus, large genus of tropical African and Asian herbs, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus comprises about 100 species, several of which are extensively cultivated for their brilliantly colored, variegated foliage. The common garden coleus is a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> that grows from about 60 to 90 cm (about 24 to 36 in) tall. It has large, regularly toothed leaves, colored variously with red, yellow, and purple. One variety of the common garden coleus is more robust and the foliage more brightly colored. The leaves have scalloped edges. Coleuses are popular as houseplants.Scientific classification: The genus Coleus belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The common garden coleus is classified as Coleus blumei. The more robust is classified as Coleus blumei verschaffelti.</span></text>
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<text>Coleus</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>HerbMint</text>
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card_65451.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cola, also kola, common name for certain tropical trees of the same family as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cacao</a></span><span class="style1">, especially a species originally native to Africa and now cultivated in a number of tropical countries. It is an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, about 11 m (about 35 ft) high, and bears its seeds in podlike receptacles. The seeds, called cola nuts, are about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) long, are mottled brown or reddish gray, and have an aroma like that of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nutmeg</a></span><span class="style1">. The taste of the fresh seeds is bitter, but as the nuts age, they become slightly aromatic. The seeds contain caffeine, tannin, and theobromine and are used extensively in the manufacture of soft drinks known as cola beverages.Scientific classification: The cola </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> belongs to the family Sterculiaceae. The typical cola tree originally native to Africa is classified as Cola acuminata.</span></text>
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<text>Cola</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CacaoEvergreenNutmegTree</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>CacaoMallow</text>
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<name>Cola</name>
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card_65060.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Coffee, common name for any of a genus of trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madder</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and also for their seeds (beans) and for the beverage brewed from them. Of the 30 or more species of the genus, only three are important: Arabian, robusta, and Liberian. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> or small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, 4.6 to 6 m (15 to 20 ft) high at maturity, bears shiny green, ovate leaves that persist for three to five years and white, fragrant flowers that bloom for only a few days. During the six or seven months after appearance of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> develops, changing from light green to red and, ultimately, when fully ripe and ready for picking, to deep crimson. The mature fruit, which resembles a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, grows in clusters attached to the limb by very short stems, and it usually contains two seeds, or beans, surrounded by a sweet pulp.Coffee grows well on the islands of Java and Sumatra and in Arabia, India, Africa, the West Indies, and South and Central America. The Americas, where Arabian coffee is grown, produce approximately two-thirds of the world's supply.Production The soil in which coffee is grown must be rich, moist, and absorbent enough to accept water readily, but sufficiently loose to allow rapid drainage of excess water. The best soil is composed of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> mold, other organic matter, and disintegrated volcanic rock. Although coffee trees are damaged easily by frost, they are cultivated in cooler regions. The growing temperatures range from 13° to 26° C (55° to 80° F). Altitudes of coffee plantations range from sea level to the tropical frost level, about 1800 m (about 6000 ft). Robusta coffee and Liberian coffee grow best at altitudes below 900 m (3000 ft); Arabian coffee flourishes at the higher altitudes. The seeds are planted directly in the field or in specially prepared nurseries. In the latter case, young selected </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are transplanted later to the fields. Commercial fertilizers are used extensively to promote the growth of stronger, healthier trees with heavier yields. Both the trees and the fruit are subject to insect infestation and microbial diseases, which may be controlled by spraying and proper agricultural management.Harvesting The coffee tree produces its first full crop when it is about five years old. Thereafter it produces consistently for 15 or 20 years. Some trees yield 0.9 to 1.3 kg (2 to 3 lb) of marketable beans annually, but 0.45 kg (1 lb) is considered an average annual yield. Two methods of harvesting are used. One is based on selective picking; the other involves shaking the tree and stripping the fruit. Beans picked by the first technique are generally processed, if water is available, by the so-called wet method, in which the beans are softened in water, depulped mechanically, fermented in large tanks, washed again, and finally dried in the open or in heated, rotating cylinders. The so-called dry method, used generally for beans harvested by the second technique, entails only drying the beans and removing the outer coverings. In either case the final product, called green coffee, is sorted by hand or machine to remove defective beans and extraneous material and is then graded according to size.Commercial Crops The major types of commercial coffee are the arabicas and the robustas. In the western hemisphere the arabicas are subdivided into Brazils and milds. Robustas are produced in the eastern hemisphere exclusively, together with substantial quantities of arabicas. The Brazils consist principally of Santos, Paraná, and Rio, named for the ports from which they are shipped. Milds are identified by the names of countries or districts in which they are grown, such as Medellín, Armenia, and Manizales coffees from Colombia. Robustas and other arabicas are similarly identified. Green coffee is a major import of the United States; about two-thirds of the total comes from Central and South America, with Brazil and Colombia the two largest suppliers.Several varieties of green coffee usually are blended and roasted together to produce the tastes, aromas, and flavors popular with consumers. As a rule the beans are heated in rotating, horizontal drums that provide a tumbling action to prevent uneven heating or scorching. Temperatures for roasting range from about 193° C (about 380° F) for a light roast, through about 205° C (about 400° F) for a medium roast, to about 218° C (about 425° F) for a dark roast. The roasted beans are cooled rapidly. Roasted coffee may be packaged and shipped to retail stores, which custom grind it for the customers on purchase, or it may be ground in plate- or roller-type grinding mills before shipment.Ground coffee loses its unique flavor within about a week unless it is specially packaged. Plastic-and-paper combinations are popular packaging media that afford protection to freshly roasted and ground coffee. Hermetically sealed vacuum, or pressure, cans keep coffee fresh for up to three years.Characteristics Coffee contains a complex mixture of chemical components of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">, some of which are not affected by roasting. Other compounds, particularly those related to the aroma, are produced by partial destruction of the green bean during roasting. Chemicals extracted by hot water are classified as nonvolatile taste components and volatile aroma components. Important nonvolatiles are caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid, phenolic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and minerals. Important volatiles are organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, and mercaptans. The principal physiological effects of coffee are due to caffeine, an alkaloid that acts as a mild stimulant. In recent years controversy arose over the possibly harmful effects of coffee beyond those recognized for people who should take few or no stimulants, and the dangers of caffeine for the fetuses of pregnant women. These debated studies were not substantiated, however.Soluble Coffee Soluble or instant coffee is an important production of the United States coffee industry. In its manufacture an extract is prepared by mixing coarsely ground and roasted coffee with hot water. The water is evaporated from the extract by various methods, including the use of spray driers or high-vacuum equipment. In freeze-dried coffee the coffee extract is frozen, and the water is removed by sublimation. The product is packed in vacuumized, sealed jars or in cans.Decaffeinated Coffee Caffeine can be removed from coffee by treating the green beans with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. The beans are roasted by ordinary procedures after removal of the solvents. Decaffeinated coffee is used by people hypersensitive to the caffeine present in regular coffee. In the 1980s nonchemical methods of decaffeination became more common.Coffee Substitutes The use of substitutes for coffee in the United States is limited. The most important substitute is </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chicory</a></span><span class="style1">, although chicory is usually used as an extender. Under United States law, the addition of chicory or any other substance must be clearly stated on the brand label.History Exactly where and when coffee was first cultivated is not known, but some authorities believe that it was grown initially in Arabia near the Red Sea about AD 675. Coffee cultivation was rare until the 15th and 16th centuries, when extensive planting of the tree occurred in the Yemen region of Arabia. The consumption of coffee increased in Europe during the 17th century, prompting the Dutch to cultivate it in their colonies. In 1714 the French succeeded in bringing a live </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cutting</a></span><span class="style1"> of a coffee tree to the island of Martinique in the West Indies. This single </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> was the genesis of the great coffee plantations of Latin America.Because of the economic importance of coffee exports, a number of Latin American countries made arrangements before World War II (1939-1945) to allocate export quotas so that each country would be assured a certain share of the United States coffee market. The first coffee quota agreement was arranged in 1940 and was administered by an Inter-American Coffee Board. The idea of establishing coffee export quotas on a worldwide basis was adopted in 1962, when an International Coffee Agreement was negotiated by the United Nations. During the five-year period when this agreement was in effect, 41 exporting countries and 25 importing countries acceded to its terms. The agreement was renegotiated in 1968, 1976, and 1983. Participating nations failed to sign a new pact in 1989, however, and world coffee prices plunged.Scientific classification: Coffee makes up the genus Coffea of the family Rubiaceae. Arabian coffee is classified as Coffea arabica, robusta coffee as Coffea canephora, and Liberian coffee as Coffea liberica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Coconut, common name for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> family, widely distributed in tropical regions. The tree, called coconut palm, has a cylindrical trunk about 45 cm (about 18 in) in diameter and can grow up to 30 m (100 ft) high, with many rings marking the places of former leaves. At the summit it bears a crown of about 20 pinnate leaves that generally curve downward, each of which is about 3 to 4.5 m (about 10 to 15 ft) long. The fruit grow in clusters of 10 to 20 or more nuts; and 10 or 12 of these clusters, in different stages, may be seen at once on a tree.The mature coconut, about 30 cm (about 12 in) long, is oval-shaped and has a thick, fibrous outer husk and a hard inner shell. The lining, or kernel, of the inner shell is a white, oily meat that is dried to produce the commercially valuable copra. Copra yields an oil used in the manufacture of soaps and candles. Within the kernel is a sweet-tasting milky fluid.The meat of coconuts, either raw or prepared, is an important food in the Tropics. The terminal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, known as palm </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">, is considered a delicacy, and trees are often cut down for the sake of it; the central part of the young </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> is also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> and edible. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">, or toddy, like that of some other palms, is a favorite beverage in tropical countries, either in the natural state or after fermentation, which takes place in a few hours. Palm wine, or arrack, also a spirituous liquor, is obtained by distillation of fermented sap. The tree </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> possesses narcotic properties and is sometimes chewed.The dried leaves of the coconut palm are used for thatch and, by plaiting the leaflets, mats, screens, and baskets are made. Coir, the fiber of the nut's husk, is used to make rope.Scientific classification: The coconut palm belongs to the family Arecaceae. It is classified as Cocos nucifera.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cocoa, common name for a powder derived from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> seeds of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cacao</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> and for the beverage prepared by mixing the powder with milk. When cocoa is prepared, most of the cocoa butter is removed in the manufacturing process. After the fat is separated and the residue is ground, small percentages of various substances may be added, such as starch to prevent caking, or potassium bicarbonate to neutralize the natural acids and astringents and make the cocoa easy to dissolve in liquids. Cocoa has a high food value, containing as much as 20 percent protein, 40 percent carbohydrate, and 40 percent fat. It is also mildly stimulating because of the presence of theobromine, an alkaloid that is closely related to caffeine.The processing of the cacao seeds, better known as cocoa beans, is complex. The fruit harvest is cured or fermented in a pulpy state for three to nine days, during which the heat kills the seeds and turns them brown. The enzymes activated by fermentation impart the substances that will give the beans their characteristic chocolate flavor later during roasting. The beans are then dried in the sun and cleaned in special machines before they are roasted to bring out the chocolate flavor. They are then shelled in a crushing machine and ground into chocolate. During the grinding, the fat melts, producing a sticky liquid called chocolate liquor, which is used to make chocolate candy or is filtered to remove the fat and then cooled and ground to produce cocoa powder.The beans are sold in international markets. African countries harvest about two-thirds of the total world output; Ghana, C├┤te d'Ivoire, Nigeria, and Cameroon are the leading African cocoa producers. Most of the remainder comes from South American countries, chiefly Brazil and Ecuador. The crop is traded on international commodity futures markets. Attempts by producing countries to stabilize prices through international agreements have had little success.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cocoa</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CacaoFruitTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CacaoMallow</text>
</content>
<name>Cocoa</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_64224.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cockscomb, common name for any of various low-growing, chiefly annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">amaranth</a></span><span class="style1"> family, cultivated for their showy clusters of red, purple, white, or yellow flowers. Leaves are alternate. About 40 species, native to tropical regions of the world and ranging generally from 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 in) in height, are found. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is so called because many species have thick, chaffy or velvety, spikelike flowers resembling the ruffles of a rooster's comb; a much-cultivated species of this type was developed from a parent Asian tropical weed bearing slender, silvery spikes. Plumelike species of cockscomb are sometimes dried for use as everlasting bouquets. A shrubby species is cultivated in California and grows to a height of 3 m (10 ft).Scientific classification: The cockscombs belong to the family Amaranthaceae. The much-cultivated species developed from a parent Asian weed is classified as Celosia argentea. The shrubby species cultivated in California is classified as Celosia floribunda.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cockscomb</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AmaranthPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Cockscomb</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_63911.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cocklebur, common name for an annual weedy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The cocklebur is a coarse, rough, or spiny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with heart-shaped leaves, a spotted </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, and a small head of greenish flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a burr with hooked bristles by which it clings to animals and disseminates its seeds. The plant, which grows to about 1 m (about 3 ft), is widely distributed, chiefly on wasteland. The cocklebur is often confused with the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">burdock</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The cocklebur belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is classified as Xanthium strumarium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cocklebur</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BurdockFlowerFruitHerbPlantStem</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Composite FlowersPoisonous Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Cocklebur</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_63559.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Coca, common name for any of several related South American shrubs. Of particular importance is a species the leaves of which are used by the inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia as a stimulant. The dried leaves, which contain cocaine and several other derivatives, are mixed with unslaked </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lime</a></span><span class="style1"> or wood </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> and chewed. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> is cultivated in Sri Lanka, India, and Java, as well as in South America. It is about 1 to 2 m (about 3 to 6 ft) high, with straight branches and leaves that resemble </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves. Scientific classification: Coca shrubs belong to the family Erythroxylaceae, order Linales. The species the leaves of which are used as a stimulant is Erythroxylum coca.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Coca</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AshLimeShrubTea</text>
</content>
<name>Coca</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_63290.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Clubroot, fungus disease of turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, rutabagas, and allied </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, often causing serious damage to crops. Knoblike growths form on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> of the host </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The root often divides into a number of parts, which accounts for the popular name, finger-and-toe disease. The disease is caused by the slime mold Plasmodiophora brassicae, which multiplies rapidly in the cells of the host. The fungus is found most frequently in acid soils, where it can remain for years; it is controlled by crop rotation, soil sterilization, and chemicals.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Clubroot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantPlantsRoot</text>
</content>
<name>Clubroot</name>
<script></script>
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card_63076.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Club Moss, common name for a group of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> closely related to the ferns. Two important genera (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spike Moss</a></span><span class="style1">) are low, sometimes creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> plants that are widely distributed throughout the United States and other temperate and tropical climates. Various tropical species grow on the trunks of trees or on the ground. Usually less than 30 cm (less than 12 in) tall, the plants resemble </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> in that their leaves are needlelike. Their widespread use in Christmas wreaths has brought some species close to extinction. In reproduction, spores and asexual cells borne in an elongated cone are scattered on the ground and ripen underground into sexual reproductive organs from which new plants grow.The common club moss, also called running pine and stag's horn moss, grows in open, dry woods and rocky places. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ground pine</a></span><span class="style1"> or ground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1"> has branchlets that resemble the branches of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">juniper</a></span><span class="style1">. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1"> moss, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> club moss, or foxfeet grows on rocks and in bogs. Fossil species, many of gigantic size, have been found in strata of the Upper Silurian and the Devonian and Carboniferous periods.Scientific classification: The two important genera of club </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1"> are Lycopodium, of the family Lycopodiaceae, and Selaginella, of the family Selaginellaceae. The common club moss is classified as Lycopodium clavatum, ground pine or ground cedar as Lycopodium complanatum, and tree moss as Lycopodium selago.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Clover, common name for any of several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Most are native to north temperate and subtropical regions. Some trail along the ground and others reach a height of 91 cm (36 in). The flowers, ranging in color from white to red and purple, are borne in dense heads. The leaves are normally three-lobed, but occasional four-lobed specimens are found, which are thought to bring good luck. Included in the genus are both annual and perennial species.Clovers are important as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> and pasture plants. They are also used as soil enrichers. The most common clover in pastures is red clover, introduced from Europe. Alsike clover, a perennial with an erect </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and a rosy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, is favored for hay and on soils of poor fertility. The familiar white clover is excellent for pasturage but is seldom used as hay because the yield is small. It is often found in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lawn</a></span><span class="style1">-grass mixtures.Many species of clover must be cross-fertilized by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> carried by insects, particularly bees. The red-clover </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1"> is so deep in the flower that it is pollinated only by bumble bees.Other plants in the same subfamily are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet clover</a></span><span class="style1">, bush clover, tick clover, and prairie clover.Scientific classification: Clovers belong to the family Fabaceae. Red clover is classified as Trifolium pratense, alsike clover as Trifolium hybridum, white clover as Trifolium repens. Sweet clover is classified in the genus Melilotus, bush clover in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lespedeza</a></span><span class="style1">, tick clover in the genus Desmodium, and prairie clover in the genus Petalostemon.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Clove, common name for a tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">myrtle</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for its dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> buds. The clove tree is a small-to medium-size </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">; native to the Moluccas, eastern Indonesia, it is now cultivated elsewhere in the Tropics. The flowers are small and produced in great profusion in clusters. The leaves, flowers, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> are aromatic. The ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> resembles an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> in shape but is smaller. It is dark red and is sometimes sold in a dried state under the name mother clove; in this form it has an aroma and flavor similar to those of clove but much weaker. The flower buds are gathered and dried by exposure to the smoke of wood fire and to the rays of the sun. Cloves are used extensively as a condiment and flavoring in many types of cookery.Oil is obtained from cloves by repeated distilling. In dentistry this oil is used as an anesthetic and sometimes as an antiseptic. It is also used in perfumes and soaps.Scientific classification: The clove tree belongs to the family Myrtaceae. It is classified as Syzygium aromaticum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Clematis, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family, having four or five sepals, no corolla, and numerous one-seeded fruits with long, feathery bristles. The species are numerous, consisting of herbs or shrubs with climbing stems; they are scattered over the temperate countries of the world and are fairly caustic. Many of the varieties are perennial vines, popular for covering fences and arbors. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Woodbine</a></span><span class="style1"> and another species are small, white-flowered forms. Other species bear flowers attaining a diameter of up to 20 cm (up to 8 in) and ranging from white to blue or red. Several shrubby, herbaceous, nonclimbing forms are also cultivated.Scientific classification: The genus Clematis belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. Woodbine is classified as Clematis virginiana, and the other species with small white flowers as Clematis paniculata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Clematis</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ButtercupPlantsWoodbine</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Buttercup</text>
</content>
<name>Clematis</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_61965.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Citrus, common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and generally for the fruits they produce, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citron</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lime</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shaddock</a></span><span class="style1"> (or pomelo), </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tangerine</a></span><span class="style1">, and bergamot (a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped orange). Native to Southeast Asia, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are characterized by winglike appendages on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> stalks, white or purplish flowers, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> (classified scientifically as a kind of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">) with a spongy or leathery rind and a juicy pulp divided in sections. The leaves, flowers, and rind of the fruit abound in volatile oil and emit a sharp fragrance. Many citrus plants have thorny branches.Most species of citrus cannot withstand frost, and their cultivation is restricted to warm climates. The plants' resistance is increased somewhat, however, by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> to hardier </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">, and semihardy hybrids and varieties have been developed. Many species are now cultivated in all warm climates for their fruit. World production of citrus fruits is increasing. In the late 1980s it was about 67 million metric tonsΓÇöan increase of 19 percent since the period of 1979 to 1981.Scientific classification: Citrus plants belong to the family Rutaceae. They constitute the genus Citrus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Citronella, fragrant, ethereal oil used in the manufacture of perfumes and as an insect repellent. Citronella oil is derived from either of two fragrant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, both of which are native to Southeast Asia. The oil is yellow and has a lemony odor.Scientific classification: The two grasses from which citronella oil is derived are classified as Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Citronella</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Grasses</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Grasses</text>
</content>
<name>Citronella</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_61558.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Citron, common name for an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> or small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rue</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to northern India. It is cultivated for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, also called citron, in southern Europe and other warm areas. The fruit is 18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 in) long, oval, yellow, aromatic, and rough and furrowed. The acidic pulp is used in the preparation of drinks, but the part chiefly valued is the thick and tender rind, which is preserved or candied. The rind also yields the fragrant oil of citron or oil of cedrate, used by perfumers. In the United States the name citron is also applied to the citron </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">melon</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gourd</a></span><span class="style1">), which resembles the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">watermelon</a></span><span class="style1"> but has a firm, white, inedible core. Its rind is also used for preserves. Scientific classification: The citron belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> medica. The citron melon is classified as Citrullus vulgaris, variety Citroides, in the family Cucurbitaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cinquefoil, common name for any of various hardy annual and perennial five-fingered </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, found in northern temperate and frigid regions of the world. Growing to a height of 61 cm (24 in), the plants generally have five small leaves clustered in a circle and bear yellow or white five-petaled flowers. The shrubby cinquefoil and the silverweed grow as wild flowers in western and northeastern North America. Cinquefoils are frequently cultivated in rock gardens.In architecture, the term cinquefoil is applied to five-lobed rosettes, commonly seen in Gothic tracery.Scientific classification: Cinquefoils belong to the family Rosaceae. The shrubby cinquefoil is classified as Potentilla fruticosa, the silverweed as Potentilla anserina.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cinquefoil</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningRose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantsRose</text>
</content>
<name>Cinquefoil</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_60871.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cinnamon, common name for several related trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for a spice made from the dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the trees. The best-known species is native to Sri Lanka; it is cultivated in many other tropical countries in Southeast Asia and elsewhere, but that grown in Sri Lanka is superior in taste. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, which usually grows up to 12 m (40 ft) high, is cultivated to grow four to five stems. When the bark begins to turn brown, the stems, which may be about 2.5 m (about 8 ft) tall and 5 cm (2 in) in diameter at the base, are harvested and new ones are trained to grow in their place. After the tree is stripped of leaves and twigs, the inner and outer bark is removed. As the bark dries, it forms rolls (quills), the smaller of which are inserted into the larger, and when fully dry, these are tied in bundles for shipment.Cinnamon is yellowish brown and has a distinctive fragrant aroma and a sweetish, pungent taste. It has been used since early times as a spice in many culinary preparations, and it is also used in some medicines. The aromatic qualities of cinnamon result from a volatile oil, oil of cinnamon, that may be extracted from the bark by distillation. The oil varies in color from yellow to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1"> red; the yellow is used in scenting soap and flavoring candy.Scientific classification: Cinnamon trees belong to the family Lauraceae. The best-known species is Cinnamomum zeylanicum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cinnamon</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkCherryLaurelTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BarkFernLaurelPelargoniumSpicesYam</text>
</content>
<name>Cinnamon</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_60547.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cineraria (Latin for ΓÇ£ashyΓÇ¥), common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The plants most commonly called cinerarias in the United States are the numerous varieties and hybrids of a species native to the Canary Islands.Cinerarias are short-stemmed, woolly, perennial herbs with large, heart-shaped leaves covered with down. Their daisylike flowers show shades and combinations of blue, white, and red and often bloom so profusely that they cover the foliage. They may be cultivated in gardens in warm climates but are more commonly raised as houseplants. The dusty millers also may be called cinerarias.Scientific classification: Cinerarias belong to the family Asteraceae. The cineraria native to the Canary Islands is classified as Pericallis hybrida. The dusty millers are classified as Senecio cineraria and Senecio leucostachys.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cineraria</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Cineraria</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_60260.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cinchona, genus of tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madder</a></span><span class="style1"> family, yielding the medicinal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> variously known as Peruvian bark, Jesuits' bark, China bark, or cinchona bark, from which the drug quinine and related substances are obtained. All the cinchonas have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1">-like, entire, opposite leaves; stipules that soon fall off; and panicles of flowers that somewhat resemble those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1">. The flowers are white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">, or purplish and very fragrant.The species first discovered was found in the Andean highlands of Ecuador and Peru. An important species exists in Bolivia and southeastern Peru, and another in Peru and Ecuador. The practice of destroying the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> for the bark made the tree rare in its native habitat. In 1859, however, the tree was introduced into India and the East Indies, where it was so widely cultivated that the islands, particularly Java, became the center of world production of cinchona bark until World War II (1939-1945). Today the bark is peeled from the tree and dried, and the final extraction of quinine alkaloids is usually done in factories.Scientific classification: Cinchonas belong to the family Rubiaceae. The species first discovered is classified as Cinchona officinalis. The important species found in Bolivia and southeastern Peru is classified as Cinchona calisaya, the species in Peru and Ecuador as Cinchona succirubra.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cigars and Cigarettes. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cigars and Cigarettes</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Tobacco</text>
</content>
<name>Cigars and Cigarettes</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_59809.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chrysanthemum, common name for numerous perennials formerly included in only a single genus of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, but now classified in several separate genera of the family.Commercial or florists' varieties of chrysanthemums and the garden mums have large, globular heads in which the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers are greatly multiplied, while the disk flowers are unnoticeable or even absent. Numerous hybrids have been developed with single, semidouble, or double blossoms that grow up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The terms pompon and button are applied to small, globular flowers, the term </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anemone</a></span><span class="style1"> to flowers with twisted rays, and the term decorative to loose, open flowers with flat, grooved, or tubular rays. When tubular rays are open and flattened at the tips, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are called spoon mums. Other varieties are sometimes described as feathery, plumed, or spidery. The flowers are produced in all shades of bronze, brown, purple, red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, yellow, and white.Scientific classification: Chrysanthemums belong to the family Asteraceae. About 100 species are classified in the genus Chrysanthemum. The garden mums are classified in the genus Dendranthema.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chrysanthemum</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AnemoneFlowerPinkPlantsRay</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Composite FlowersDiseases of Plants</text>
</content>
<name>Chrysanthemum</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_59521.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chokecherry, common name for several related small trees or shrubs that bear cherries with an astringent taste. The common chokecherry and the wild black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1"> are found throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. They may become pests by harboring the tent caterpillar, which breeds on chokecherry and then attacks more valuable </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> trees.Scientific classification: Chokecherries belong to the family Rosaceae. The common chokecherry is classified as Prunus virginiana, the wild black cherry as Prunus serotina.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chokecherry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CherryFruit</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Cherry</text>
</content>
<name>Chokecherry</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_58951.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chlorophyll, the pigment in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that gives them their green color and that absorbs the light necessary for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">, the chemical reaction that converts light energy to chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs mainly red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">, and blue light and reflects green light. The great abundance of chlorophyll in leaves and its occasional presence in other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> tissues, such as stems, causes these plant parts to appear green. In some leaves, chlorophyll is masked by other pigments. In fall, chlorophyll wanes in the leaves of trees, and other pigments predominate.Chlorophyll is a large molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen. At the center of the molecule is a single atom of magnesium surrounded by a nitrogen-containing group of atoms called a porphyrin ring. The structure somewhat resembles that of the active constituent of hemoglobin in the blood. A long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms proceeds from this central core and attaches the chlorophyll molecule to the inner membrane of the chloroplast, the cell organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. As a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light, its electrons become excited and move to higher energy levels. This initiates a complex series of chemical reactions in the chloroplast that enables the energy to be stored in chemical bonds.Several kinds of chlorophyll exist. They differ from each other in details of their molecular structure and absorb slightly different wavelengths of light. The most common type is chlorophyll a, making up about 75 percent of the chlorophyll in green plants. It is also found in blue-green algae and in more complex photosynthetic cells. Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment present in plants and other complex photosynthetic cells; it absorbs light energy of a different wavelength and transfers it to chlorophyll a for ultimate conversion to chemical energy. Other chlorophylls, of minor importance, are found in some bacteria.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Chicory, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to Europe and naturalized in North America. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has heads of large, bright blue flowers and dandelionlike roots. The roasted and pulverized </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> is used in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1"> blends or as a coffee substitute. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Endive</a></span><span class="style1"> is of the same genus.Scientific classification: Chicory belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is classified as Cichorium intybus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chicory</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CoffeeComposite FlowersEndiveLatex</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CoffeeEndiveFlowerHerbPlantRoot</text>
</content>
<name>Chicory</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_57439.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chickweed, common name for any of several </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> used as food for cage birds. One of the common weeds of gardens and cultivated fields is the stitchwort or starwort. It is native to most parts of Europe and Asia and has been introduced into America. It is an annual with ovate leaves and a weak trailing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, which is always marked with one or two lines of hairs. The leaves close around the young shoots at night. Although generally regarded as a troublesome weed, chickweed is a good soup green or cooked </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. Large quantities of chickweed have a laxative effect.Scientific classification: The name chickweed is applied especially to plants of the genus Stellaria, of the family Caryophyllaceae. The stitchwort or starwort is classified as Stellaria media.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chickweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Pink</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantsStemVegetable</text>
</content>
<name>Chickweed</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_56861.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chick-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pea</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain related herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their seeds. The herbs have pinnate leaves, solitary axillary stalked flowers, and two-seeded pods inflated like bladders. The common chick-pea, also called garbanzo or gram, is native to western Asia and is cultivated widely. It is an annual, up to 61 cm (24 in) high. Slightly larger than common peas, the seeds are eaten by many peoples in a wide variety of dishes. They are sometimes roasted as a substitute for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Chick-peas belong to the family Fabaceae. The common chick-pea is classified as Cicer arietinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chick-Pea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CoffeeLegumePea</text>
</content>
<name>Chick-Pea</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_56658.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chestnut, common name for certain related trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beech</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The American chestnut is a magnificent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, reaching a height of 30 m (100 ft), with a trunk diameter of 1 m (4 ft). Formerly one of the most common trees in forests from Maine to Michigan and southward to Louisiana, it was much valued both for its nuts and for its timber, which was coarse-grained, light, and durable. These trees have been attacked by a disease called chestnut </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blight</a></span><span class="style1"> caused by a fungus. The disease, probably imported from Asia, started near New York City about 1904 and spread rapidly. No cure has been found, and virtually every American chestnut tree in the United States has been killed. Although young shoots spring up around the dead trunks, they die before they become old enough to bear fruit. Another, smaller species native to the United States is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chinquapin</a></span><span class="style1">, which produces durable wood but inferior nuts.The European chestnut, an important source of lumber and nuts in the Mediterranean area, has also been affected by the blight. In Europe and in parts of Japan and China, chestnuts are an important source of food. Both the Japanese chestnut and the Chinese chestnut have been introduced into the United States with promising results. These trees are smaller than the American chestnut but are more resistant to blight. The Chinese chestnut produces a large, tasty </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, but the yield from the Japanese tree is of inferior quality.Scientific classification: Chestnuts belong to the family Fagaceae. The American chestnut is classified as Castanea dentata, the chinquapin as Castanea pumila, the European chestnut as Castanea sativa, the Japanese chestnut as Castanea crenata, and the Chinese chestnut as Castanea mollissima.See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Horse Chestnut</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Chervil, common name for an aromatic annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The species, native to Europe, reaches a height of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and bears small, deeply cut leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is cultivated for the leaves, which are used as a potherb, seasoning, and garnish in the same way as parsley.Scientific classification: Chervil belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Anthriscus cerefolium.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chervil</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbParsleyPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Chervil</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_56255.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cherry, common name for several related trees, and for the edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of some species. The genus containing cherry trees also includes plums, peaches, almonds, and apricots. Because many of these </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> have been cultivated for thousands of years and widely hybridized, the classification is complex. Some botanists place several species of plums and cherries in other genera.The ancestors of most of the modern cultivated varieties of cherry are probably the sweet, or dessert, cherry and the sour, or pie, cherry. The former </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> attains a height of up to 15 m (up to 50 ft) and has drooping leaves and peduncles, with small austere fruit. The latter has erect, smooth, shining leaves and a more juicy fruit, but is a much smaller </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. Both trees have white flowers in clusters or nearly sessile umbels, and both are generally regarded as natives of central and southern Europe, if not also of Great Britain, where both are naturalized. According to the Roman writer Pliny the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Elder</a></span><span class="style1">, the sour cherry tree was brought to Italy from Cerasus, Pontus (now Giresun, Turkey), by the Roman general Lucullus to grace his victory (73 BC) over Mithridates VI, king of Pontus. The sweet cherry tree is frequently planted for its fruit and for its beauty when in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, and also for its value as a timber tree. It grows rapidly and has strong, close-grained wood, suitable for use by cabinetmakers, turners, and musical-instrument makers. Double varieties of both species are also grown.The cultivated varieties of the cherry are numerous and differ considerably in size, color, and flavor. Among important varieties in cultivation are Mazzards, quick-growing trees used as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1"> for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1"> other varieties; Hearts and Bigarreaus, sweet cherries, the latter being firmer and less juicy; Amarelles and Morellos, sugar cherries, the latter being darker colored and sour; and Dukes, hybrids between the sweet and sour forms. Among the native species with very sour fruit that are occasionally cultivated is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chokecherry</a></span><span class="style1">. The fruits of all these varieties are eaten fresh or used for making preserves and liqueurs.Cherries are grown in many parts of the United States. Sweet cherries, more difficult to grow, are cultivated mainly in California, and sour cherries are common in the East. Some species with inferior fruit are cultivated especially for their flowers. Most notable of these are the Oriental cherry and the Nanking cherry. Thousands of trees of these species, presented by Japan to the United States in 1912, have been planted in Washington, D.C., around the Potomac Basin, where the cherry blossoms attract considerable attention each year in April.Scientific classification: Cherry trees belong to the family Rosaceae. The sweet, or dessert, cherry is classified as Prunus avium, the sour, or pie, cherry as Prunus cerasus, and the chokecherry as Prunus virginiana. The Oriental cherry is classified as Prunus serrulata, and the Nanking cherry as Prunus tomentosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Charlock, common name for a wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the mustard family. It has rough, dentate leaves; small, yellow, four-petaled flowers; and long, knotty, and tapering pods. The seeds are sometimes used as a substitute for table mustard. Charlock is an annual weed common in the United States and Europe.Scientific classification: Charlock belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica kaber.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Charlock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MustardPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Charlock</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_55758.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chard, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Swiss chard</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for an edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a variety of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">beet</a></span><span class="style1">. The edible portion of chard is the enlarged fleshy stalk and midrib of the leaves. Unlike those of garden beets, the roots of the chard are small and woody. Some varieties, called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> beet, are grown as ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Chard is classified as Beta vulgaris, variety cicla.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chard</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeetLeafPlantPlantsSwiss Chard</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeetSwiss Chard</text>
</content>
<name>Chard</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_55547.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chaparral, type of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">-land community that is dominated by small-leaved </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> vegetation. Such habitats are characteristic of the Mediterranean type of climate with warm, wet winters and long, dry summers. The name (Spanish chaparra, ΓÇ£scrub </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥) is applied to the shrub lands of California and Baja California that are dominated by scrub oak and by the dense shrubs chamiso and manzanita. Chaparral is fire dependent. Fire wipes out decadent growth, disposes of accumulated litter, recycles nutrients, and stimulates new, vigorous growth from seeds and sprouts.Other shrub lands in the American Southwest with similar vegetation are sometimes called chaparral, but they lack chamiso, and the summers are not as long and dry. In other areas with a Mediterranean climate, equivalent </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> communities are given such local names as the tomillares of Spain, the macchia of the Mediterranean countries and South Africa, the phrygana of the Balkans, and the brigalow shrub of South Australia.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chaparral</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Forest</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenOakPlantShrub</text>
</content>
<name>Chaparral</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_55179.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Chamomile, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">camomile</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain herbs of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Three well-known species are Roman or garden chamomile, German or wild chamomile, and golden or dyer's chamomile. The first two bear flowers with white rays and golden disks, used dried or fresh to make chamomile </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1">. Also, oil may be extracted from the flowers for use in perfume, medicine, and hair rinse. The flowers of the golden chamomile are a source of yellow dye.Scientific classification: Chamomiles belong to the family Asteraceae. Roman or garden chamomile is classified as Chamaemelum nobile, German or wild chamomile as Matricaria recutita, and golden or dyer's chamomile as Anthemis tinctoria.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Chamomile</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CamomileFlowerTea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Camomile</text>
</content>
<name>Chamomile</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_54946.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cereus, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cactus</a></span><span class="style1"> family, including a large but undetermined number of species. The genus is found in the southern United States, Mexico, South America, and the West Indies. Many species are common in cultivation, some of them under the name of night-blooming cereus. The best-known species in the United States is the saguaro, or giant cactus, which commonly occurs in Arizona and adjacent Sonora State, Mexico. This </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows to 15 m (50 ft) high. Young plants consist of a single trunk, but older plants may have 20 or more upturned branches. The night-blooming cereus of the desert is well known for its very large white, fragrant flowers, nearly all of which bloom at night. In several different recent classifications, the genus has been divided into as many as ten genera.Scientific classification: The genus Cereus belongs to the family Cactaceae. The saguaro, or giant cactus, is classified as Cereus giganteus. The night-blooming cereus of the desert is classified as Cereus greggii.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cereus</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CactusPlantPlants</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Cactus</text>
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<name>Cereus</name>
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card_54649.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cereals, various species of the grass family, cultivated for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">, which is used as food. The name is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of grains and agriculture. Although the cereals proper do not belong to any particular tribe of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grasses</a></span><span class="style1">, the use of particular species as bread </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> seems to have been determined chiefly by the superior size of the seed or by the ease of procuring it in sufficient quantity and of freeing it from its inedible covering. The most extensively cultivated grains are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barley</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rye</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oats</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1"> or maize, different kinds of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">millet</a></span><span class="style1">, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> sorghums known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">durra</a></span><span class="style1"> or Guinea corn. These have all been cultivated since ancient times. Maize is the only grain that originated in America; the others were developed in Europe, Asia, and Africa.Scientific classification: Cereals belong to the family Gramineae. Wheat is classified in the genus Triticum, barley in the genus Hordeum, rye in the genus Secale, oats in the genus Avena, rice in the genus Oryza, and corn in the genus Zea. Millet is classified in the genera Setatia, Eleusine, Panicum, and Pennisetum. Durra or Guinea corn is classified in the genera </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sorghum</a></span><span class="style1"> or Andropogon.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cellulose (Latin cellula, ΓÇ£little cellΓÇ¥), complex carbohydrate, the chief constituent of the cell wall of all </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> cells. In </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, cellulose is normally combined with woody, fatty, or gummy substances. With some exceptions among insects, true cellulose is not found in animal tissues. Microorganisms in the digestive tracts of herbivorous animals break down the cellulose into products that can then be absorbed. Cellulose is insoluble in all ordinary solvents and may be readily separated from the other constituents of plants. Depending on its concentration, sulfuric acid acts on cellulose to produce glucose, soluble starch, or amyloid; the last is a form of starch used for the coating of parchment paper. When cellulose is treated with an alkali and then exposed to the fumes of carbon disulfide, the solution yields films and threads. Rayon and cellophane are cellulose regenerated from such solutions. Cellulose acetates are spun into fine filaments for the manufacture of some fabrics and are also used for photographic safety film, as a substitute for glass, for the manufacture of safety glass, and as a molding material. Cellulose ethers are used in paper sizings, adhesives, soaps, and synthetic resins.With mixtures of nitric and sulfuric acids, cellulose forms a series of flammable and explosive compounds known as cellulose nitrates, or nitrocelluloses. Pyroxylin, also called collodion </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">, is a nitrate used in various lacquers and plastics; another, collodion, is used in medicine, photography, and the manufacture of artificial leather and some lacquers. A third nitrate, guncotton, is a high explosive.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cellulose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CottonDry RotPlantReed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CottonPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Cellulose</name>
<script></script>
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card_53588.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Celery, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family, a native of Europe but now widely grown throughout the world. The stalks, about 30 to 76 cm (about 12 to 30 in) high in cultivated varieties, are eaten, raw or cooked, as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> or salad. When allowed to grow naturally, the stalks are greenish in color and slightly bitter in taste. They are often blanched during the last stages of their growth by preventing access of sunlight except to the leaves; this process removes the color and the bitter taste, but also some of the vitamins. If allowed to grow a second year, celery sends up </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> stalks about 61 to 91 cm (about 24 to 36 in) tall with small white flowers in umbels. The dried </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of celery is used as a condiment alone under the name of celery </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> or ground and mixed with salt under the name of celery salt. Celery seed is also used in pharmacy as a sedative or to disguise the flavor of other drugs.Celery is subject to attack by several blights, by the tarnished </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> bug, and by the larva of the black swallowtail butterfly. In the United States, celery crops are grown principally in California and Florida.Scientific classification: Celery belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Apium graveolens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ceiba, common and scientific name for a large genus of trees that reach a height of 40 m (130 ft) or more. They have palmate leaves and large, bell-shaped flowers. Their thick, woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> capsules contain a kind of fiber that resembles </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cotton</a></span><span class="style1">.The ceiba </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kapok</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, or silk-cotton tree, is widely cultivated in tropical regions for its fiber, known as kapok. Because of its shortness, elasticity, and brittleness, the fiber cannot be spun like cotton but is used in various ways in upholstery and in making floss. Because of its lightness and water-repellent properties, kapok has been used in large quantities in life preservers and as stuffing and insulation. The principal supplies of kapok come from the island of Java. The seeds of the tree also yield kapok oil, used in making soap. The soft, spongy wood of the African variety, which is called bentang, is used for making canoes. The round seeds, the size of peas, are eaten on the Indonesian island of Celebes.Scientific classification: Ceibas belong to the family Bombacaceae. The ceiba tree is classified as Ceiba pentandra.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Ceiba</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>KapokMallow</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CottonKapokSeedTree</text>
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<name>Ceiba</name>
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card_53152.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cedar (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for three or four species of large trees native to mountainous areas of North Africa and Asia. Cedar trees belong to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> family, the members of which have needlelike leaves and, like all conifers, bear their seeds on scales clustered into cones. They differ from other members of the family in their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> four-angled leaves borne on short side-branches. The genus produces fragrant, durable, red-colored wood used in construction and cabinetry. Although no true cedars are native to North America, they are planted as ornamentals in milder areas, and various horticultural varieties, based on growth form and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> color, exist.The best-known cedar is the cedar of Lebanon, mentioned often in the Old Testament; the First Temple of Solomon was built of this wood (see 1 Kings 5:6). It is native to Asia Minor, and today only a few original groves remain, although they contain some trees of great age. Trees may reach 30 m (100 ft) in height and produce spreading branches that split off from the main trunk, unlike most conifers, which have a single dominant trunk. The dark to bright green leaves are about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) long, and the upright cones are about 10 cm (about 4 in) long. The Cyprus cedar, usually considered only a variety of the cedar of Lebanon, occurs on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean. The Atlas cedar is closely related to the cedar of Lebanon and occurs in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. The remaining cedar, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">deodar</a></span><span class="style1">, occurs in the Himalayas and is an important timber tree in India. Unlike the other species, which have horizontal branches and cones flat at the apex, the deodar has pendulous branches and rounded cones.The name cedar is also applied to other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">conifer</a></span><span class="style1"> trees with fragrant wood (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cypress</a></span><span class="style1">). The well-known white cedar grows in swamps of the eastern United States and reaches a height of 24 m (80 ft). An </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arborvitae</a></span><span class="style1"> is also called cedar; western cedar and eastern white cedar are both important timber trees in the United States. Eastern red cedar, widespread in the eastern United States, is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">juniper</a></span><span class="style1">. A flowering tropical American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mahogany</a></span><span class="style1"> is known as Spanish or West Indian cedar.Scientific classification: Cedar trees belong to the family Pinaceae. The cedar of Lebanon is classified as Cedrus libani, the Cyprus cedar as Cedrus brevifolia, the Atlas cedar as Cedrus atlantica, and the deodar as Cedrus deodara. North American conifers called cedars belong to the family Cupressaceae: the white cedar is classified as Chamaecyparis thyoides, the western cedar as Thuja plicata, the eastern white cedar as Thuja occidentalis, and the eastern red cedar as Juniperus virginiana. Spanish or West Indian cedar is classified as Cedrela odorata of the family Meliaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cauliflower, common name for a variety of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1"> species, of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mustard</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Only the deformed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1">, or head, of the cauliflower is used for food. It is less hardy than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broccoli</a></span><span class="style1">, another related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, and the cauliflowers that are reared in August for the purpose of supplying the first crop of the following summer need to be protected in cold frames during winter. To produce cauliflower of first-rate quality, the soil in which it is grown must be rich and well-cultivated.Scientific classification: Cauliflower belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica oleracea capitata.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cattail, common name for a tall perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">. It is characterized by a creeping </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1">; long, flat leaves; flowers in dense cylindrical terminal spikes; and brown, cylindrical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> with a velvety surface. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows in freshwater swamps, in both temperate and tropical climates, and is occasionally cultivated along pond borders and in bog gardens. It grows and spreads rapidly when sufficient water is present in the soil. The most common species, the common cattail, grows to about 1 to 2 m (about 5 to 9 ft) high. Another species widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, the narrow-leaved cattail, grows to a height of 3 m (10 ft), and a species of California, Texas, Mexico, and Argentina attains a height of about 5 m (about 18 ft) and an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> of 1 m (3 ft). The leaves are often used for making chair seats, mats, and baskets.Scientific classification: Cattails make up the genus Typha of the family Typhaceae. The most common cattail is classified as Typha latifolia, the narrow-leaved cattail as Typha augustifolia, and the species that grows to a height of about 5 m (about 18 ft) as Typha domingensis.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cattail</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Flag</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitHerbInflorescencePlantRootstock</text>
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<name>Cattail</name>
<script></script>
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card_52479.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Catnip, common name for a hardy perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Europe, it has become a common weed in North America. The sharp fragrance of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is attractive and exciting to cats, which enjoy eating catnip.Scientific classification: Catnip belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It is classified as Nepeta cataria.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Catnip</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Balm</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbMintPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Catnip</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_52113.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Catalpa, common name of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bignonia</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to the southern United States, this species is cultivated widely as an ornamental shade tree, growing to 12 m (40 ft) tall. It has silver-gray </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">, widely spread branches, and large, pale-green, heart-shaped leaves. The flowers are white, tinged and dotted with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1"> or purple. They are succeeded by long, beanlike pods, called Indian beans, that sometimes hang on the limbs all winter. The seeds are winged. Catalpa wood is light and fine and useful in cabinetwork.Scientific classification: The catalpa belongs to the family Bignoniceae. It is classified as Catalpa bignonioides.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Catalpa</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkBignoniaTreeViolet</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeanBignonia</text>
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<name>Catalpa</name>
<script></script>
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card_51894.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
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<text><span class="style1">Castor </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bean</a></span><span class="style1">, also castor-oil </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a plant of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">spurge</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to tropical Africa, where it grows to 12 m (40 ft) or more, it is widely planted in temperate areas as an annual ornamental for its large, lobed, fanlike leaves. It rarely exceeds 4.5 m (15 ft) in height in cooler climates. The bean-shaped seeds, castor beans, contain the castor oil of commerce; in Brazil, India, and Thailand the plant is an important crop. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers are without petals and are clustered in long panicles; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is covered with soft, orange-brown spines. All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans and animals; the seeds are extremely poisonous.Scientific classification: The castor bean plant belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is classified as Ricinus communis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Castor Bean</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanFruitOrangePlantSpurge</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeanSpurge</text>
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<name>Castor Bean</name>
<script></script>
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card_51609.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cassava, common name for any of several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> native to tropical regions in the Americas. Cassava is the West Indian name and is used in the United States; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">manioc</a></span><span class="style1">, or mandioc, is the Brazilian name; and juca, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">yucca</a></span><span class="style1">, is used in other parts of South America. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows in a bushy form, up to 2.4 m (up to 8 ft) high, with greenish-yellow flowers. The roots are up to 8 cm (up to 3 in) thick and 91 cm (36 in) long.Two varieties of the cassava are of economic value: the bitter, or poisonous; and the sweet, or nonpoisonous. Because the volatile poison can be destroyed by heat in the process of preparation, both varieties yield a wholesome food. Cassava is the chief source of tapioca, and in South America a sauce and an intoxicating beverage are prepared from the juice. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> in powder form is used to prepare farinha, a meal used to make thin cakes sometimes called cassava bread. The starch of cassava yields a product called Brazilian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arrowroot</a></span><span class="style1">. In Florida, where sweet cassava is grown, the roots are eaten as food, fed to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">, or used in the manufacture of starch and glucose.Scientific classification: Cassavas belong to the family Euphorbiaceae. Bitter cassava is classified as Manihot esculenta. Sweet cassava is classified as Manihot duleis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cashew, common name for a tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, for its edible nuts, and for the family to which the tree belongs. The family also includes </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poison ivy</a></span><span class="style1">, poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1">, poison </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sumac</a></span><span class="style1">, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mango</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pistachio</a></span><span class="style1">, and the smoke tree. The cashew tree, native to the Americas, is now widely cultivated in Asia (especially India) and Africa for its nuts and other products. It grows as high as 12 m (40 ft) and has leathery, oval leaves. The fragrant, reddish flowers grow in clusters, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped fruits, called cashew apples, are reddish or yellowish. At the end of each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a kidney-shaped ovary, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, with a hard double shell. Between the shells is a caustic, black oil that has to be removed by a difficult roasting process; the oil is used in the plastics and varnish industries. Another roasting removes the second shell, freeing the nut. The trunk of the tree yields a milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1"> also used to make varnish. The sour fruits can be eaten after processing and are used in making condiments.Scientific classification: The cashew belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is classified as Anacardium occidentale.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cascara Sagrada, (Spanish, ΓÇ£sacred </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥), aromatic bark of the cascara, a tall </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bearberry</a></span><span class="style1"> or California </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buckthorn</a></span><span class="style1">. Various ingredients in the bark give it therapeutic properties. Fluid extracts of cascara sagrada are used as mild purgatives and intestinal tonics.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Cascara Sagrada</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BarkBearberryBuckthornShrub</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>BarkBearberryBuckthorn</text>
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<name>Cascara Sagrada</name>
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card_50864.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Carrot, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Parsley</a></span><span class="style1">) native to Eurasia and northern Africa and widely distributed throughout the North Temperate Zone; the name is also applied to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> of this plant. The wild variety, popularly known as Queen Anne's lace, has a tough, woody root, unsuitable for food. The cultivated variety is the popular table </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. It is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1">. During the first season of its growth it forms a rosette of finely divided leaves and stores a surplus of food in its root, which thus becomes large and fleshy. First-season carrots are harvested for food. If left in the ground for a second season, a terminal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> in the center lengthens, at the expense of the food stored in the root, into a bristly branched </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> 91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 in) high. This stem bears a nestlike umbel of white or pinkish flowers, the central </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> of each umbelet often being purple. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of two one-seeded nutlets, each of which has four rows of radiating spines, which cause the ripe seeds to cling to animals and thus to be dispersed to new locations.Popular varieties among cultivated carrots are the Oxheart, the Chantenay, the Danvers Half-Long, and the Danvers Long. Large-rooted late types are used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1"> feeding and are relished by farm animals. Carotene is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> coloring matter of the root, a prolific source of provitamin A. In the United States, California and Texas are the foremost carrot-producing states.Scientific classification: The carrot belongs to the family Umbelliferae. It is classified as Daucus carota. The cultivated variety is classified as Daucus carota, variety sativa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Carrion </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of several related cactuslike desert herbs with flowers that have a putrid odor. The term is also used for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenbrier</a></span><span class="style1"> climbing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> with flowers that smell like carrion.Scientific classification: Carrion flowers make up the genus Stapelia of the family Asclepiadaceae. The greenbrier climbing vine belongs to the family Liliaceae. It is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Smilax</a></span><span class="style1"> herbacea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Carrion Flower</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>LilyMilkweedSmilax</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerGreenbrierSmilaxVine</text>
</content>
<name>Carrion Flower</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_49710.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Carob, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> also called Saint-John's-bread or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">locust</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1">. It grows to about 15 m (about 50 ft) in height and has dark, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, pinnate leaves. The small, red flowers have no petals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a brown, leathery </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> about 10 to 30 cm (about 4 to 12 in) long and contains gummy pulp of an agreeable sweet taste, in which lie a number of seeds. The pods are edible and are often used for livestock feed. The seeds, which are remarkably uniform in size and weight, are thought to have been the original standard karat weight used by jewelers and goldsmiths. The carob is native to the Mediterranean area and is grown in other warm climates.Scientific classification: Carob belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, family Leguminosae. It is classified as Ceratonia siliqua.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Carob</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanEvergreenFruitLocustPodTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>LegumeLocust</text>
</content>
<name>Carob</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_49415.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Carnauba </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Palm</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a species of palm </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. This slender tree grows to a height of 12 m (40 ft). It is found from Brazil to Argentina. The hard wood of the carnauba palm is used in making excellent veneers. The tree bears a sweet black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> that is about the size of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> and is edible either raw or cooked. Starch is obtained from the stems of the tree and sugar from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> fibers are made into cordage, mats, and hats.A wax, also called carnauba, forms in scales on the lower surfaces of the leaves and is removed by shaking the dried harvested leaves. It is processed for use in lubricants, polishes, floor wax, plastics, and carbon paper.Scientific classification: The carnauba palm belongs to the family Palmae. It is classified as Copernicia prunifera.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Carnauba Palm</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitLeafOlivePalmSapTree</text>
</content>
<name>Carnauba Palm</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_49034.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cardamom, common name for certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> species native to India and southeastern Asia, and for their aromatic seeds (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ginger</a></span><span class="style1">). The true cardamom has large leaves and white flowers with blue stripes and yellow borders; it grows to about 3 m (about 10 ft) in height. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a small capsule with 8 to 16 brown seeds; the seeds are used as a spice.Scientific classification: Cardamom belong to the family Zingiberaceae. The true cardamom is classified as Elettaria cardamomum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cardamom</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitGingerPlant</text>
</content>
<name>Cardamom</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_48357.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Caraway, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that has long been cultivated in temperate zones for its aromatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, called caraway seeds. These seeds are used in cookery, confectionery, and medicine. The caraway plant is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">; it grows up to 61 cm (up to 2 ft) high and has finely divided leaves and clusters of white flowers. The large oil glands of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> contain caraway oil, which is used to flavor the liqueur aquavit. This oil is also used in perfumery and in pharmacy as an aromatic stimulant and as a flavoring agent.Scientific classification: The caraway plant belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Carum carvi.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Caraway</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialFruitHerbPlantSeed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CuminParsleySpices</text>
</content>
<name>Caraway</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_48059.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Capsicum, genus of related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, containing 10 species, including the common red </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pepper</a></span><span class="style1">, varieties of which are important food plants. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a many-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">. The fruit of one variety is known variously as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> pepper, red pepper, or capsicum. Under its Mexican name, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chili</a></span><span class="style1">, it is used in sauces and mixed pickles. Cayenne pepper is made from the dried, ground seeds and pods. The fruit of another variety is the mild-flavored green or red bell, or sweet, pepper eaten as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. The bush red pepper is the source of Tabasco and other hot sauces.Scientific classification: Capsicum belong to the family Solanaceae. The common red pepper is classified as Capsicum annum. The variety that bears the fruit known as pod pepper, red pepper, or capsicum is classified as Capsicum annum longum, the variety that bears the green or red bell, or sweet, pepper as Capsicum annum grossum, and the bush red pepper as Capsicum frutescens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Caper, common name for a family of herbs, trees, and some vines. The family contains about 45 genera and 800 species, which occur in tropical and subtropical areas, especially Africa and the Mediterranean region. Flowers are usually irregular, and some are showy. Although the number and arrangement of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts are variable, the ovary (female flower part) is characteristically borne on a gynophore, an elongation of the floral tissue between the stamens and ovary, resulting in a distinctive stalked appearance of the mature ovary and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The spider flower, a well-known garden annual, is a member of this family. The capers that are used as a seasoning or condiment are the pickled, unopened buds of the caper bush, a spiny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> native to dry, rocky areas in the Mediterranean.Scientific classification: Capers make up the family Capparaceae. The spider flower is classified as Cleome hassleriana. The caper bush is classified as Capparis spinosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Caper</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Mignonette</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FlowerFruitShrub</text>
</content>
<name>Caper</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_47548.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cannabis, genus containing a coarse, tall, hairy annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nettle</a></span><span class="style1">) that provides fiber from its stems, oil from its seeds, and drugs from its leaves and flowers. The only species of Cannabis, also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1"> or India hemp, is a native of Central Asia but is widely cultivated and found as a weed throughout North America. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> grows up to 1.8 m (6 ft) tall, with coarsely-toothed, palmately divided leaves and inconspicuous clusters of flowers. Depending on the product desired, the methods and areas of production vary. Hemp is grown mainly in temperate regions. Seeds yield a drying oil used in the manufacture of varnish, paints, and soap. The seeds are also used as bird feed. The fibers have a variety of uses in textiles and in rope. The drugs bhang, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hashish</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marijuana</a></span><span class="style1"> contain as their principal component narcotic resins found mostly in the glandular hairs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. These resins are most abundant under hot, tropical conditions. In the United States, cannabis may be grown only under government permit.Scientific classification: The genus Cannabis belongs to the family Moraceae. Hemp is classified as Cannabis sativa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Canna, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, herbaceous in habit, with large, showy flowers. The one genus includes about 25 species that occur in the West Indies and Central America. In temperate areas several forms are used for summer plantings both for their flowers and their luxuriant foliage. Other than horticultural forms, several species yield useful extracts from their rhizomes, including an easily digestible starch, purple </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arrowroot</a></span><span class="style1">, from one species. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ginger</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Cannas make up the family Cannaceae. The species that yields purple arrowroot is classified as Canna edulis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Canker, common name for a wide range of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant diseases</a></span><span class="style1">, most often of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, that are characterized by the development of local lesions on the trunk, branches, or stems. The lesions swell or sink and become discolored as the affected areas die, and they often crack open to reveal underlying tissues. As such lesions spread, they may encircle a branch and kill foliage growth beyond that point.Cankers are produced by many different kinds of bacteria and fungi. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> cankers, for example, are caused by variants of the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. The diseases tend to develop in plants that are already weakened by inadequate growth conditions or by insect attacks. No cure thus far exists for a number of cankers, but others can be treated by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pruning</a></span><span class="style1"> and by taking various common preventive measures. The use of special soils may be required to deal with certain particular cankers. Foliage loss through infestation by the caterpillars called cankerworms is an unrelated phenomenon. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Canker</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Diseases of Plants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusDiseases of PlantsPlantPlant DiseasesPlantsPruning</text>
</content>
<name>Canker</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_46117.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Candytuft, common name for about 30 species of herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mustard</a></span><span class="style1">). Both annual and perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, they are natives of Mediterranean countries and are cultivated in gardens. One perennial is popular as edging for rock gardens because of its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves and fragrant white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters. The globe candytuft is one of the most popular annuals. It produces flowers of many colors.Scientific classification: Candytufts make up the genus Iberis of the family Cruciferae. The perennial candytuft popular as edging is classified as Iberis sempervirens. The globe candytuft is classified as Iberis umbellata.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Candytuft</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Gardening</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFlowerMustardPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Candytuft</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_46074.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Canary Grass, common name for an annual grass native to the Temperate Zones of Europe and the United States.The grass is frequently cultivated commercially for the seeds, which are sold as birdseed. Canary grass grows to a height of 61 cm (24 in) and has slender leaves about 15 cm (about 6 in) long. The seeds are eggshaped. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Reed</a></span><span class="style1"> canary grass is cultivated in gardens and is called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ribbon grass</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Canary grass belongs to the family Gramineae. It is classified as Phalaris canariensis. Reed canary grass is classified as Phalaris arudinacea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Canary Grass</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Ribbon Grass</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ReedRibbon Grass</text>
</content>
<name>Canary Grass</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_45544.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Canada Balsam, an oleoresin obtained from the balsam secreted by the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fir</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">balsam fir</a></span><span class="style1">. The balsam fir grows in the forests of Canada and the northern United States. The balsam exudes from the tree as a greenish-yellow liquid with the consistency of honey and becomes hard and transparent as it dries. Although balsam is sometimes an ingredient of varnishes, it is used chiefly as an adhesive for mounting microscopic specimens and in the manufacture of lenses and optical systems. Balsam has two important advantages when used to cement the elements of compound lenses and other glass surfaces: it is transparent, and its index of refraction is so close to that of optical glass that it introduces little distortion.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Canada Balsam</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Balsam FirBarkEvergreenFirTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Balsam (resin)Fir</text>
</content>
<name>Canada Balsam</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_45248.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Camellia, genus of about 82 species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> shrubs or trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native in tropical and subtropical Asia. The genus includes the species from which the beverage tea is made. The species most valued horticulturally is the common camellia, varieties of which are cultivated in China, Korea, and Japan for its beautiful, fragrant, waxlike flowers. In the wild state this species grows up to 12 m (40 ft) high and has red flowers; white, red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1">, and double varieties also have been developed. Camellias are grown in warm, damp regions in southern and western areas of the United States. Popular as an ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, the camellia is also the state </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> of Alabama.Scientific classification: The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. The species from which tea is made is classified as Camellia sinensis. The common camellia is classified as Camellia japonica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Camellia</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Tea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFlowerPinkPlantTea</text>
</content>
<name>Camellia</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_44174.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Calla, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">arum</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The only species of this genus, the water arum, is a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> found in the cold bogs of Canada, Eurasia, and the United States. The water arum, also known as the wild calla, is about 25 cm (about 10 in) tall, has heart-shaped leaves, and bears an oval white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> surrounding a cluster of yellow blossoms that develop into red berries.The name calla is applied also to other plants of the same family, especially the golden calla and the calla </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">, both native to southern Africa. The calla lily, also called lily of the Nile, grows about 76 cm (about 2.5 ft) high and has large spear-tip leaves around a cluster of tiny flowers. The black calla, found in Palestine and Syria, has beautiful black-purple flowers.Scientific classification: The genus Calla belongs to the family Araceae. The water arum is classified as Calla palustris. The golden calla is classified as Zantedeschia elliottiana, the calla lily as Zantedeschia aethiopica, and the black calla as Arum palaestinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Calla</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumHerbLeafLilyPlants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Arum</text>
</content>
<name>Calla</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_43934.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Calendula, genus of annual and perennial ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">. Calendulas are native to temperate regions, particularly the Mediterranean, and the genus contains about 20 species. The plants have large yellow- or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-rayed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> heads and alternate, generally oblong leaves. The best-known species is the pot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marigold</a></span><span class="style1">, a popular garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> in North America growing up to 61 cm (up to 24 in) in height and having leaves 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long. The bright flower heads, up to 10 cm (up to 4 in) in diameter, close at night. The petals of the pot marigold are used in cooking. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Calendula belongs to the family Compositae. The pot marigold is classified as Calendula officinalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Calceolaria (Latin Calceolarius, ΓÇ£shoemakerΓÇ¥), genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> native to South America. Most grow in the Andes at altitudes of more than 2736 m (more than 9000 ft). The calyx has four parts, and the corolla has two lips, of which the lower in some species resembles a slipper, hence its name. The flowers are most frequently yellow; purple ones are also fairly common. Calceolaria were introduced into </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">floriculture</a></span><span class="style1"> about 1830 and have produced many hybrids and varieties. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is a perennial and is treated as a semihardy or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">greenhouse</a></span><span class="style1"> plant in the United States. Its size ranges between 30 and 152 cm (between 12 and 60 in). See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Figwort</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The genus Calceolaria belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Caladium, common name for certain related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> often grown in homes and gardens for their snowy foliage. Wide variation is found in the colors and markings of the attractive, large, single-bladed leaves, which rise on long stalks from fleshy, underground bulblike corms. Under some circumstances, the corms and other parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> may contain needle-shaped raphide crystals of calcium oxalate, a substance that causes an intense, burning irritation if eaten. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Arum</a></span><span class="style1">Scientific classification: Caladiums belong to the family Araceae. They are classified in the genera Caladium and Xanthosoma.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Caladium</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ArumPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Caladium</name>
<script></script>
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card_42828.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Calabash </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a tree found in tropical America, especially in the West Indies. The tree grows to an average height of 9 m (30 ft). Although the wood of the tree is tough and flexible, by far the most useful part is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gourd</a></span><span class="style1">, or hard shell of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, from which numerous articles, including domestic utensils and pipes for smoking </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">, are made. Many articles made from the calabash gourd are given the name calabash. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bignonia</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The calabash tree belongs to the family Bignoniaceae. It is classified as Crescentia cujete.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Calabash Tree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BignoniaFruitGourdTobaccoTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Bignonia</text>
</content>
<name>Calabash Tree</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_42575.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Cactus, common name for the family comprising a peculiar group of spiny, fleshy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> native to America. The family contains about 1650 species, most of which are adapted to arid climates. The fruits of cacti are important sources of food and drink in many areas to which they are native. Because cacti require little care and exhibit bizarre forms, they are popular for home cultivation and are coming under increasing pressure as a result. More than 17 kinds of cacti now face extinction because of plundering by avid collectors and professional poachers, especially in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.Cactus plants usually consist of spiny stems and roots. Leaves are greatly reduced or entirely absent. Only in two genera are fully formed leaves present. The stems of cacti are usually swollen and fleshy, adapted to water storage, and many are shaped in ways that cause rain to flow directly to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> system for absorption. The roots form extensive systems near the soil surface, assuring that a given </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> will absorb the maximum amount of water from a wide area; plants in deserts are usually widely spaced.The most distinctive vegetative feature of cacti is the areoles, specialized areas on the stems on which stiff, sharp spines usually grow. Some cacti lack spines but have hairs or sharp, barbed structures called glocids on the areoles. Areoles develop from lateral buds on the stems and appear to represent highly specialized branches.The flowers of cacti are often large and showy and occur singly rather than in clusters of several flowers. The perianth (floral tube) does not consist of sharply differentiated sepals and petals, but rather of a series of bracts (modified leaves), which gradually grade into sepals and finally into showy petals. The flowers have many stamens; the ovary is inferior and fused to the perianth. The fruits are often brightly colored and fleshy.Most of the 130 or so genera of cacti are found in cultivation, the small, slow-growing species being most popular because of their variety in shapes, colors, and spines. One of the best-known is a group containing beautiful night-blooming flowers and the familiar saguaro plant. In some classifications, this group is split into as many as 10 separate genera (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cereus</a></span><span class="style1">). Still more widely grown is the group containing the Christmas cactus. Species of this group, which naturally occur as epiphytes (air plants) in tropical rain forests, do not fit the popular idea of cacti as squat, fleshy plants of desert regions. Examination of their stems, however, reveals the presence of the cactus family's unique areoles; their flowers have the typical cactus features.Many groups of plants that are unrelated to cacti have also adapted to survive in arid regions and often resemble cacti in appearance. These offer examples of parallel evolution: Unrelated organisms subjected to similar environmental stresses often evolve similar anatomical and functional characteristics. For example, many spurges that grow in dry parts of Africa, where cacti are not found, exhibit leafless, spiny, fleshy stems (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Cacti make up the family Cactaceae. Cacti with fully formed leaves are classified in the genera Pereskia and Pereskiopsis. The night-blooming flowers and the saguaro plant are classified in the genus Cereus. The Christmas cactus is classified as Schlumbergera bridgesii.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Cacao, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> of that tree, and for certain other related trees in a family that also contains the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cola</a></span><span class="style1">. The cacao tree is a perennial that yields several harvests annually. First cultivated in South America, it was introduced into Europe during the 16th century. Today it is grown chiefly in western Africa. The average cacao tree attains a height of about 6 m (about 20 ft) and has shiny leaves, as long as 30 cm (12 in), and small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers on the trunk and older branches. Only about 30 of the 6000 annual blossoms eventually bear seeds. Commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cocoa</a></span><span class="style1"> beans, the seeds are surrounded by a yellow or reddish-brown </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pod</a></span><span class="style1"> about 28 cm (about 11 in) long. Cocoa beans are either purple or off-white and resemble almonds. The high proportion of fat in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bean</a></span><span class="style1"> kernels (cocoa butter) is used in medications, cosmetics, and soaps. The pulverized residue, which is called cocoa, is used in beverages and as a flavoring. Chocolate is also derived from cocoa beans.Scientific classification: Cacao trees belong to the family Sterculiaceae. The common cacao tree is classified as Theobroma cacao.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Cacao</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BeanCocoaColaPinkPodSeedTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CocoaColaMallowSandalwood</text>
</content>
<name>Cacao</name>
<script></script>
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card_42148.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Cabbage, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">, widely cultivated in temperate regions for food and fodder. The common cabbage and related varieties, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">brussels sprouts</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">broccoli</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cauliflower</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kale</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">kohlrabi</a></span><span class="style1">, and Chinese cabbage, were probably all developed from a wild cabbage native to the coasts of Europe. The common cabbage (French caboche, ΓÇ£big headΓÇ¥) has a dense head of leaves, a short </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, and additional edible leaves. The leaves, depending on the type of cabbage, are oblong, oval, or nearly circular; about 30 cm (about 12 in) wide; green, purple, or red; and may be wrinkled, as in the savoy cabbage, or smooth. In the United States, many kinds of common cabbage are cultivated.Scientific classification: Cabbage belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica oleracea, variety capitata. The wild cabbage is classified as Brassica oleracea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Butternut, common name for a large, spreading American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Walnut</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The trees, found in eastern and central North America, grow to 18 m (60 ft) tall. They have large compound leaves with 11 to 17 leaflets. They are hardy from New Brunswick to Arkansas. The edible nuts are picked when green or dried after ripening. The wood of the tree, also known as white walnut, is hard and is valued for furniture and cabinetwork.Scientific classification: The butternut tree belongs to the family Juglandaceae. It is classified as Juglans cinerea.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Butternut</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Squash</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FruitTreeWalnut</text>
</content>
<name>Butternut</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_41362.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Butterfly Weed, common name for a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, found in open, dry ground in most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The plant is 60 to 90 cm (24 to 36 in) high, with rough, lance-shaped leaves 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long. It bears brilliant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers during most of the summer. Although it belongs to the same genus as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">milkweed</a></span><span class="style1">, the plant has little or no milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. It was used by the Native Americans for lung and throat ailments and is sometimes called pleurisy </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: The butterfly weed belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is classified as Asclepias tuberosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Butterfly Weed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Milkweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MilkweedOrangePlantRootSap</text>
</content>
<name>Butterfly Weed</name>
<script></script>
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card_41165.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Butterfly Bush, common name for a genus comprising about 100 species of flowering shrubs and small trees widespread in subtropical and tropical areas. Although some species have been used medicinally and as poisons, the main interest in the genus is horticultural. Several kinds are grown for their scented, lilaclike colorful flowers, which attract butterflies. Some of these </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> grow up to 4.5 m (15 ft) high, and have arching, pendulous branches with profuse white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lavender</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. Many species are not particularly hardy in the north, but the roots usually overwinter and produce new growth in the spring. Summer </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lilac</a></span><span class="style1"> is the hardiest and most widely grown species.Scientific classification: Butterfly bushes make up the genus Buddleja, of the family Buddlejaceae. Summer lilac is classified as Buddleja davidii.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Butterfly Bush</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LavenderLilacOrangePlants</text>
</content>
<name>Butterfly Bush</name>
<script></script>
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card_40841.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Buttercup, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and for its representative genus. The family comprises about 58 genera and 1750 species and contains many ornamentals, including </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">adonis</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clematis</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">delphinium</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anemone</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">larkspur</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">columbine</a></span><span class="style1">. Buttercups of the family's representative genus possess shiny, conspicuous, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lemon</a></span><span class="style1">-yellow, cup-shaped flowers. Common species include the tall buttercup and the bulbous buttercup, both widely distributed in pastures and meadows, although the latter is restricted to the eastern United States. Cursed crowfoot and small-flowered buttercup have smaller petals and are less conspicuous. Buttercups, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">marsh marigold</a></span><span class="style1">, and some other members of the buttercup family produce a harmless glycoside in their tissues. This compound, however, breaks down spontaneously to form an oily substance, protoanemonin, which is a strong irritant. Buttercups are usually avoided by livestock, but, if eaten, may produce severe irritation of the mouth and digestive system. Drying of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> causes further spontaneous change, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> containing buttercups cannot harm grazing livestock.Plants in the order to which the buttercup family belongs are almost all herbaceous (nonwoody) or climbers and are most abundant in temperate areas of the world. Many species are of ornamental value, a few are common weeds, and some are poisonous to mammals, including humans.The order is diverse, but several features are shared by many members of the group. Vegetatively, these include the herbaceous trait, alternately arranged leaves that lack stipules (small leaflike appendages at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> bases), and the production of alkaloids. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts are usually numerous, spirally arranged, and not fused. Members of the order occupy a wide range of habitats, deserts being the only areas in which they are not well represented. In general, however, the members of the order are adapted to moist-to-wet habitats.The brightly colored flowers found in most of the order function to attract insects for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">. The order has two flower types: </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers.Five of the eight families included in the order contain only a few species. The largest family after the buttercup, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">barberry</a></span><span class="style1">, with about 650 species, mostly North Temperate, includes the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mayapple</a></span><span class="style1"> and several useful ornamentals such as Oregon </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grape</a></span><span class="style1"> and barberry. The moonseed family contains about 400 species of climbers found throughout the tropics. A kind of curare used as a muscle relaxant is obtained from one of its members.Scientific classification: Buttercups make up the family Ranunculaceae, of the order Ranunculales. The tall buttercup is classified as Ranunculus acris, the bulbous buttercup as Ranunculus bulbosus, the cursed crowfoot as Ranunculus sceleratus, and the small-flowered buttercup as Ranunculus abortivus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Burdock, common name for any of a genus of coarse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> weeds (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">) characterized by bristly burrs. Two species, the great burdock, and the common burdock, were native to Europe, and are now common throughout the United States.Scientific classification: Burdocks make up the genus Arctium of the family Compositae. The great burdock is classified as Arctium lappa and the common burdock as Arctium minus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Burdock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BiennialComposite Flowers</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Cocklebur</text>
</content>
<name>Burdock</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_40445.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bulb, mass of overlapping, usually fleshy leaves on a short </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, enclosing, protecting, and serving as a source of food for at least one </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> that may develop into a new </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The bulb, usually developed underground, has roots growing down from the stem. The truncated bulb, as in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">onion</a></span><span class="style1">, has tightly overlapping leaves; the scaly bulb, as in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">garlic</a></span><span class="style1">, is looser. In common usage the term bulb also refers to bulblike stems, such as the corm of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">crocus</a></span><span class="style1"> or the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tuber</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dahlia</a></span><span class="style1">, and even to rhizomes, masses of roots, and some underground stems. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rhizome</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bugleweed, common name for two genera of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Europe and Asia, some members of one genus have been naturalized in North America. The annual or perennial plants grow up to 35 cm (14 in) high, depending on the species, and bear blue, white, or reddish flowers in whorls. They are often used as ground cover in rock gardens. Members of the other genus, native to northern temperate regions, are perennials also known as water horehounds. Their flowers are usually white. The plants thrive in moist ground.Scientific classification: Bugleweeds belong to the family Labiatae. They are classified in the genera Ajuga and Lycopus.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bugleweed</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>MintPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Bugleweed</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_39355.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bugbane, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The genus comprises about 15 species of tall, upright perennial herbs of the North Temperate Zone. The leaves are large and several times compound; the flowers are small and white, usually in spike-shaped clusters. Bugbane </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are natives of rich, shaded woods and are sometimes grown in wild gardens or in partially shaded garden areas. The common name is a direct translation of the scientific name, which was applied to the genus because some species, especially one species of Europe and black cohosh of the United States, contain resins that are repellent to insects.Scientific classification: Bugbane is the common name for the genus Cimicifuga of the family Ranunculaceae. The European species that contains insect-repellent resins is classified as Cimicifuga foetida. Black cohosh is classified as Cimicifuga racemosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bugbane</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>ButtercupPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Bugbane</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_39050.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bud, undeveloped or embryonic shoot of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Buds contain the undeveloped leaves, stems, or flowers, and according to the mature structure into which they develop, buds are classified as either vegetative or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> buds. A bud growing at the end of a twig or shoot is called a terminal bud, and a bud that grows along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> is known as a lateral bud. Although most lateral buds occur in the axils of leaves, they can appear elsewhere; they are then called adventitious.Buds, particularly those of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, often are protected by modified leaves called bud scales. As the bud develops, these scales usually drop off, leaving scars. Not all buds develop, and those that do not are known as dormant buds. Occasionally a bud that has been dormant for years will become active. This activity accounts for the small branches sometimes seen growing near the bases of large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> trunks. The edible ΓÇ£headΓÇ¥ of the ordinary </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1"> is one of the largest known terminal buds.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Buckwheat, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> family and for one of its 30 genera. Members of the genus are not related to the true wheats, which belong to the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">).Common buckwheat is a native of the shores of the Caspian Sea and the region of the Amur River. It was introduced into western Europe in about the 16th century. The plant is upright, branched, up to 90 cm (36 in) high. The leaves are heart-shaped, the flowers white or yellow-white, and the seeds black and triangular. The seeds are used for livestock and poultry feed and are ground into flour; the plant is used for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1"> and for litter. Bees make a dark, highly flavored honey from the blossoms. Buckwheat flour contains no gluten and somewhat less protein and somewhat more starch than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">.Tartarian buckwheat, or Indian wheat, the only other species common in cultivation, is a native of Siberia and is distinguished by the toothed edges of the seeds and more vigorous growth. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dock</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorrel</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhubarb</a></span><span class="style1"> are also members of the buckwheat family.Scientific classification: Buckwheats make up the family Polygonaceae. Common buckwheat is classified as Fagopyrum esculentum. Tartarian buckwheat, or Indian wheat, is classified as Fagopyrum tataricum.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Buckthorn, common name for a family comprising about 875 species, in 53 genera, of mostly trees and shrubs, although some are climbers. The family is cosmopolitan in distribution. Many species exhibit adaptations to dry habitats, including small, crowded leaves; thorns and spines; and short branches. In addition to ornamentals, the family is important as a source of some medicines (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cascara Sagrada</a></span><span class="style1">). It is also an important source of natural green and yellow dyes and fruits (from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lotus</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jujube</a></span><span class="style1">). The common buckthorn, sometimes cultivated in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> borders, has large spines; small, oval leaves; and small white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters. Its blue-black, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">-size berries are cathartic.The family belongs to an order that contains two other families. The distinctive feature of the order is the nature of the flowers, which always have as many stamens (male flower parts) as petals, usually four or five. Also, whereas in most </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> groups the stamens are attached between the petals, in this order they are attached opposite the petals. Another distinctive feature of the flower is a disk of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nectar</a></span><span class="style1">-producing tissue located between the stamen and the pistil (female flower part).One of the other families in the order contains about 13 genera and 700 species of mostly tropical and subtropical climbers with tendrils (modified shoots) that coil around objects, attaching the vines to them. This family is of tremendous importance because it contains the genus from which wine, grapes, and dried fruits are obtained. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Virginia creeper</a></span><span class="style1">, or American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ivy</a></span><span class="style1">, an attractive ornamental, is also a member of this family. The third family contains about 70 species, all placed in one genus.Scientific classification: Buckthorns make up the family Rhamnaceae, of the order Rhamnales. The common buckthorn is classified as Rhamnus cathartica. Two other families of the order are Vitaceae, containing the genera Vitis and Parthenocissus, and Leeaceae, containing the genus Leea.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Brussels Sprouts, common name for a garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a variety of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1"> species. The edible parts of the plant are clusters of swollen buds or sprouts. They are about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter, growing along the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> at the junctions of the leaves.Scientific classification: Brussels sprouts belong to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica oleracea gemmifera.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Brussels Sprouts</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>CabbageMustard</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CabbagePlantStem</text>
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<name>Brussels Sprouts</name>
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card_37317.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Broomrape, common name for any of a family of small parasitic herbs, especially those of the representative genus. Having no green foliage, broomrapes fasten themselves to the roots of other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> and eventually destroy them by taking their nutrients. Two species, both from Europe, have some importance in the United States: one that is parasitic on tomatoes, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tobacco</a></span><span class="style1">; and another that attacks </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1">. The family consists of about 230 species of parasitic plants.Scientific classification: Broomrapes make up the family Orobanchaceae. The representative genus is Orobanche. The broomrape that is parasitic on tomatoes, hemp, and tobacco is classified as Orobanche ramosa, the broomrape that attacks clover as Orobanche minor.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Broomrape</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Diseases of Plants</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CloverHempPlantsTobacco</text>
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<name>Broomrape</name>
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card_36954.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Broom, common name for two closely related genera (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">), both characteristically stiff-stemmed shrubs with attractive, profuse flowers, usually yellow and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pea</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped. Native to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, they are now cultivated and naturalized in some areas of the United States. One genus, with about 50 species, is distinguished by having leaves with three leaflets, similar to those of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">clover</a></span><span class="style1">, and by having no thorns. The best-known species is Scotch broom, which grows to 3 m (10 ft) high. The other genus, with about 90 species, is usually armed with thorns and has leaves with only one leaflet. Dyre's greenwood, or woodwaxen, has showy yellow flowers that yield a yellow dye. It grows to about 1 m (about 3 ft).</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Heath</a></span><span class="style1">; broomcorn, a type of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sorghum</a></span><span class="style1">; and butcher's-broom of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family are among the many other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with stiff, erect stems that are often called broom. The tops of these plants are tied to a handle and used as floor brooms and brushes. Commercial brooms are made of broomcorn or a variety of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> fibers.Scientific classification: Brooms belong to the subfamily Papilionoideae, family Leguminosae. Scotch broom is classified as Cytisus scoparius and Dyre's greenwood as Genista tinctoria.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Brooklyn Botanic Garden, The, 21-hectare (52-acre) botanic garden, located in the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City.The garden includes such attractions as the Children's Garden, the first of its kind in the world; Cranford </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1"> Garden, featuring 1200 varieties of roses; Fragrance Garden, the first of its kind, specializing in fragrant flowers, foliage, and herbs; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Herb</a></span><span class="style1"> Garden, featuring 300 kinds of medicinal, culinary, fragrant, and ornamental herbs; and the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, a traditional Japanese-style garden with a pond. Other features include the Local Flora Section, a collection showing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> species native to the New York City area; Osborne Section, a formal, Italian-style garden; Rock Garden, featuring alpine, woodland, alpine meadow, acid-loving, and drought-tolerant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">; and Shakespeare Garden, exhibiting an English style and featuring plants mentioned in the work of English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Greenhouses at the garden house tropical, temperate, and desert plants and trees up to 20 m (65 ft) tall. A total of 12,000 varieties of plants from around the world are represented in the garden. Other features of the garden include concert and performance facilities, scientifically arranged collections, and a café.The Brooklyn Botanic Garden also conducts botanical and biological research; maintains a library of 30,000 volumes and 600 periodicals; and publishes the Plants & Gardens quarterly book series. The garden had 19,000 members in 1994.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Botanical Garden</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbPlantPlantsRose</text>
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<name>Brooklyn Botanic Garden</name>
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card_36481.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Broccoli, common name for a garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a variety of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cabbage</a></span><span class="style1"> species, closely related to the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cauliflower</a></span><span class="style1">. Broccoli is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">branching</a></span><span class="style1"> plant about 60 cm (about 24 in) high with edible green heads and thick stems. First grown in Europe, it is now an important crop in the United States.Scientific classification: Broccoli belongs to the family Cruciferae. It is classified as Brassica oleracea italica.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Broccoli</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BranchingCabbageCauliflowerPlant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CabbageCauliflowerMustardVegetable</text>
</content>
<name>Broccoli</name>
<script></script>
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card_35954.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Breadfruit, common name for a tropical </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mulberry</a></span><span class="style1">), grown on the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is the principal staple crop of the area. The fruit, about the size of a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">melon</a></span><span class="style1">, has a rough rind and a white, mealy pulp. The pulp when baked is somewhat sweet, with a soft texture. The pulp may also be dried and ground to make biscuits, bread, and puddings. The tree grows to a height of about 12 m (about 40 ft); has long, leathery, glossy, green, incised leaves; and bears distinct male and female flowers in separate clusters. Cloth is made from the inner </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1">; furniture and canoes are made from the soft, light wood; and the milky </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1"> is used in a waterproofing compound.Scientific classification: The breadfruit tree belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Artocarpus altilis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Breadfruit</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BarkFruitMelonMulberrySapTree</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Mulberry</text>
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<name>Breadfruit</name>
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card_35387.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Brazilwood, common name for any of a genus of tropical trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). The hard, red wood is used in cabinets and violin bows. An East Indian species was brought to Europe during the Middle Ages. When Portuguese explorers reached what is now Brazil, they found a similar </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">. Brazilwood is also valuable for a red crystalline dye, Brazilin, derived from the narrow heartwood. Commercially this dye has been largely replaced by synthetic dyestuffs. It is widely accepted that the name of the Brazilian nation is derived from brazilwood.Scientific classification: Brazilwoods make up the genus Caesalpinia, of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, family Leguminosae. The East Indian species is classified as Caesalpinia sappan. The tree found by Portuguese explorers is classified as Caesalpinia brasiliensis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Brazilwood</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Legume</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>LegumeTree</text>
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<name>Brazilwood</name>
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card_35264.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Brazil </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Nut</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a tropical tree, which reaches a height of at least 30 m (100 ft) and is native to northern Brazil. It produces a round, woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> vessel, about the size of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1">, which contains as many as 24 seeds, or nuts. The nut is triangular, with a brown, rough, hard shell enclosing an oily white kernel. Brazil nuts are an important export from northern Brazil, particularly from Pará.Scientific classification: The Brazil nut tree belongs to the family Lecythidaceae. It is classified as Bertholletia excelsa.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Brazil Nut Tree</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>GrapefruitNutSeedTree</text>
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<name>Brazil Nut Tree</name>
<script></script>
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card_34896.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Branching, in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">, production of subordinate stems from the main </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, or axis. When the growing point forks and produces two equally growing stems, the branching is dichotomous; when the main axis continues in its original line of growth and forms offshoots, the branching is monopodial. Dichotomy is more common among the ferns and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mosses</a></span><span class="style1">, whereas the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> have a potential branch in every vegetative </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> except the terminal bud, which continues the main axis. Leaves also frequently branch; when </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> branches are distinct, the leaves are said to be compound.One of the most characteristic and easiest clues to the identification of plants is the arrangement of branching. For example, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> families have alternate offshoots branching from the main axis, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">olive</a></span><span class="style1"> families are characterized by opposite branching. Some plants, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horehound</a></span><span class="style1">, have whorled branching, that is, several stems originating from the same point on the axis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bramble, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> or shrubs. The genus has many species, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">raspberry</a></span><span class="style1">, cloudberry, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">blackberry</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dewberry</a></span><span class="style1">. In England, the term bramble is sometimes restricted to the native blackberry; in the United States, it may include any thorny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Brambles make up the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae. The native blackberry of England is classified as Rubus fruticosus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bracken or Brake (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for any of a genus of ferns, especially the common bracken. They are distinguished from other ferns in part by their spore cases, which are situated near the margin of the back of the frond (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1">) and covered by its turned-under margin. Common bracken, in several varieties, is abundant in most parts of the world, growing in thickets, pastures, and open woodlands. The fronds arise singly from a thick underground rootstalk and are divided and redivided several times in pinnate fashion. The rootstalk, when cut across, exhibits an outline like a spread eagle, accounting for the species name (Latin aquila, ΓÇ£eagleΓÇ¥).Bracken fiddleheads (the very young, unrolling frond) are boiled and eaten as greens in some areas of the United States and Canada. The uncooked plant contains an enzyme (thiaminase) capable of destroying thiamine (vitamin B1) in the diet and of causing, in simple-stomached animals such as the horse, a disease similar to beriberi with possibly fatal results. Cows, goats, sheep, and other ruminants produce thiamine in their digestive systems and are not affected by the thiaminase in bracken. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1"> contains a second poisonous principle that is not destroyed by cooking. It causes slow destruction, characterized by massive hemorrhages throughout the body, of the bone marrow, and eventual death if the bracken is consumed in large quantities.Scientific classification: Bracken make up the genus Pteridium of the family Polypodiaceae. The common bracken is classified as Pteridium aquilinum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Bracken</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous Plants</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>FernLeafPlant</text>
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<name>Bracken</name>
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card_34291.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Boxthorn, also matrimony-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for members of a genus of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Several of the nearly 100 species of boxthorn are cultivated for their small but numerous clusters of white, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">, or purple flowers and their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red or scarlet berries. The shrubs are either upright or spreading, with arched branches, and vary in height from 2.4 to 3.6 m (8 to 12 ft). The leaves are 4 to 9 cm (1.5 to 3.5 in) long, are small and narrow in shape, and are usually grayish-green in color. Two of the most widely cultivated species are the common matrimony-vine, which has spiny branches, and the Chinese matrimony-vine, which is a rambling variety without spines. The genus is native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia.Scientific classification: Boxthorns make up the genus Lycium of the family Solanaceae. The common matrimony-vine is classified as Lycium halimifolium and the Chinese matrimony-vine as Lycium chinense.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Boxthorn</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>NightshadeOrangePlantsVineViolet</text>
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<name>Boxthorn</name>
<script></script>
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card_34025.xml
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<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Box</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Elder</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the same genus as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1">. Its compound leaves somewhat resemble those of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">. In the United States, the box elder is found everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains except in eastern New England. It grows rapidly even under unfavorable circumstances, although it is perishable and easily harmed by wind and insects. Normally short, it may attain a height of 18 m (60 ft) in rich, well-watered valleys. The wood of the box elder is soft and light and is suitable for woodenware and wood pulp. It is a good shade tree and has been extensively employed for windbreaks.Scientific classification: The box elder belongs to the family Aceraceae. It is classified as Acer negundo.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Box Elder</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>AshBoxElderMapleTree</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Maple</text>
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<name>Box Elder</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_33536.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Box or Boxwood, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">). Common box is native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. A woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1"> with many horticultural varieties, it is frequently used, clipped or unclipped, as a hedge and sometimes singly for ornament. It has small, oval, opposite, somewhat leathery leaves that are dark, glossy green on the upper surface and lighter underneath, and petalless flowers. The foliage contains alkaloids and other active principles that, when ingested, cause severe irritation of the digestive system and possibly death. Box clippings should not be thrown where they may be eaten by grazing animals.Scientific classification: Boxes make up the family Buxaceae. The common box is classified as Buxus sempervirens.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Box</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Box ElderMaple</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantsShrubSpurge</text>
</content>
<name>Box</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_33489.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bowstring </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Hemp</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">), and for the hemplike fiber produced by the plants. Formerly used for bowstrings, this fiber is long, silky, elastic, resistant to rotting in water, and about equal in strength to hemp. The individual strands of fiber are obtained from the elongated leaves of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Cordage and coarse, strong cloth are made from it.Ceylon bowstring hemp is a stemless perennial that grows wild in the jungles and increases by runners. It is also cultivated for fiber. The thick and fleshy leaves are sword- or lance-shaped, hollowed, and banded crosswise with white. The leaves of the African species are banded lengthwise with yellow. Several species are cultivated in the United States under the name of snakeplant.Scientific classification: Bowstring hemps make up the genus Sansevieria, of the family Agavaceae. Ceylon bowstring hemp is classified as Sansevieria zeylanica.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bowstring Hemp</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>HempSnake Plant</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HempLilyPlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Bowstring Hemp</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_33235.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bougainvillea, common name for flowering woody vines (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Four-o'Clock</a></span><span class="style1">), native to South America, and cultivated in the southern United States. Named for the French navigator Louis de Bougainville, the group includes about 13 species, several of which are widely cultivated as porch and arbor ornaments in warm climates and as hothouse </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in cool climates. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> has small, inconspicuous flowers that are usually enclosed by three large showy bracts, or modified leaves; the bracts may be purple, red, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">, or white. The larger species grow to about 5 m (about 16 ft).Scientific classification: Bougainvillea make up the genus Bougainvillaea, of the family Nyctaginaceae.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bougainvillea</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Four-O'Clock</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Four-O'ClockOrangePlantPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Bougainvillea</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_32807.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Botany, branch of biology concerned with the study of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (kingdom Plantae; see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Plant</a></span><span class="style1">). Plants are now defined as multicellular organisms that carry out </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">photosynthesis</a></span><span class="style1">. Organisms that had previously been called plants, however, such as bacteria, algae, and fungi, continue to be the province of botany, because of their historical connection with the discipline and their many similarities to true plants, and because of the practicality of not fragmenting the study of organisms into too many separate fields.Botany is concerned with all aspects of the study of plants, from the smallest and simplest forms to the largest and most complex, from the study of all aspects of an individual plant to the complex interactions of all the different members of a complicated botanical community of plants with their environment and with animals.Historical Development Because civilization rests in part on a knowledge of plants and their cultivation, botany can be said to have originated with the first cultivation of crops, which may date from 9000-7000 BC. Not until about 2300 years ago, however, did humans become interested in plants for their own sake. Thus, botany as a pure science began in the 4th century BC with the Greek philosopher Theophrastus, whose treatises on the classification, morphology, and reproduction of plants heavily influenced the discipline until the 17th century. Indeed, modern botany began to develop only about the 16th century, at least in part because of the invention of the microscope (1590) and of printing with movable type (1440).The Greeks believed that plants derived their nourishment from the soil only. Not until the 17th century did the Belgian scientist Jan Baptista van Helmont show that, although only water was added to a potted </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1">, it gained nearly 75 kg (165 lb), whereas the soil it stood in lost only about 60 g (about 2 oz) of weight over a period of five years. This demonstrated that the soil contributes very little to the increase in the weight of plants. In the 18th century the English chemist Joseph Priestley demonstrated that growing plants ΓÇ£restoreΓÇ¥ air from which the oxygen has been removed (by the burning of candles or the breathing of animals), and the Dutch physiologist Jan Ingenhousz (1730-99) extended this observation by showing that light is required for plants to restore air. These and other discoveries formed the basis for modern plant physiology, that branch of botany dealing with basic plant functions.That water moves upward through the wood and that solutes move downward through the stems of plants was discovered independently in the 17th century by Marcello Malpighi in Italy and Nehemiah </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grew</a></span><span class="style1"> in England. These facts have now been known for some 300 years, but only in the last few years have acceptable theories explaining the movements of liquids in plants been developed, using a variety of refined analytical techniques.Classical Studies Gross observations and experiments on photosynthesis and the movement of water in plants can be made without knowledge of their structure, but explanations of these phenomena require knowledge of morphologyΓÇöthe study and interpretation of plant form, development, and life historiesΓÇöand of anatomyΓÇöthe study of plant tissues and their origin and relations to one another. The cellular nature of plants was first pointed out by the English scientist Robert Hooke in the 17th century, when he observed that </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> consists of cells. In 1838 the German botanist Matthias </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Schleiden</a></span><span class="style1"> proposed that all plant tissues consist of cells; this implied a basic sameness of living things and laid the foundation for the development of cytology, the study of the structure and function of cells as individual units rather than as aggegrate tissue. The German pathologist Rudolf Virchow showed in 1858 that cells are derived from preexisting cells, and thus that a continuity exists between past and present living things.Such observations were important not only in the development of plant physiology and anatomy but also in the understanding of genetics, the science of heredity, and of evolution. In the 19th century the Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel worked out the basic principles of genetics, using varieties of garden peas and observing variations in their floral and vegetative features. His hybridization experiments required a knowledge of the function of the various parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> in reproduction, and this knowledge was derived from the experiments of the Dutch botanist Rudolph Jacob Camerarius, who established the nature of sexual reproduction in plants. Mendel's experiments went unnoticed until the early 1900s; in the meantime, Charles Darwin founded the theory of evolution (which in modern form depends on the principles of genetics) without knowledge of Mendel's work. Darwin observed variation and changes in organisms through time, and Mendel worked out the laws governing the assortment and recombination of different traits. The source of differences and changes was not known, however, until the Dutch botanist Hugo De Vries observed the spontaneous appearance of new traits in otherwise predictable crosses of evening primroses and suggested that these were the result of changes, or mutations, in the genes.Knowledge of anatomy, genetics, and evolution has greatly advanced plant classification by providing a rational basis for this subdivision of botany. The 17th-century British naturalist John </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Ray</a></span><span class="style1"> divided plants into nonflowering and flowering types, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> into </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">. The 18th-century Swedish botanist Carolus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Linnaeus</a></span><span class="style1">, however, provided the framework on which modern classifications are based and, just as important, a simplified system of nomenclature in which each plant is given two names: the first the name of the genus and the second the name of the species.Botany Today Botany does not depend on the fossil record for information concerning evolution and classification as much as does zoology, because the record for plants is much less complete than that for animals. Nevertheless, paleobotany, the study of fossil plants, has contributed greatly to the overall understanding of the evolution of the major groups of plants and especially to understanding of the interrelationships among the classes of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> plants. But much remains to be learned before fundamental questions such as the origin of the flowering plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Angiosperm</a></span><span class="style1">) can be answered.BotanistsΓÇöthose engaged in the study of plantsΓÇöoccupy themselves with a broad range of activities. Many botanists are in academic positions that involve both teaching and research duties. The latter may involve laboratory work or field studies. Strictly speaking, botany is a pure science concerned with investigating the basic nature of plants. Many aspects of botany, however, have direct importance to human welfare and advancement, and applied botany is an important field. Such fields as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forestry</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">horticulture</a></span><span class="style1"> are closely tied to basic botanical studies, whereas those such as pharmacology and agronomy are not as closely related but still depend on basic botanical knowledge.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Botanical Garden, garden in which </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> are grown and displayed primarily for scientific and educational purposes. A botanical garden consists chiefly of a collection of living plants, grown out-of-doors or under glass in greenhouses and conservatories. It usually includes, in addition, a collection of dried plants, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herbarium</a></span><span class="style1">, and such facilities as lecture rooms, laboratories, libraries, museums, and experimental or research plantings.The plants may be arranged according to one or more subdivisions of botanical science. The arrangements may be systematic (by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> classification), ecological (by relation to environment), or geographic (by region of origin). The larger botanical gardens often include special groupings, such as rock gardens, water gardens, wildflower gardens, and collections of horticultural groups produced by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant breeding</a></span><span class="style1">, such as roses, tulips, or rhododendrons. A plantation restricted to exhibits of woody plants is called an arboretum.One of the earliest botanical gardens for the study of plants was established in ancient Athens about 340 BC by Aristotle and run by his pupil Theophrastus. The oldest public botanical gardens in the world are those established at Pisa, Italy, in 1543; at Padua, Italy, in 1545; at Paris in 1635; and at Berlin in 1679. In the 16th and 17th centuries, herbalists cultivated medicinal herbs in private gardens. In 1673, the Society of Apothecaries planted the Chelsea Physic Garden in London to provide materials for research and medicine. The first experimental botanical garden in the United States was established by the American botanist John Bartram near Philadelphia in 1728.Almost every major city has a botanical garden. The Royal Botanic Gardens, better known as Kew Gardens, near London, founded in 1759, is the largest in the world. Experiments and research done there have led to the transplanting of commercially productive crops, such as rubber, from their native habitats to other parts of the world.More than 300 botanical gardens are in the U.S. Among the most important are the Missouri Botanic Gardens in Saint Louis (1859); the New York Botanical Garden in Bronx Park (1895) and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></span><span class="style1">, both in New York City. The Arnold Arboretum, established in 1872, is located at Harvard University.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Borage, common name for a large, widely distributed family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mint</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its representative genus. The family contains about 154 genera and 2500 species, found throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world but centered in the Mediterranean area. Plants vary widely in habit from annuals to perennials and from herbs to shrubs to trees. They usually have rough hairs on the stems and leaves. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> cluster) is characteristic of the family. It is spirally coiled and unrolls and straightens from the base as the flowers open. The insect-pollinated flowers are regular (radially symmetrical) with five-lobed corollas (fused petals) that are funnel-shaped or bell-shaped. The ovary is deeply lobed and matures into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> consisting of four nutlets. In addition to horticultural subjects, the family provides timber, dyes, and medicinal plants. One species of borage, native to Europe and North Africa, has been used as a culinary </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> since the Middle Ages. It is a grayish-green, hairy annual about 60 cm (about 24 in) high, now mostly grown for its attractive little blue, white-centered flowers. Virginia </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bluebell</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heliotrope</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forget-me-not</a></span><span class="style1"> are also members of this family.Scientific classification: Borage is the common name for the family Boraginaceae. The species used as a culinary herb is classified as Borago officinalis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bonsai, art of dwarfing trees. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gardening</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bonsai</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CycadGardening</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Gardening</text>
</content>
<name>Bonsai</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_31654.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bo</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Tree</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fig</a></span><span class="style1"> tree of India, also known as bodhi tree, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pipal</a></span><span class="style1">, or peepul. Buddha is said to have received his Enlightenment (bodhi) while sitting under a bo tree at Buddh Gaya, India, and the bo tree is therefore sacred to the followers of Buddhism. In the ruins of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is a sacred bo tree that, according to tradition, was planted in the 3rd century BC and grown from a branch of the tree at Buddh Gaya. Each year thousands of pilgrims pay homage to the tree. Bo trees grow to a great age and to a height of about 30 m (about 100 ft).Scientific classification: The bo tree belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Ficus religiosa.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bo Tree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>BoFigPipalTree</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BoFigPipal</text>
</content>
<name>Bo Tree</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_31176.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Blueberry, common name applied to several related North American shrubs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Heath</a></span><span class="style1">) and to their blue or black </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The lowbush, or swamp, blueberry and the highbush blueberry are the two most common species raised in the United States. The lowbush blueberry averages less than 1 m (less than 3 ft) in height; the highbush blueberry ranges from 1.8 to 6 m (6 to 20 ft). Although blueberries are cultivated in many regions of the world, large quantities of the shrubs grow wild. Mostly deciduous, the bushes bear sweet blue or black berries, which grow either singly or in clusters. Branches of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">huckleberry</a></span><span class="style1"> greens, are used in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> arrangements and in other decorations.Scientific classification: Blueberries belong to the family Ericaceae. The lowbush, or swamp, blueberry is classified as Vaccinium angustifolium, and the highbush blueberry as Vaccinium corymbosum.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Blueberry</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>CranberryFruitHeath</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFlowerFruitHeathHuckleberry</text>
</content>
<name>Blueberry</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_30387.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bluebell, common name for many unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with blue, bell-shaped flowers, especially species of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bellflower</a></span><span class="style1">, and specifically the harebell of Scotland. In New Zealand the term is applied to several species of one genus. The name is also applied to plants of other families. The English bluebell is the wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1">, to which the Spanish bluebell is related. The Virginia bluebell is also called Virginia </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cowslip</a></span><span class="style1">. California bluebells are species of yet another genus. In the United States the name is also applied to the Greek </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">valerian</a></span><span class="style1"> and the American brooklime.Scientific classification: The harebell belongs to the family Campanulaceae and is classified as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Campanula</a></span><span class="style1"> rotundifolia. The New Zealand bluebells belong to the genus Wahlenbergia of the same family. The wild hyacinth, classified as Scilla nonscripta and the Spanish bluebell, classified as Scilla hispanica, belong to the family Liliaceae. The Virginia bluebell belongs to the family Boraginaceae and is classified as Mertensia virginica. California bluebells are classified in the genus Phacelia of the family Hydrophyllaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bloodroot, common name for a low, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poppy</a></span><span class="style1">), found throughout North America. It bears showy white flowers in early spring. The roots contain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red juice, which was used as paint and dye by Native Americans. The rootstocks are used in a strong emetic.Scientific classification: Bloodroot belongs to the family Papaveraceae. It is classified as Sanguinaria canadensis.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bloodroot</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningPoppy</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbOrangePoppy</text>
</content>
<name>Bloodroot</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_29735.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Blight. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Blight</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>AppleChestnutDiseases of PlantsFire BlightPotatoRice</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Blight</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_29456.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text><span class="style1">Bleeding Heart, common name for a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fumitory</a></span><span class="style1"> family, with about 19 species of perennial herbs native to North America and Asia, often cultivated for their attractive fernlike leaves and interestingly shaped flowers borne along the stems. The petals are slightly united into flattened, heart-shaped, or spurred corollas; colors are yellow, white, or various shades of red. The garden bleeding heart, originally from Japan, bears deep-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> to red blossoms hung profusely under arching stems; it is a popular hanging houseplant. Other well-known species are squirrel </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">; Dutchman's-breeches; and turkey corn, or wild bleeding heart, all of eastern North America. Western bleeding heart and steershead grow in western North America. Alkaloid poisons of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poppy</a></span><span class="style1"> type are present in all parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the species.Scientific classification: Bleeding hearts make up the genus Dicentra of the family Fumariaceae. The garden bleeding heart is classified as Dicentra spectabilis, squirrel corn as Dicentra canadensis, and Dutchman's-breeches as Dicentra cucullaria. Turkey corn, or wild bleeding heart, is classified as Dicentra eximia; western bleeding heart as Dicentra formosa; and steershead as Dicentra uniflora.</span></text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Bleeding Heart</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FumitoryPoppy</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CornFumitoryPinkPlantsPoppy</text>
</content>
<name>Bleeding Heart</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_29257.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Blackberry, common name for several of the fruits and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The ripe </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is an aggregate of small, purplish-black drupes attached to a cone-shaped receptacle, which readily separates from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> when the berries are picked. In other members of the genus, the receptacle separates from the drupes and remains on the plant (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Raspberry</a></span><span class="style1">). More than 24 species of blackberry are known, including several called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dewberry</a></span><span class="style1"> and albino varieties called white blackberry. One of the most common species is the sow-teat blackberry. Although the blackberry was highly developed as a wild fruit, it was rarely grown as a garden fruit until about 1850. Since then, it has been widely cultivated and has become a major commercial crop. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bramble</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Blackberries belong to the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae. The sow-teat blackberry is classified as Rubus allegheniensis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bittersweet, common name for a family (also known as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">staff tree</a></span><span class="style1"> family), of woody, often viny </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus, especially American, or climbing, bittersweet. The family contains about 55 genera and 850 species, which occur mainly in subtropical and tropical regions. The flowers are small and greenish with three to five sepals, petals, and stamens. A disk of fleshy tissue is between the stamens and the pistil. The flowers are inconspicuous, but the fruits are sometimes brightly colored, and the seeds are covered by a colored aril (a fleshy outgrowth from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> itself). Some members are grown as ornamentals, particularly members of a diverse genus of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers, some of which produce brilliant autumn colors, such as burning bush, or wahoo. Others provide a variety of products: fine-grained wood for carving and turning, Arabian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tea</a></span><span class="style1"> from the Middle Eastern khat tree, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> oils and dyes, and extracts for medicines.European bittersweet is an unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nightshade</a></span><span class="style1"> family. A native of Great Britain, it is naturalized in the eastern United States. All parts are poisonous and, if eaten in generous quantities, may be fatal.Scientific classification: Bittersweet is the common name for the family Celastraceae. American, or climbing, bittersweet is classified as Celastrus scandens; burning bush, or wahoo, as Euonymus atropurpurea, and the Middle Eastern khat tree as Catha edulis. European bittersweet belongs to the family Solanaceae and is classified as Solanum dulcamara.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Birthwort, common name for a small family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that are usually woody vines with medium to large, luridly colored, ill-smelling flowers. The family contains 7 genera and about 400 species, most of which occur in the Tropics, although some are found in temperate areas. The family is of little economic importance, although local medicinal use occurs; some members are grown only as curiosities.The shape, color, and smell of the flowers all reflect adaptations to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> by insects, particularly carrion flies. These insects are attracted to the flowers by their scent, which often resembles that of rotting meat, and coloration, usually darker shades of red or purple mottled with lighter colors. The perianth (floral envelope) is expanded above and tubular below. The female parts of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> (pistil) cover the male parts (anthers) and mature before them. After entering the tube of the flower, the insects cannot exit because of stiff downward-pointing hairs that line it. If the insect has brought </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> from another flower and pollination occurs, the anthers are uncovered, loading the insect with a fresh supply of pollen, and the hairs relax, allowing it to escape. Petals are absent from most members of the family, the floral tube and showy perianth being formed from the calyx. Another unusual feature of the family is that the flower parts are in multiples of three, typical of monocotyledons, rather than in the fours or fives typical of dicotyledons. Other characteristics, however, prove that birthworts are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1">.The two largest genera in the family are one with about 350 species, and another with about 70 species. A member of the first genus, Dutchman's pipe, or pipevine, is native to the eastern United States and is sometimes cultivated as a porch </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">. Also of the first genus, some forms of pelican flower from Jamaica have tails of almost 1 m (almost 3 ft) on the expanded perianth. Wild </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginger</a></span><span class="style1">, of the second genus, is a stemless </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> with inconspicuous flowers borne near ground level.Scientific classification: Birthwort is the common name for the family Aristolochiaceae. Dutchman's pipe, or pipevine, is classified as Aristolochia durior, pelican flower as Aristolochia grandiflora, and wild ginger as Asarum canadense.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Birch, common name for a family of woody trees or shrubs that produce separate, abundant, tiny male and female flowers in dense clusters. The family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Beech</a></span><span class="style1">) is widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere, reaching the southern hemisphere only in South America. The family contains 6 genera and about 150 species.Birch trees of the family's representative genus produce close-grained wood of uniform texture that is used in furniture, flooring, plywood, and veneers. Birch beer, once popular, is derived from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of paper birch was used by Native Americans to build canoes. Oil of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wintergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, once derived from the bark of sweet birch, is now manufactured synthetically. Several species are useful ornamentals, for example, the European white birch, which has many horticultural varieties. One genus is the source of hazelnuts and filberts, which have been used as food since ancient times.The family also contains </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">alder</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hornbeam</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ironwood</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hop</a></span><span class="style1"> hornbeam, among others. Most are shrubs or short-lived trees that are too small when mature to provide useful lumber. Red alder of the Pacific Northwest is an important exception, providing wood for inexpensive furniture.Members of the birch family exhibit several adaptations to fertilization by wind </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">, which is common throughout the group. Separate clusters of male and female flowers are produced on the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, developing in the fall and maturing in the early spring. Sepals and petals are very small or entirely absent, exposing the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-bearing stamens and pollen-collecting pistils to the wind. Enormous quantities of small, easily wind-dispersed pollen grains are shed in the spring by male flowers. The female flowers, however, are not fully mature when the pollen is shed; the styles and pollen-receiving stigmas have formed, but the ovules, which must be fertilized to mature into seeds, have not formed. The pollen remains lodged in the tissue of the styles for several weeks while the ovules mature. Fertilization and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> production follow this process.Scientific classification: Birches make up the family Betulaceae, of the order Fagales. Paper birch is classified as Betula papyrifera, sweet birch as Betula lenta, and European white birch as Betula pendula. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hazelnut</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">filbert</a></span><span class="style1"> are classified in the genus Corylus. Red alder is classified as Alnus rubra.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bignonia, common name for a medium-sized family of mostly tropical woody climbers, and for the only member of its representative genus, the cross </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1">. The showy flowers of the bignonias exhibit many features of the order to which the family belongs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Figwort</a></span><span class="style1">). The tubular calyx (group of fused sepals) has five lobes, and the corolla (group of fused petals) is funnel-shaped with two or four stamens attached to the inside surface. The long, tubular flowers show adaptations to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> by a variety of flying animals, including insects, birds, and bats, although each species is usually visited by one or a few specific pollinators.Bignonias are mostly tropical in distribution, with the greatest concentration of species in South America, where they form dense climbing vines in the forests. Some of the tropical members are exploited for timber. Popular as ornamentals are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">calabash tree</a></span><span class="style1">, jacarandas, and the sausage tree. The cross vine is an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> climber native to the southeastern United States. Its close relative, the familiar trumpet creeper, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">trumpet vine</a></span><span class="style1">, is of wider distribution in the United States. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Catalpa</a></span><span class="style1"> is also a member of the family, as is the desert </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">willow</a></span><span class="style1"> of the southwestern United States and adjoining Mexico.Scientific classification: Bignonias make up the family Bignoniaceae of the order Scrophulariales. The cross vine is classified as Bignonia capreolata and the calabash tree as Crescentia cujete. Jacarandas are classified in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Jacaranda</a></span><span class="style1">. The sausage tree is classified as Kigelia pinnata. Trumpet vines are classified in the genus Campsis and catalpas in the genus Catalpa. The desert willow is classified as Chilopsis linearis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Biennial, any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> that normally requires two years for its life cycle. Biennials store food in the first season of their growth, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> and bear </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> in the second season, and then die. Familiar examples are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">foxglove</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hollyhock</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pansy</a></span><span class="style1">. Many cultivated vegetables are biennials, for example, carrots, turnips, parsnips, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">celery</a></span><span class="style1">. Biennials often become annuals when early sowing or warm weather causes the earlier development of a flowering </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">. Less hardy varieties are often routinely treated as annuals.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Betel, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vine</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Pepper</a></span><span class="style1">), and for its leaves. In tropical Asia and the East Indies the leaves, together with a little quicklime, are used to wrap the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> kernel (called betel </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1"> or areca nut) of the betel </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1">. The chewing of this preparation (also called betel) stains the saliva bright red and eventually darkens the teeth. An alkaloid in the nut acts as a stimulant and a tonic.Scientific classification: The betel belongs to the family Piperaceae. It is classified as Piper betle. The betel palm belongs to the family Palmae and is classified as Areca catechu.</span></text>
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card_25784.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Berry. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Fruit</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<text>Balsam (herb)BarberryBelladonnaCapsicumCitrusDogwoodFigwortFruitGardeniaHoneysuckleIpecacIvyJasmineLemonLily of the ValleyNightshadeOrangePalmPartridgeberryPersimmonPimentoPoisonous PlantsPotatoSpicesStrychnosTrilliumViburnumYew</text>
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card_25112.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Bellflower (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a family of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of considerable horticultural importance, and for its representative genus. Most members of the bellflower family are perennial herbs found mainly in temperate mountains of both the northern and southern hemisphere. They have leaves that lack stipules (leaflike appendages at the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> base). </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Flower</a></span><span class="style1"> parts are usually in fives.The family is sometimes divided into two subfamilies; the bellflowers and the lobelias. Some authorities treat the subfamilies as separate families. Bellflowers have radially symmetrical (regular) flowers that are borne upright on their stalks. Lobelias (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lobelia</a></span><span class="style1">) have bilateral (irregular) flowers that are borne upside down on their stalks. Further, although both subfamilies produce </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">latex</a></span><span class="style1"> in special ducts, the latex of the bellflowers contains alkaloids different from those of the lobelias.The bellflower family is found mainly in the North Temperate Zone, and many genera provide popular ornamentals, for example, ladybell, tufty bells, horned rampion, and bellflower, most of the 300 or so species of which are cultivated. The scientific name of the representative bellflower genus means ΓÇ£little bell,ΓÇ¥ alluding to the plant's bell-shaped flowers. Included in the genus are bluebells and Canterbury bells.Scientific classification: Bellflowers make up the family Campanulaceae. The family is sometimes divided into the two subfamilies Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae; some authorities treat the subfamilies as separate families. Ladybells are classified in the genus Adenophora; tufty bells, in the genus Wahlenbergia; horned rampions, in the genus Phyteuma; and bellflowers, in the representative genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Campanula</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bluebell</a></span><span class="style1"> is classified as Campanula rotundifolia and the Canterbury bell as Campanula medium.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Belladonna, also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">deadly nightshade</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for an Old World </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see Nightshade), and for a crude drug obtained from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. Belladonna is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">biennial</a></span><span class="style1"> or annual plant with large simple leaves and bell-shaped flowers. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> tube is five-pointed, dull purple or red-purple, and surrounded by five green sepals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a single green </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> that becomes purple to black with maturity.Belladonna is occasionally grown in gardens in North America but rarely becomes naturalized. It does not normally persist without cultivation. Other members of the nightshade family are sometimes erroneously called belladonna. All parts of the true belladonna are poisonous and narcotic. The leaves and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> contain alkaloids; one, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">atropine</a></span><span class="style1">, is used to dilate the pupils of the eyes, to facilitate eye examinations and as an antispasmodic in the treatment of asthma. In earlier times in Italy, extracts of belladonna were used by women for the cosmetic value of this dilating effect; such use explains the origin of the common name (Italian, ΓÇ£beautiful womanΓÇ¥).Scientific classification: Belladonna belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is classified as Atropa belladonna.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Begonia, common name for a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Violet</a></span><span class="style1">), varying greatly in growth habit, with characteristically asymmetrical (lopsided) leaves and separate male and female flowers on the same </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">. The plant embryos have two </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> leaves (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Dicots</a></span><span class="style1">). About 1000 species are known; almost all are placed in a single genus.Although most begonias are perennial herbs with watery stems, there is great natural diversity in the habit of the plants: Stems may be erect, creeping, or underground; some plants are climbers and others are shrubs or even small trees. The size, shape, and coloration of the leaves, flowers, and inflorescences (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> clusters) also vary greatly. This diversity, together with the ease with which begonias are hybridized, has been exploited in developing more than 10,000 horticultural varieties. These are divided into three main groups based on </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> types: fibrous-rooted, for bedding plants; rhizomatous, for foliage; and tuberous for large, colorful flowers.Scientific classification: Begonias constitute the family Begoniaceae. Most species are classified in the genus Begonia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Beet, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, containing few species, mostly biennials, which bear smooth, ovate, petioled leaves in rosettes and, later, tall, leafy, flowering stems. Natives of the temperate parts of Eurasia, they are now in general cultivation, chiefly for their large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1"> roots, which are used as food and fodder and as a source of sugar. The most important species, the common beet, has several recognized varieties. The variety called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chard</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Swiss chard</a></span><span class="style1">, has small roots and highly developed leaves that are cooked for greens, and thick </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> stalks that are also edible. The variety called mangel-wurzel has large, coarse roots; it is grown as a field crop for cattle.The extensively cultivated table beet has a globular, tap, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">carrot</a></span><span class="style1">-shaped </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">. It owes its food value chiefly to the 10 percent of carbohydrate it contains. Small percentages of protein, fat, fiber, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1"> are also present, and the greens are rich in vitamins A and B. Most of the beet crop of the United States that is used as a table </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1"> is packed frozen or canned.Another cultivar of the table beet is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sugar beet</a></span><span class="style1">, used as a source of sugar. It has large, white, conical roots containing a high percentage of sugar, which has been greatly increased by cultivation and selection.Scientific classification: Beets make up the genus Beta, of the family Chenopodiaceae. The common beet is classified as Beta vulgaris. Chard, or Swiss chard, is classified as Beta vulgaris variety cicla, mangel-wurzel as Beta vulgaris variety macrohiza, and the table beet as Beta vulgaris variety crassa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Beech, common name for a family of woody </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> that often dominate temperate forests, and for its representative genus. The beech family contains some 7 genera and nearly 800 species. Many of its membersΓÇöincluding oaks, chestnuts, and beechesΓÇöare important sources of timber, food, and other useful materials.The flowers in the beech groups are usually individually inconspicuous, with bractlike floral tubes (perianths); female and male flowers are borne separately in dense clusters called spikes or, if pendulous, catkins. The male catkins are often conspicuous in the spring, when they shed their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">, as in oaks. A unique feature of the family is the cupule, a cuplike, often scale-covered structure that surrounds the single-seeded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">. The cap of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">acorn</a></span><span class="style1"> is a good example of a cupule.Members of the beech family are trees or, rarely, shrubs. The leaves are usually deciduous (falling in the autumn), but the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">live oak</a></span><span class="style1"> of the southeastern coastal plain and the California scrub oak of California and Baja California, for example, are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, as are some other species.Beeches are distributed widely in North America and Eurasia and extend through the Malay Archipelago to eastern Australia and New Zealand. They also occur in the Andes of southern South America. Members of the family are conspicuous or dominant in the hardwood forests of both the northern and southern hemispheres.The beech genus itself is a group of about ten species of deciduous trees native to the North Temperate Zone. The pale, smooth </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> and elongated winter buds are characteristic features. The American beech is the only species native to the United States, where it occurs extensively east of the Mississippi River. The European beech was introduced into North America in Colonial times and is often found in parks. The copper beech, with late-appearing, copper-colored leaves, and the weeping beech, with hanging branches, are cultivated varieties of the European beech. The fruits of beech, called beechnuts or beechmast, contain nearly 50 percent oil and are used as pig feed in Europe. The wood is extensively used in furniture and flooring. Old-fashioned clothespins are also made of beech.Beeches are placed in an order with three other families. The southern beech family contains a single genus confined to the southern hemisphere. Its some 35 species include both deciduous and evergreen trees. Southern beeches are exploited for timber and indirectly as food: Fungi that grow on some are eaten, and the wood of others, partially rotted, is used as cattle feed. The other families of the order are the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">birch</a></span><span class="style1"> family and a one-genus family of shrubs and trees restricted to Queensland and northeastern Australia.Scientific classification:Beeches make up the family Fagaceae, of the order Fagales. The American beech is classified as Fagus grandifolia and the European beech as Fagus sylvatica. The southern beech family is Nothofagaceae, and its single genus is Nothofagus. The birch family is Betulaceae, and the one-genus family is Balanopaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bearberry, common name for several unrelated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with berries that are reputedly eaten by bears. The name most commonly refers to an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">. A native of northern Eurasia, introduced and now common in the northern United States and Canada, it is low and trailing with leathery, green leaves, white to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers, and red berries. It is cultivated as a ground cover. The black, or alpine, bearberry is a Canadian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with deciduous, wrinkled leaves and black berries. It may grow as far south as the northern United States. Cascara (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cascara Sagrada</a></span><span class="style1">) is sometimes called bearberry.Scientific classification: The name bearberry most commonly refers to plants of the genus Arctostaphylos of the family Ericaceae, and particularly to the evergreen shrub classified as Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. The black, or alpine, bearberry is classified as Arctostaphylos alpina.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bean, common name widely applied to many </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. The seeds and pods of these plants are used for food and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">forage</a></span><span class="style1">. The seeds themselves are also called beans and are valuable as food because of their high protein content. The term bean is also applied to plants of other families, such as the Indian bean, which is a North American species, and the sacred bean, or Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lotus</a></span><span class="style1">. The seeds or fruits of certain other plants, such as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">coffee</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> and the castor-oil </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Castor Bean</a></span><span class="style1">), are also called beans.The broad bean, also called horsebean or Windsor bean, has been cultivated since prehistoric times and is still the most common bean in many parts of Europe. Various species are cultivated in the United States under the name of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vetch</a></span><span class="style1">. Most of the beans of the United States and the frijoles of Mexico belong to the same genus. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cowpea</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">asparagus</a></span><span class="style1"> bean, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hyacinth</a></span><span class="style1"> bean are also cultivated, particularly for forage. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">soybean</a></span><span class="style1"> is the common bean of the Orient and has been more widely cultivated in the United States in recent years than have native varieties of bean. Most soybeans are grown today for their oil, which is used in industrial manufacturing and as fodder for livestock.The wild bean of the United States is rarely cultivated. Hundreds of varieties of the common garden bean of the United States are cultivated. The young pods are called string, or snap, beans if green; they are called wax, or butter, beans if yellowish. The seeds of the older pods are known as shell beans. The small variety is often called navy bean and the large purplish variety, kidney bean.The next most important species in the United States is the lima, or sugar, bean, regarded by some botanists as a variety of the civet bean. Because it is drought resistant, the tepary is cultivated in Mexico and in the southwestern United States. The scarlet runner is often cultivated in Europe, as much for its attractive red flowers as for its edible beans.For cultivating, beans are divided into two groups: pole beans, or vines requiring a pole for support; and bush beans, erect shrubs of low, spreading growth. Many of the species, notably the common garden bean of the United States, have varieties in both groups, and the groups overlap one another. Although some of the bean plants are perennials, most of the important cultivated species are annuals and are sown in rich, loose, warm soil after all danger of frost is past.The principal disease affecting beans is a form of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">anthracnose</a></span><span class="style1"> caused by a fungus that attacks the stems, leaves, and pods of the bean. It is most visible on pods, in which it causes deep, dark pits. To prevent the disease, seeds are carefully selected, and care is taken not to spread the fungus from one plant to another during wet weather. A rust may defoliate bean plants. It first appears as small brown dots containing a brown powder, the spores of the fungus. Later the spots become larger and the spores black.Scientific classification: Most beans belong to the family Leguminosae. The Indian bean is classified in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Catalpa</a></span><span class="style1">. The broad bean is classified as Vicia faba. Vetch is classified in the genus Vicia. Most beans of the United States and the frijoles of Mexico are classified in the genus Phaseolus. Cowpeas and asparagus beans are classified in the genus Vigna. The hyacinth bean is classified as Dolichos lablab, the soybean as Glycine max, the wild bean of the United States as Phaseolus polystachios, and the common garden bean of the United States as Phaseolus vulgaris. The lima, or sugar, bean is generally classified as Phaseolus limensis, although it is regarded by some as a variety of the civet bean, classified as Phaseolus lunatus. The tepary is classified as Phaseolus acutifolius variety latifolius and the scarlet runner as Phaseolus coccineus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bayberry, common name applied to any of several related small aromatic trees or shrubs, especially </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wax myrtle</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">candleberry</a></span><span class="style1">, found along the Great Lakes and the eastern coast of North America; the bayberry of northeastern North America; and the California bayberry of the western United States. They are characterized by naked flowers; small drupes or nuts that are covered with a greenish-white wax; and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, oblong, lanceolate leaves, which are sprinkled with resinous dots. Boiling the nuts, commonly called berries, of wax myrtle yields the aromatic tallow used in making the bayberry candle and in making a soap with a balsamlike odor. The sweet gale, or bog myrtle, is found in Scotland. Several species are also found in South Africa, one of which bears the name of wax </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">. A Japanese species is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> 12 to 15 m (40 to 50 ft) high that produces an edible </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. Also known as bayberry are the sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1">; the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> tree and its fruit; a tropical American tree, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bay</a></span><span class="style1"> rum tree, the leaves of which are used in the preparation of bay rum; and the candlenut tree (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Spurge</a></span><span class="style1">) native to South Pacific regions.Scientific classification: Bayberries make up the family Myricaceae. Wax myrtle, or candleberry, is classified as Myrica cerifera; the bayberry of northeastern North America as Myrica pensylvanica; and the California bayberry as Myrica californica. The sweet gale, or bog myrtle, is classified as Myrica gale; the wax shrub as Myrica cordifolia; the Japanese tree that produces an edible fruit as Myrica nagi; and the sweet fern as Comptonia peregrina. The laurel tree belongs to the family Lauraceae and is classified as Laurus nobilis. The bay rum tree belongs to the family Myrtaceae and is classified as Pimenta racemosa. The candlenut tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is classified as Aleurites moluccana.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Basil, common name for any of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mint</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Basil is a sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> used for fragrance and as a seasoning for food. Sweet basil is an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, a native of warm climates, about 30 cm (about 12 in) high, with ovate stalked leaves, and has long been cultivated in Europe. Bush basil is a small cultivated form. Basil, or mountain mint, is also a common name for plants of a separate, North American genus of the mint family.Scientific classification: Basil makes up the genus Ocimum, of the family Labiatae. Sweet basil is classified as Ocimum basilicum and bush basil as Ocimum minimum. Mountain mints are classified in the genus Pycnanthemum.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Basil</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningMintSpices</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>HerbMintPlantPlants</text>
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<name>Basil</name>
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card_21350.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Barley, common name for any of a genus of cereal grass, native to Asia and Ethiopia, and one of the most ancient of cultivated </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). Its cultivation is mentioned in the Bible, and it was grown by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. It is now the fourth largest </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> crop, after </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rice</a></span><span class="style1">, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">corn</a></span><span class="style1">. In the United States and Canada, as well as in the greater portion of Europe, barley is sown in the spring. Along the Mediterranean Sea and in parts of California and Arizona, it is sown in the fall. It is also grown as a winter annual in the southern United States. Drought resistant and hardy, barley can be grown on marginal cropland; salt-resistant strains are being developed to increase its usefulness in coastal regions. Barley germinates at about the same temperature as wheat. The different cultivated varieties of barley belong to three distinct types: two-rowed barley, six-rowed barley, and irregular barley. The varieties grown in the United States are generally of the six-rowed type, in Europe the two-rowed type predominates, and the irregular type is found in Ethiopia. The finest malting varieties are the six-rowed and the two-rowed types.Barley grain, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1">, straw, and several by-products are used for feed. The grain is used for malt beverages and in cooking. Like other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cereals</a></span><span class="style1">, barley contains a large proportion of carbohydrate (67 percent) and protein (12.8 percent).Annual world production of barley in the mid-1980s stood at 180 million metric tons, almost 15 percent more than in the late 1970s. By far the leading producer was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with 28 percent of world output; Canada was second with 8 percent, followed by the United States and France. In the United States, barley is grown in the western states. North Dakota led with 4 million metric tons, followed by Idaho, Minnesota, Washington, and South Dakota.Scientific classification: Barley belongs to the genus Hordeum, of the family Gramineae. Two-rowed barley is classified as Hordeum distichon, six-rowed barley as Hordeum vulgare, and irregular barley as Hordeum irregulare. </span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bark, hard covering or rind of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, branches, and roots of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> or other </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, as distinguished from the wood. The bark consists of an inner and outer layer. Bark is used commercially in the tanning of leather, in boatbuilding, and in basket making and in the manufacture of clothing and shoes, food flavoring, medicine, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1"> and cork products.Barks rich in tannin are usually used for tanning, although other properties also determine the value of a bark for preparing leather. Bark from several species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">oak</a></span><span class="style1"> in the genus Quercus and from the Eastern </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemlock</a></span><span class="style1"> (Tsuga canadensis) used to supply much of the tannin in the northern United States. In recent years, however, use of the wood or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of many other trees and the development of synthetic tannins have replaced earlier sources.The Native North Americans used birchbark to cover canoes and tepees. Natives of Guyana make canoes of the bark of purple heart (Copaifera pubiflora) and of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">locust</a></span><span class="style1"> (Hymenaea courbaril). In Lapland, bark is used for baskets and shoes. Coats are made by the natives of British Columbia from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> bark, and garments of an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elm</a></span><span class="style1"> bark are worn by the Ainu of Japan. Many peoples of Africa and Oceania make cloth from the bark of several trees.The principal barks used for medicines and flavorings are discussed in separate articles: see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cascara Sagrada</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cinchona</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Cinnamon</a></span><span class="style1">; </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Witch Hazel</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Barberry, common name for any of a family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and especially for members of the representative genus of the family. The family contains about 650 species, the representative genus about 600. They are mainly native to China but are naturalized in temperate regions throughout most of the world. The plants are spiny shrubs, deciduous or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, which in late spring or early summer put forth numerous small, yellow flowers. The stamens are sensitive, moving inward when irritated, so as to dust insects with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1"> and thus facilitate cross-fertilization. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1"> with two or three seeds; in some species it is rather acid in taste, but excellent for preserves and jelly. The berries of evergreen species are purplish black; those of deciduous species, red. The common barberry, a native of Europe, was introduced into the United States as an ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">. This species, however, is an intermediate host in the life cycle of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> rust, which is harmful to cereal grains. Its cultivation in </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wheat</a></span><span class="style1">-growing regions is prohibited by federal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">-quarantine regulations. Two native American barberry species are also objectionable because of the rust: the American barberry, which is deciduous and grows in the eastern Allegheny region; and the Colorado barberry, which is native to the Rocky Mountains. The Japanese barberry, also a deciduous species, is immune to the rust and may be planted safely. A Chilean species, the Magellan barberry, and a Chinese species, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wintergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> barberry, are commonly cultivated evergreen barberries.Scientific classification: Barberries make up the family Berberidaceae. The representative genus is Berberis. The common barberry is classified as Berberis vulgaris, the American barberry as Berberis canadensis, and the Colorado barberry as Berberis fendleri. The Japanese barberry is classified as Berberis thunbergii, the Magellan barberry as Berberis buxifolia, and the wintergreen barberry as Berberis julianae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Baobab, common name for a tropical African </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">). The baobab tree grows only to the height of a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">maple</a></span><span class="style1"> tree, but extensive lateral growth makes it one of the largest trees. The trunk of the baobab sometimes attains a diameter of 9 m (30 ft), and the branches, frequently as thick as the trunks of other large trees, form a hemispherical mass of foliage often 45 m (150 ft) in diameter. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, called monkey bread, is about the size of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citron</a></span><span class="style1">; the pulp, which has a pleasing acid taste, is used in the preparation of cooling drinks. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of the tree yields a strong cordage fiber. The baobab, native to Africa, is now cultivated in many tropical countries throughout the world.Scientific classification: The baobab belongs to the family Bombacaceae. It is classified as Adansonia digitata.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Baobab</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Mallow</text>
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card_20432.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Banyan, common name for a large Indian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mulberry</a></span><span class="style1">), remarkable for numerous aerial roots that, growing down from the branches, take </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> in the soil and form prop roots or secondary trunks. In this manner the tree spreads over a large area. As the tree ages, the original trunk decays, and the tree breaks up into several sections, the props becoming separate trunks for the various sections. The banyan is a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fig</a></span><span class="style1">, with ovate, heart-shaped, entire leaves about 15 cm (about 6 in) long. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is scarlet, not larger than a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1">, and grows in pairs from the axils of the leaves. The seeds seldom germinate in the ground, but, deposited by birds in the crowns of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">palm</a></span><span class="style1"> trees, germinate there and send down roots that embrace and eventually kill the palms. A famous banyan in the Botanic Garden in Calcutta is more than a century old. The main trunk is more than 12 m (more than 40 ft) in circumference; it has 230 prop roots 1.8 to 3 m (6 to 10 ft) around, and more than 3000 smaller trunks.Scientific classification: The banyan belongs to the family Moraceae. It is classified as Ficus benghalensis.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Banyan</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FigRoot</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CherryFigFruitMulberryPalmRootTree</text>
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<name>Banyan</name>
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card_20161.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Baneberry, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">buttercup</a></span><span class="style1"> family. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Deciduous plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of rich woods, baneberries are found in the northern United States and southern Canada, growing to about 60 cm (about 24 in) in height. They are sometimes cultivated in shady gardens as perennials. The small, feathery, white flowers bloom in the spring; the berries, which ripen in autumn, are white in the species called doll's-eyes; red in red baneberry; and black in a species imported from Europe. The berries in all species are conspicuous, attractive to children, and poisonous. They contain an essential oil that produces severe gastroenteritis if eaten, but rarely with fatal results.Scientific classification: Baneberries belong to the genus Actaea of the family Ranunculaceae. Doll's-eyes is classified as Actaea pachypoda, the red baneberry as Actaea rubra, and the species with black berries as Actaea spicata.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Baneberry</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Poisonous Plants</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>ButtercupDeciduous PlantsPlants</text>
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card_19967.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Banana, common name for any of a genus of tropical, treelike herbs and also for their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. Species of the genus are native to Southeast Asia but are now grown extensively in all tropical countries for their fruit, fiber, or foliage. The banana is a large, herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with a perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rhizome</a></span><span class="style1">, from which the plant is perpetuated by sprouts or suckers. In the tropics the stems are annualΓÇöthat is, they die after perfecting the fruit, and new stems are developed from buds in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rootstock</a></span><span class="style1">. These stems, or buds, are the common means of propagating and making new plantations, and the growth is so rapid that the fruit is usually ripe within ten months after the offsets are planted. When fully grown the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> attains a height of 3 to 12 m (10 to 40 ft) and is surmounted by a crown of large oval leaves up to 3 m (10 ft) long, with a strong fleshy footstalk and midrib. The flowers spring in great spikes from the center of the crown of leaves and are arranged in whorl-like clusters along the spike; the female flowers occupy the base of the spike, and the male the apex. The fruits vary in length from about 10 to 30 cm (about 4 to 12 in). The average weight of a bunch is about 11 kg (about 25 lb), but individual bunches often exceed 18 kg (40 lb). A stalk bears only once, dies down, and is replaced by sprouts, two or three of which are allowed to bear fruit.The fruit of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plantain</a></span><span class="style1">, or cooking banana, is larger, coarser, and less sweet than the kinds that are generally eaten raw. The edible part of the banana contains, on the average, 75 percent water, 21 percent carbohydrate, and about 1 percent each of fat, protein, fiber, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ash</a></span><span class="style1">. Other parts of the plant abound in fiber, which can be used in the manufacture of paper and cordage. One species is the source of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Manila hemp</a></span><span class="style1">.Half of the world's banana crops are grown in Africa, and much of the produce is used locally. The leading banana-export regions are Central America and northern South America.Scientific classification: Bananas make up the genus Musa of the family Musaceae. The plantain, or cooking banana, is classified as Musa paradisiaca. The Manila hemp is classified as Musa textilis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Bamboo, common name for about 45 genera and about 480 species of perennial, woody, usually shrubby or treelike </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of the grass family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Grasses</a></span><span class="style1">). Bamboos occur mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, from sea level to snow-capped mountain peaks, with a few species reaching into temperate areas. They are most abundant in southeastern Asia, with some species in the Americas and Africa and none in Australia. The plants range from stiff reeds about 1 m (about 3 ft) tall to giants reaching 50 m (164 ft) in height and 30 cm (12 in) in diameter near the base. Most bamboos are erect, but some are viny, producing impenetrable thickets in some areas.Structure and Characteristics Bamboos are easily recognized by their woody, jointed stems, called culms. The culms consist of hollow sections called internodes, which are interrupted by regularly spaced solid partitions called nodes. At each node a sheath protects a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1">, which may develop into either a branch or an </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> cluster). Bamboo stems develop from horizontal, underground rhizomes (thickened </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> stems). The tips of new shoots are protected by overlapping scales, which are shed as the internodes elongate. Initially, new shoots grow slowly, but the growth rate increases rapidly and may reach nearly 60 cm (24 in) per day in some gigantic tropical species. The main shoot does not bear leaves and usually does not produce branches until it is fully elongated. Branches grow from the buds present at each node, and branches may themselves produce secondary or even tertiary branches. It is on these ultimate branches that bamboos produce their usually linear, flat, and many-veined leaves.The culms of bamboos are green because they contain abundant </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">chlorophyll</a></span><span class="style1"> in the tissue immediately below the surface. Thus, the culms serve as a major photosynthetic surface, especially because they elongate before the leaves themselves develop.The floral structure of bamboos is basically that of the grass family. Because of details in the flowers, however, bamboos are considered primitive among the grasses. That is, the bamboos typically have three lodicules (scales at the base of an ovary), six stamens, and three stigmas (the germination areas of the pistil), rather than the two lodicules, three stamens, and two stigmas typical of most grasses. In addition, although many bamboos flower annually, many others flower only at intervals of several years. All members of a particular species flower at the same time, and the plants die after flowering and setting their </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">. The individual species are perpetuated by the seed or by new culms sprouted from rhizomes, but it may take years for a species to reestablish itself.Uses Bamboos are among the plants most widely used by humans. In the tropics they are used for constructing houses, rafts, bridges, and scaffolding. Split and flattened culms can be used as flooring and interwoven to make baskets, mats, hats, fish traps, and other articles; culms of large species may be used as containers for liquids. Paper is made from bamboo pulp, and fishing rods, water pipes, musical instruments, and chopsticks from other parts. Many bamboos are planted as ornamentals, and young shoots are eaten as a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grain</a></span><span class="style1"> is also a food.Scientific classification: Bamboos belong to the family Gramineae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Balsam (resin), any of several resinous substances obtained from various trees. The word balsam is applied to oleoresins such as benzoin or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Canada balsam</a></span><span class="style1">, but is generally understood to mean balsam of Peru or tolu balsam. The source of tolu balsam is a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> indigenous to Ecuador, Venezuela, and Brazil. A variety of this tree, common from Peru to Mexico, is the source of balsam of Peru. Both are dark, fragrant, viscid liquids, used in confectionery and perfumes; they serve as expectorants and tonics in medicine. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Balm</a></span><span class="style1"> of Gilead has long been used in the East for its fragrance and reputed medicinal properties. The finest variety of balm of Gilead, called opobalsam, or Mecca balsam, has the color and consistency of honey. Tacamahac, a substance used for the same purposes, is produced by a species of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poplar</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<name>Balsam (resin)</name>
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card_18892.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Balsam (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for a small family of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">. The family is widespread in temperate and tropical regions, but it does not occur in South America or Australia. It contains two genera and about 850 species; all but one species are placed in a single genus of perennial or annual herbs, some of which are valued as ornamentals. The other genus contains a marsh </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of Indo-Malaysia.Plants of the family are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> that characteristically have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">succulent</a></span><span class="style1">, translucent stems and zygomorphic (irregular) flowers. The flowers have three or five sepals (outer floral whorl), one of which is petal-like and spurred, and five showy petals (inner floral whorl). The anthers (male floral parts) are fused together to form a cap over the ovary (female floral part). The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is usually a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">berry</a></span><span class="style1">, which often opens explosively when matureΓÇöhence the name </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">touch-me-not</a></span><span class="style1"> for some species. Cultivated forms of the garden balsam, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">impatiens</a></span><span class="style1">, have been developed. Two species of balsam are called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jewelweed</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Balsam make up the family Balsaminaceae. The genus of perennial or annual herbs, some of which are valued as ornamentals, is Impatiens. The other genus is classified as Hydrocera. The marsh plant of Indo-Malaysia is classified as Hydrocera trifolia. The garden balsam, or impatiens, is classified as Impatiens balsamina. The two species called jewelweed are classified as Impatiens capensis and Impatiens pallida</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Balsa, common name for a tropical American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mallow</a></span><span class="style1">). The tree may grow to a height of 18 to 21 m (60 to 70 ft). Balsa wood, also called corkwood, weighs about 97 to 130 kg/cu m (about 6 to 8 lb/cu ft) and is lighter and stronger than </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cork</a></span><span class="style1">. In color it resembles white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">basswood</a></span><span class="style1">. Balsa has long been used, especially in South America, for raft and boat building, and the term balsa is applied to a type of raft made of two parallel cylindrical logs connected by a platform or grating. The wood is also used for life-preserver floats, surfboards, and model airplanes. It is used in the interiors of aircraft to reduce vibration and as a sound insulator. Balsa is used as a lining material in refrigerators and ship holds because of its heat-insulating qualities.Scientific classification: Balsa belongs to the family Bombacaceae. It is classified as Ochroma lagopus.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Balsa</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Mallow</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>BasswoodCorkMallowPineTree</text>
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<name>Balsa</name>
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card_18064.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Balm, common name for a fragrant, perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Mint</a></span><span class="style1">). It is native to Europe and has been introduced into North America. Balm has long been cultivated in gardens. The stems and leaves, formerly used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic, are still occasionally used as such. The taste is somewhat astringent and the odor slightly aromatic. A variety of the common </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">catnip</a></span><span class="style1">, with an odor like that of balm, is often mistaken for it. Balmlike properties are common among the mints. The term balm is applied to several resins obtained from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">balsam fir</a></span><span class="style1"> trees.Scientific classification: Balm belongs to the family Labiatae. It is classified as Melissa officinalis.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Balm</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Balsam (resin)</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Balsam FirCatnipFirHerbMint</text>
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<name>Balm</name>
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card_17780.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Baby's Breath, common name applied to several Eurasian </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with blossoms that are delicate in appearance and fragrance. They are often used in rock gardens and borders. The flowers of several of the plants are popular in mixed bouquets for their misty effect. The name is given to several species of a genus of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> family, particularly one species, an ornamental perennial with a slender, erect, forking </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, lanceolate leaves, and numerous small white or pink fragrant flowers in panicled cymes. Also called baby's breath are certain species of a genus in the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madder</a></span><span class="style1"> family, also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bedstraw</a></span><span class="style1">; these include Scotch mist and false baby's breath or wild madder. They have leaves without stalks and tiny yellow or white flowers grouped in clusters.Scientific classification: The ornamental perennial called baby's breath belongs to the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gypsophila</a></span><span class="style1">, family Caryphyllaceae, and is classified as Gypsophila paniculata. Scotch mist, classified as Galium sylvaticum, and false baby's breath, classified as Galium mollugo, belong to the family Rubiaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Avocado, also alligator </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pear</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Laurel</a></span><span class="style1">), native to tropical America, and for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of this tree. The fruit is a greenish, thick-skinned </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1">, similar in size and shape to a large pear. When ripe, the flesh has the consistency of firm butter and a faint nutlike flavor. It has a high fat content, containing 10 to 20 percent oil, and is rich in protein. In the United States avocado is popular as a salad </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">, and in the tropics it is often used in soup. The tree is extensively cultivated in the southern United States and California.Scientific classification: The avocado tree belongs to the family Lauraceae. It is classified as Persea americana.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Avocado</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>LaurelPlant Distribution</text>
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<id>39</id>
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<name>Avocado</name>
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card_16675.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Autumn </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Crocus</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for a bulbous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">herb</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">). Native to Europe and not a true crocus, this garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, which is also called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">meadow saffron</a></span><span class="style1">, takes its name from its unusual pattern of flowering. In spring, several large, straplike leaves grow from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bulb</a></span><span class="style1">, more or less erect, to a height of 60 cm (24 in) or more. When the leaves fall off in the autumn, clusters of purple or white crocuslike flowers appear. Autumn crocus contains poisonous alkaloids, the principal one being colchicine.Scientific classification: The autumn crocus belongs to the family Liliaceae. It is classified as Colchicum autumnale.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Autumn Crocus</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>CrocusMeadow SaffronPlant BreedingRose of Sharon</text>
<text><span class="style1">Aster, common and scientific name for a large </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> genus (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Composite Flowers</a></span><span class="style1">), comprising about 250 species of herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, widely distributed in the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa. Most are perennials and produce abundant flowering heads in the late summer and fall. The heads usually have yellow disk florets in the center; the marginal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ray</a></span><span class="style1"> florets vary in color from purple to blue to </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> to white. Many species are cultivated, and one group of leafy-stemmed, fall-flowering species is known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Michaelmas daisy</a></span><span class="style1">. New England aster is a member of this group.Several other related genera are also commonly called aster, including Chinese aster, Stokes' aster, and golden aster.Scientific classification: Asters belong to the family Compositae. The New England aster is classified as Aster novae-angliae. Chinese asters are classified in the genus Callistephus, Stokes' asters in the genus Stokesia, and golden asters in the genus Chrysopsis.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Aspidistra, genus of perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">), native to China and Japan. The flowers are inconspicuous and often hidden. The glossy, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> foliage and resistance to unfavorable conditions of heat, soil, and light make aspidistra popular for home cultivation in pots and window boxes. A variety with green and white striped leaves reverts to solid green when placed in rich soil.Scientific classification: The genus Aspidistra belong to the family Liliaceae.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Aspidistra</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenLily</text>
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card_15839.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Asphodel, common name applied to certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Lily</a></span><span class="style1">), native mostly to the Mediterranean region. Many of the 35 to 40 species are widely cultivated for their yellow, white, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers. The ancient Greeks planted asphodel over graves.Scientific classification: Asphodels belong to the family Liliaceae. They are classified in the genera Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Narthecium, and Tofieldia.</span></text>
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<text>Asphodel</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Flowering PlantsLilyPinkPlants</text>
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<name>Asphodel</name>
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card_15537.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Aspen (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for certain related trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Poplar</a></span><span class="style1">), particularly the so-called quaking aspens, several species of which have the petioles, or leafstalks, so compressed that the leaves can move easily from side to side but not up or down. A breeze sets all leaves of one of these trees into motion. The most familiar species are the American aspen, found in North America; the large-toothed aspen, found in eastern Canada and the United States; and the European aspen, found in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.Scientific classification: Aspens belong to the genus Populus, of the family Salicaceae. The American aspen is classified as Populus tremuloides, the large-toothed aspen as Populus grandidentata, and the European aspen as Populus tremula.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Aspen</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>Poplar</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>PoplarTree</text>
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<name>Aspen</name>
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card_15204.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Asparagus, common name for about 50 to 60 species of herbs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for their representative genus. The parent of most varieties cultivated for food is a native of Europe. It bears flowers of one sex on each </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, the sex being identifiable in the first year of growth. Asparagus beds may bear for 50 years. The plant grows best in a fresh, sandy soil. The spears (shoots) are not cut until the second or third year. Once used as a medicine, asparagus spears are rich in vitamin A and ascorbic acid. In the United States asparagus crops are grown principally in California, New Jersey, and Washington. France and Italy are important producers in Europe.Asparagus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1">, or florist's fern, is not a true fern but has delicate, lacy foliage used in making bouquets, as do two other species. These three </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> may be grown indoors.Scientific classification: Asparagus belong to the family Liliaceae. The parent of most varieties cultivated for food is classified as Asparagus officinalis. The asparagus fern, or florist's fern, is classified as Asparagus setaceus, the two other species with delicate, lacy foliage are classified as Asparagus densiflorus cultivar sprengeri and Asparagus asparagoides.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Ash (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">/</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">), common name for any member of a genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Olive</a></span><span class="style1">), comprising about 70 species of mostly northern temperate trees and shrubs, valued for timber and ornament. Characteristic of the group are the small, inconspicuous greenish flowers, usually borne in clusters with or without sepals and petals. These appear in early spring and produce dry, single-winged fruits called samaras. The finely toothed leaves are opposite on the stems and are compound, bearing an odd number of leaflets. The white, or American, ash, European ash, and Siebold ash of Asia are particularly valuable sources of woods used in cabinetry. The flowering, or manna, ash, notable for its long petals, is cultivated in Mediterranean regions for its sweet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1">. In North America, ashes have been subject for several years to a disease that usually kills a stricken tree in ten years. No preventative has yet been found for the disease, which may possibly be caused by a leafhopper-borne mycoplasma.Mountain ash is an unrelated tree of a different family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rose</a></span><span class="style1">). The prickly ash, also called Hercules'-club, also belongs to a different family (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rue</a></span><span class="style1">).Scientific classification: Ash trees constitute the genus Fraxinus, of the family Oleaceae. The white, or American, ash is classified as Fraxinus americana, the European ash as Fraxinus excelsior, the Siebold ash as Fraxinus sieboldiana, and the flowering, or manna, ash as Fraxinus ornus. The mountain ash belongs to the family Rosaceae, and the prickly ash to the family Rutaceae.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Arum, common name for a family comprising about 2000 species of mostly herbaceous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, and for its representative genus. The family is worldwide in distribution, and several species produce edible, starch-rich underground stems (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Taro</a></span><span class="style1">). Many are grown as ornamentals.The arum, or aroid, family consists primarily of herbs with a distinctive </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">inflorescence</a></span><span class="style1"> (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> cluster): a large, often showy bract (the spathe) subtending and sometimes surrounding the spadix, a group of small, individually inconspicuous flowers borne on an elongated axis. Foul scents emitted by some inflorescences attract carrion flies, which then become trapped within the spathe and carry out </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1">.The aroid family is mainly tropical, although some Temperate Zone members occur, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">jack-in-the-pulpit</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">skunk cabbage</a></span><span class="style1">. Of the 100 or so genera in the family, more than half are cultivated, mostly for their attractive foliage or spathes. Many are successful houseplants because they are preadapted to severe conditions, being derived from tropical epiphytes, plants that grow on others for support but not for nutrients. The epiphytic habitat is similar to the home environment; it is shaded, far from the ground, and thus low in humidity, and it depends on watering from rains rather than from moisture in the soil. Among well-known arums are the flamingo </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">elephant's ear</a></span><span class="style1">, and garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">calla</a></span><span class="style1">.The family belongs to an order that also contains the duckweed family, small aquatic herbs that often float on the water's surface. The smallest </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> known, scarcely 1 mm (about 0.04 in) in length, belongs to this group.Scientific classification: Arums make up the family Araceae, of the order Arales. The jack-in-the-pulpit is classified as Arisaena triphyllum, the skunk cabbage as Symplocarpus foetidus, and the flamingo lily as Anthurium andraeanum. The elephant's ears are classified in the genus Colocasia and garden callas in the genus Zantedeschia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1"></span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Artichoke</a></span><span class="style1">, Jerusalem, common name for a tuberous-rooted perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sunflower</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, growing stems up to 3 m (10 ft) high and closely resembling the common sunflower. It is cultivated for its tubers, which are used as a table </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">, as feed for livestock, and as a source of inulin and levulose. The name Jerusalem is derived from the Italian girasole, meaning ΓÇ£sunflower.ΓÇ¥Scientific classification: The Jerusalem artichoke belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is classified as Helianthus tuberosus.</span></text>
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<text>Artichoke, Jerusalem</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>ArtichokeFlowerSunflowerVegetable</text>
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card_13947.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Artichoke, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the composite </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> family, also the flower head of the plant, used as a table </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">vegetable</a></span><span class="style1">. The artichoke grows wild in the south of Europe and is cultivated in the United States, primarily in California. The leaves proceed from the base of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> and are long and somewhat spiny. The stem is up to 1 m (3 ft) high, branched, with large heads of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">violet</a></span><span class="style1">-colored (sometimes white), thistlelike flowers at the summits of the branches. The thickened receptacle (heart) and fleshy bases of the scales (leaves) of the immature flower are the portions eaten.Scientific classification: The artichoke belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is classified as Cynara scolymus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Arrowroot, common name for a variety of nutritious starch extracted from the roots of certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> growing in tropical countries, or the plants from which such starch is obtained. The true arrowroot </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is native to tropical America, especially Florida, and is extensively cultivated in the West Indies. It grows up to 2 m (6 ft) high. An acre of arrowroot yields about 6 metric tons of rhizomes, or fleshy roots, from which about 1 metric ton of starch is obtained. Arrowroot, more easily digested than other forms of starch, is also obtained from other plants of the same family. Florida arrowroot is in part prepared from a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cycad</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Arrowroots belong to the family Marantaceae. The true arrowroot plant is classified as Maranta arundinacea. Florida arrowroot is prepared from Zamia integrifolia.</span></text>
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<text>Arrowroot</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>CannaCassavaGinger</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CycadPlantPlants</text>
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<name>Arrowroot</name>
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card_13484.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Arrowhead, common name for any of a genus of aquatic </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, distinguished by unisexual flowers, having three sepals and three colored petals, with numerous stamens and carpels. Arrowheads are native to many climates, from the tropics to the cold regions. About 30 species are known. Several species and many varieties are found in North American waters. The common arrowhead of Europe and the common arrowhead of America have leaves that are usually elongated and triangular, with the basal lobes bent downward, resembling an arrowhead.Scientific classification: Arrowheads constitute the genus Sagittaria, of the family Alismataceae. The common arrowhead of Europe is classified as Sagittaria sagittifolia, and the common arrowhead of America as Sagittaria latifolia.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Arrowhead</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>JasmineWater Plantain</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Plants</text>
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<name>Arrowhead</name>
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card_13236.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Arctotis, genus of annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, native to southern Africa. They are grown in the United States in gardens that have good soil and sun. Arctotis blossoms last throughout the summer and autumn. The most common species is known as the blue-eyed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">African daisy</a></span><span class="style1">. It grows to a height of more than 60 cm (24 in) and bears </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">composite flowers</a></span><span class="style1"> up to 7 cm (3 in) in diameter with white rays and blue centers. The flowers close each night and open again the following morning. Dwarf forms exist, which have </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1"> flowers.Scientific classification: The genus Arctotis belongs to the family Compositae. The blue-eyed African daisy is classified as Arctotis stoechadifolia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Arbutus, genus of small trees and shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">heath</a></span><span class="style1"> family, including the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">madrona</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of California and Oregon, and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">strawberry</a></span><span class="style1"> tree of Europe.In the eastern United States a closely related genus is called trailing arbutus. A common species of trailing arbutus grows in sandy woods or in rocky soil in the shade of pines. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is called ground </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">laurel</a></span><span class="style1"> in the southern states and mayflower in New England. The leaves are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> and the fragrant blossoms are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1">-colored or white, borne in small clusters.Scientific classification: Arbutus make up the genus Arbutus, of the family Ericaceae. The madrona tree is classified as Arbutus menziesii and the strawberry tree as Arbutus unedo. The trailing arbutus known as ground laurel and mayflower is classified as Epigaea repens.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Arborvitae (Latin for ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of lifeΓÇ¥), common name for certain related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cypress</a></span><span class="style1"> family, so named early in the 17th century because of the medicinal value ascribed to their balsamic resin. Extracts of this resin increase blood pressure and reduce fever. The leaves have a fragrant, balsamlike odor. The wood is reddish, light, and durable. Some of the larger species are valuable timber trees. The smaller species are cultivated in gardens and as wind screens for more tender </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">.The common, or American, arborvitae, often called white </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cedar</a></span><span class="style1">, is found in the northeastern regions of North America as far south as Virginia. It flourishes in moist, cool places and attains a height of 15 m (50 ft). The branches are horizontally expanded, compressed or flattened, and have small, scalelike leaves. The cones are small and obovate. The only other species native to North America is the giant arborvitae, found west of the Rocky Mountains from northern California to Alaska. Sometimes called red cedar or canoe cedar, it may attain a height of 60 m (200 ft) under favorable conditions, and the trunk may exceed 4.5 m (15 ft) in diameter.The Oriental arborvitae of the Old World is smaller and less hardy than the American species. It has denser foliage, more nearly vertical branches, and larger, rougher, and more nearly spherical cones.Scientific classification: Arborvitae belong to the family Cupressaceae. The common, or American, arborvitae is classified as Thuja occidentalis, the giant arborvitae as Thuja plicata, and the Oriental arborvitae as Thuja orientalis.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Arborvitae</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>CedarConifer</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>CedarCypressEvergreenPlantsTree</text>
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<name>Arborvitae</name>
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card_12418.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Araucaria, common name for certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> trees (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Conifer</a></span><span class="style1">) native to South America and Australasia. Several are of commercial importance. The Chile </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1">, or monkey puzzle, is a valuable timber </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> native to the Chilean Andes, where it grows to a height of 45 m (150 ft). The trunk is straight and free from knots, yielding a beautifully veined, yellowish-white, hard wood and abundant resin. Like many pines, the young trees have branches almost from the ground, but the older ones have tall, naked stems with a crown of branches. The kauri pine of New Zealand, growing to 60 m (200 ft), yields valuable timber and resin.Scientific classification: Araucaria belong to the family Araucariaceae. The Chile pine, or monkey puzzle, is classified as Araucaria imbricata, and the kauri pine as Agathis australis.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Araucaria</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Plant Distribution</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>ConiferEvergreenPineTree</text>
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<name>Araucaria</name>
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card_12138.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Apricot, common name for a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, native to eastern Asia, and for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The tree is small, with heart-shaped leaves on long stalks. Solitary white flowers appear before the leaves, and the fruit, which resembles the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">peach</a></span><span class="style1">, is roundish, downy, yellow, and sometimes ruddy on one side, with yellow flesh. More than 20 kinds are distinguished. Some favorites are Moorpark, of English origin, with a large, round, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orange</a></span><span class="style1">-red freestone, ripening in the middle of the season; Newcastle, of California origin, with a medium-size, round, orange-yellow freestone; and Royal, of French origin, with a large, oblate, yellow-red freestone, ready early in the season. The fruit, somewhat smaller than a peach, is known for its delicate flavor. It is marketed fresh, as well as dried and packed. Large quantities are canned or pulped for jam making. California and Oregon are the leading producers in the United States. It is also a significant crop in British Columbia (Canada), Australia, Italy, the south of France, and Israel.Scientific classification: The apricot belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Prunus armeniaca.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Apricot</text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>HepaticaOrchardPersimmonPlumRose</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FruitOrangePeachRoseTree</text>
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card_11810.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Apple, common name for certain related trees of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pome</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> of the trees. The apple </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1">, a deciduous </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, grows mainly in the temperate areas of the world. The fruit is a firm, fleshy structure derived from the receptacle of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">. Apple leaves are broadly oval in shape and are somewhat woolly on the undersides. The flowers in bloom have a rounded appearance. Some apple blossoms are white, but the majority of apple blossoms have stripes or tints of rose. A few apple species bloom with bright red flowers. Apple wood is hard, durable, and very fine-grained.The physical characteristics of the fruit are subject to considerable variation. The skin color may range from green to a deep, blackish red. Shapes, also, are diverse and include oblate and oblong fruits and fruits of a size hardly larger than a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">cherry</a></span><span class="style1"> or as big as a medium-sized </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grapefruit</a></span><span class="style1">.Varieties Apple trees have been cultivated for their fruit for many centuries. Early apple growers selected superior strains from wild seedlings and propagated them by </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">grafting</a></span><span class="style1">. Currently, many apple varieties are developed by controlled crossing of desirable parents. Beneficial mutation in standard varieties is also a source for new varieties. It is generally thought that modern apple varieties resulted from natural cross-</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> involving several species because modern varieties are heterozygous—that is, they do not reproduce true to type.Apple trees are best adapted to areas in which the average temperature approaches or reaches freezing during at least two months. The exact chilling requirement varies somewhat with each variety. The trees withstand temperatures down to -40° C (-40° F).Culture Apple growing is a highly specialized business and the trend is toward larger orchards, especially because costly mechanical sprayers have been used to control diseases and insects. Leading diseases of apples are apple scabs, mildew, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fire blight</a></span><span class="style1">. Insect pests include the codling moth, the apple maggot, the red-banded </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> roller, aphids, leaf hoppers, mites, San José scale, and oyster-shell scale. Rodents, particularly </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pine</a></span><span class="style1"> and meadow mice and rabbits, cause severe damage to trees unless proper control measures are employed.Several horticultural methods are used in apple culture. One system is based on clean culture, with winter cover crops sown throughout the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">orchard</a></span><span class="style1">; another method utilizes permanent sod and sod mulch. If a permanent grass or sod system is used, additional </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fertilizer</a></span><span class="style1"> is needed to compensate for organic nutrients absorbed by the grass. If clean culture is practiced, no additional cultivating is advisable after the first week in August, in order to permit the trees to harden off—that is, to become adapted to the lower temperatures of fall and winter.Apple trees are vegetatively propagated by grafting or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">budding</a></span><span class="style1">. By these methods a scion (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bud</a></span><span class="style1"> of the desired variety) is inserted into the base of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> or trunk of a seedling tree known as the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stock</a></span><span class="style1">. Sometimes the stock itself is a vegetatively propagated tree. Most trees are propagated, however, on seedling rootstocks. Several size-controlling rootstocks are available. Uniform heights facilitate spraying and harvesting. Extremely dwarfed rootstocks are popular where space is limited.Most apple varieties require cross-pollination in order to bear satisfactorily. Certain varieties, known as triploids, are of no value as pollinators because of their genetic makeup. Two diploid pollinating varieties must be present to pollinate each other as well as the triploid variety.Production Commercial apple production in the United States is limited to about four favored areas: the northwestern states, the Shenandoah-Cumberland region, the northeastern states, and the north-central states. The northwestern area is noted for high yields but uses extensive artificial irrigation.Of the several thousand varieties of apples, relatively few have commercial importance. Delicious, with its color mutations, is the most widely grown variety in the United States. It is particularly well adapted to the northwestern United States but is grown commercially in all apple areas. McIntosh is the leading apple in the northeastern United States. In the Shenandoah-Cumberland area the most important orchard varieties are York Imperial, Delicious, and Stayman Winesap. Varieties adapted best to the north-central area are McIntosh, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Wealthy, and Cortland. Eastern Canadian apple growers cultivate nearly the same varieties as those grown in the northeastern United States. British Columbia is best suited to the varieties grown in the Northwest; McIntosh, however, is a favorite among British Columbian orchardists.World production of apples was 41 million metric tons annually in the mid-1980s, led by the USSR, China, and the United States. The leading apple-producing countries in Europe are France, Germany, and Italy; most of the crop is processed as either cider or brandy. Apple production in the United States in the mid-1980s was about 9 percent of the world total. Washington is the most important apple-producing state of the United States. Next ranking in descending order are New York, Michigan, California, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.Consumption Apples are eaten in the fresh state; served as the chief ingredient of such desserts as baked apples, apple pie, and apple strudel; and processed into dried apples, canned sauce, slices, jelly, and pasteurized juice, cider, and vinegar. Applejack is a common American name for apple brandy. France is the leading producer of apple brandies.History The native home of the apple is not definitely known, but the tree originated probably in the area between the Caspian and the Black seas. Charred remains of apples have been found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Apples were a favorite fruit of the ancient Greeks and Romans.The apple was introduced to America by early settlers, who brought apple seeds with them. Records of the Massachusetts </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Bay</a></span><span class="style1"> Company indicate that apples were grown in New England as early as 1630. Seeds were carried westward by missionaries, traders, and Native Americans. One man alone, John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed), was responsible for extensive plantings of apple trees in the midwestern United States.Scientific classification: Apple trees belong to the family Rosaceae. They constitute the genus Malus.</span></text>
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<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Apple</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Crab AppleCustard AppleDiseases of PlantsEbonyFlowerGardeningMagnoliaMayappleMedlarNutmegOrchardPapawPassionflowerPearPelargoniumPlant BreedingPlant PropagationRoseTree</text>
<text><span class="style1">Anthracnose. See </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Diseases of Plants</a></span><span class="style1">.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Anthracnose</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>BeanCottonRaspberry</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Diseases of PlantsPlants</text>
</content>
<name>Anthracnose</name>
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card_11363.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Anise, common name for an annual </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">parsley</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Native to Egypt, it is also cultivated in Syria, Malta, Spain, and Germany. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1"> of the plant, called aniseed, is used as a condiment, in the preparation of the liqueur anisette, and in medicine as a stimulant and to relieve flatulence. Aniseed has an aromatic, agreeable smell and a warm, sweetish taste. Both smell and taste are due to its oil, called oil of anise, which contains anethole. Anethole and its derivatives are used in perfumes and flavorings.Chinese anise is a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> native to China. It is also known as star anise from the starlike form of its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">, the badian, which consists of 6 to 12 hard, woody, one-seeded carpels. The qualities of the fruit, seed, and oil closely resemble those of the common anise, and the oil is used for the same purposes.Scientific classification: Anise belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is classified as Pimpinella anisum. Chinese anise is classified as Illicium vernum.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Anise</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>GoldenrodParsleySpices</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>EvergreenFruitParsleyPlantSeedTree</text>
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<name>Anise</name>
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card_10762.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Angiosperm (Latin angi-, ΓÇ£enclosedΓÇ¥ Greek sperma, ΓÇ£</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">ΓÇ¥), common name for the division or phylum comprising </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1">, the dominant form of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> life. Members of the division are the source of most of the food on which humans and other mammals rely and of many raw materials and natural products. Included in the division are most shrubs and herbs, most familiar trees except pines and other conifers, and specialized plants such as succulents, parasites, and aquatic types. Although about 230,000 species are known, many remain obscure. Flowering plants occupy almost every ecological situation and dominate most natural landscapes. About two-thirds occur in the Tropics, where they are rapidly being exterminated by human activities. Only about 1000 species are of major economic importance, and the bulk of the world's food supply is derived from only 15. Many hundreds more could be useful if properly investigated and developed.Description The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, the function of which is the reproduction of the plant through the development of seeds. Flowers are highly modified shoots made up of four fundamental parts arranged in separate series, or whorls, on specialized </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1"> tips. The outer series consists of the sepals, which are modified leaves or bracts that are usually green. The next inner series, the petals, are also modified leaves, but they are usually finer textured and more conspicuously colored. The third series consists of the stamens, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollen</a></span><span class="style1">-producing male portion of the flower. The innermost series is the carpels, female structures that produce the seeds. Carpels are often fused into a structure called the pistil.The seeds of angiosperms develop in an ovary, a part of the carpel that surrounds and protects the egg-containing ovules. Seeds develop from the ovules after </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pollination</a></span><span class="style1"> and fertilization of the eggs. Ovules and seeds are not exclusive to angiosperms. The ΓÇ£naked-seedΓÇ¥ plants (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Gymnosperm</a></span><span class="style1">), which include the conifers, cycads, and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ginkgo</a></span><span class="style1">, have ovules that lie exposed on the surface of specialized, scalelike leaves arranged into cones. The development of seeds from ovules enclosed in an ovary, which enlarges into a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> as the fertilized seeds grow, is a feature unique to the angiosperms.Evolution The unique angiosperm flower probably evolved from a now extinct gymnosperm group that had insect-pollinated cones combining male and female reproductive parts. Living gymnosperms are mostly wind-pollinated, but among certain fossil and extant groups evidence of insect pollination exists. Although insects facilitate pollination, they also eat ovules, and it is believed that the development of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">ovule</a></span><span class="style1">-enclosing carpel of the angiosperm was an adaptation to protect the ovules and developing seeds from insect predation. The carpel also provided protection from other harmful environmental influences, such as dryness, and it allowed reduction in the size of the ovule, refinement of the process of pollination, and the development of other parts of the flower, all of which improved the chances of successful reproduction.Scientific classification: Angiosperm is the common name for the division Magnoliophyta. Angiosperms are divided into two classes, the Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, popularly termed </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">dicots</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monocots</a></span><span class="style1">, representing separate evolutionary lines that must have diverged early in the history of the group. The direct predecessors of angiosperms are thought to have been woody gymnosperms; certain woody groups of dicots (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Magnolia</a></span><span class="style1">) are thought to be primitive angiosperms. Monocots are more advanced than dicots, and they evolved from a primitive dicot group (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Water Lily</a></span><span class="style1">).</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Anemone, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> comprising about 120 species, distributed chiefly in the North Temperate Zone. About 25 species occur in North America. The plants of this genus are perennial herbs and are sometimes called windflowers because many species grow in windward places. Most </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> early in the spring. One species, the American wood anemone, is found in eastern North America. It has white flowers tinged with </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pink</a></span><span class="style1"> or crimson, and it blossoms in April or May. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is similar to the European wood anemone. Another species, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pasqueflower</a></span><span class="style1">, is found in chalky pastures in some parts of England and also blossoms in April or May. The American pasqueflower, which resembles the European species, is the state flower of South Dakota. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">poppy</a></span><span class="style1"> anemone is a widely cultivated American species and is a favorite in gardens. Red and blue flowers have been introduced. The Japanese anemone is an autumn-blooming species that is also extensively cultivated.Scientific classification: Anemones belong to the family Ranunculaceae. The American wood anemone is classified as Anemone quinquefolia, the European wood anemone as Anemone nemorosa, the pasqueflower as Aneomone pulsatilla or Pulsatilla vulgaris, the American pasqueflower as Anemone patens, the poppy anemone as Anemone coronaria, and the Japanese anemone as Anemone japonica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Amaryllis, common name for several related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, especially for certain hybrids cultivated as ornamentals and sold as dried bulbs for growing as houseplants. A related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">belladonna</a></span><span class="style1"> </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1"> or naked lily, is the only member of its genus.The name is applied to a family, closely allied to the lily family and the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">iris</a></span><span class="style1"> family, containing about 90 genera and 1200 species. In addition to the members of the genus to which amaryllis belong, familiar plants placed in the amaryllis family include daffodils, snowdrops, and Kaffir lilies.Scientific classification: Amaryllis belong to the genus Hippeastrum of the family Amaryllidaceae. The belladonna lily, or naked lily, is classified as Amaryllis belladonna. Daffodils are classified in the genus </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Narcissus</a></span><span class="style1">, snowdrops in the genus Galanthus, and Kaffir lilies in the genus Clivia.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Amaranth, common name for any </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with blossoms that do not readily fade when picked, and especially for about 50 species of one genus, most of which are found in the Tropics. They are herbs or shrubs with simple leaves, and flowers in heads or spikes. The spikes are sometimes several centimeters long. Because the dry red bracts that surround the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1"> retain their freshness for some time, the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> is a symbol of immortality. The annual weeds </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">pigweed</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tumbleweed</a></span><span class="style1"> of the United States are of this genus. The globe amaranth, of the same family, has purple flowers that retain their beauty for years. See also </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Everlastings</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Amaranths belong to the family Amaranthaceae in the order Caryophyllales. Pigweed is classified as Amaranthus retroflexus. Tumbleweed is classified as Amaranthus graecizans. The globe amaranth is classified as Gomphrena globosa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Alyssum, genus of low-growing, mostly perennial </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1">, also called madwort. Golden tuft, or rock madwort, and yellow tuft are spring-flowering perennials often cultivated in rock gardens. A related </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> of the same family is commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sweet alyssum</a></span><span class="style1">. It is a European perennial, cultivated in the United States as an annual. Clusters of white flowers bloom throughout the spring and summer and have a pleasant fragrance. Blue and purple varieties have been introduced.Scientific classification: The genus Alyssum belong to the family Cruciferae. Golden tuft, or rock madwort, is classified as Alyssum saxatile; yellow tuft as Alyssum murale, and sweet alyssum as Lobularia maritima.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Alyssum</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GardeningSweet Alyssum</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>PlantPlantsSweet Alyssum</text>
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<name>Alyssum</name>
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card_9670.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Aloe, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> with more than 150 species, most native to South Africa. They usually have short stems, fleshy, lanceolate leaves crowded in rosettes at the end of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">stem</a></span><span class="style1">, and red or yellow tubular flowers in dense clusters. Species vary in height from several centimeters to more than 9 m (30 ft); they are widely cultivated as garden and tub plants. Several species are commercially important as the source of the aloes used in medicine.Scientific classification: Aloes belong to the family Liliaceae.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Aloe</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>AgaveLeafLilySucculent</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>PlantsStem</text>
</content>
<name>Aloe</name>
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card_9380.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Almond, common name for a small </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree</a></span><span class="style1"> of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">rose</a></span><span class="style1"> family, and for the kernel of its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1">. The tree is characterized by the coarsely furrowed and wrinkled shell of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">drupe</a></span><span class="style1"> and by the young leaves that have their sides folded along the central vein. It grows up to 9 m (30 ft) high. A native of western Asia, it now grows wild throughout southern Europe and is cultivated in the United States. The wood is hard, of reddish color, and is used by cabinetmakers. The almond is valued chiefly for its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">nut</a></span><span class="style1">, which is an important article of commerce. Varieties are classified as either sweet or bitter. Sweet almonds contain a large quantity of a bland, fixed oil and emulsin, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1">, and mucilage sugar; they have an agreeable taste and are nutritious. Bitter almonds contain the same substances and, in addition, a crystalline glucoside called amygdalin. The long almonds of Málaga, Spain, known as Jordan almonds, and the broad almonds of Valencia, Spain, are the most valued.The dwarf almond tree, a low </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">shrub</a></span><span class="style1">, is similar to the common almond, with smaller fruit. It is common in the plains of Central Asia and is frequently planted as an ornamental shrub in England. Flowering almonds—shrubs or small trees—are cultivated extensively in the United States for their profusion of showy, white to rose blossoms.Scientific classification: The almond belongs to the family Rosaceae. It is classified as Prunus amygdalus. The dwarf almond tree is classified as Amygdalus nana.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Almond</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>FruitHepaticaPlumRose</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>DrupeFruitGumNutRoseShrubTree</text>
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<name>Almond</name>
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card_9056.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Alfalfa, common name for a fodder </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1">, known also as lucerne (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Legume</a></span><span class="style1">). It is believed to have originated in southwestern Asia. Historical accounts indicate that it was first cultivated in Persia. From there it was taken to Greece in the 5th century BC and to Spain in the 8th century AD. Spaniards introduced alfalfa to North and South America. Its extension over the irrigated sections of the western United States began in 1854, when it was taken to San Francisco from Chile. With the development of improved varieties and the use of better fertilizing and soil-management practices, its culture has spread throughout the United States.One of the most nutritious crops grown for fodder, alfalfa is rich in proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Because its </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">root</a></span><span class="style1"> extends as much as 9 m (30 ft) into the soil, alfalfa can reach stores of plant food and, in sections of limited rainfall, can withstand extremes of drought. The plant is remarkably adaptable to various climatic conditions, but it must have certain soil conditions and proper sowing. The effect of alfalfa on irrigated land is to increase the value per hectare of subsequent crops. Alfalfa is used as a soil-conditioning crop and as pasturage, and in the form of silage and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hay</a></span><span class="style1"> it is fed to dairy cows, beef cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, and poultry. It is also an excellent honey crop for bees and is used to increase the vitamin content of prepared foods. Its sprouted seeds are often used in salads.The principal alfalfa-producing states include California, Washington, Idaho, Kansas, and Oregon. Alfalfa production in the United States averages about 70 million metric tons harvested annually for hay and about 60,000 metric tons for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">seed</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Alfalfa belongs to the family Papilionoideae. It is classified as Medicago sativa.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Alder, common name for a group of shrubs and trees native to cold and temperate climates. Because the alder's wood resists decay underwater, it is used for bridge pilings. Dye was formerly obtained from the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">bark</a></span><span class="style1"> of many species. The black alder is a native of Europe. It usually grows to about 15 m (about 50 ft). Among the varieties used for ornamental planting are the golden alder, with bright golden-yellow leaves, and the cut-leaved alder, with narrow, deeply incised leaves. The gray, or Eurasian white, alder has acute leaves, downy underneath, and grows to a height of about 24 m (about 80 ft).Scientific classification: Alders belong to the family Betulaceae. The black alder is classified as Alnus glutinosa and the gray alder as Alnus incana.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Alder</text>
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<content>
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<id>38</id>
<text>BirchWinterberry</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Bark</text>
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<name>Alder</name>
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card_8040.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Ailanthus, common name for a medium-sized family of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, and for its representative genus. Leaves of the ailanthus group are compound with many feathery leaflets and occur alternating on the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> stems. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fruit</a></span><span class="style1"> is usually winged. The family comprises about 22 genera and 170 species and is a member of the order (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Rue</a></span><span class="style1">) that also contains the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mahogany</a></span><span class="style1"> and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">citrus</a></span><span class="style1"> trees. The ailanthus family is of limited importance as a source of timber, for the bitter principles extracted from its wood and used in medicines, and for ornamentals. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">tree of heaven</a></span><span class="style1">, a native of northern China, was introduced into the United States in 1874. Its hardiness and rapid growth make it useful in urban settings, but it is difficult to eradicate once established and is considered a pest in some areas.Scientific classification: Ailanthus belong to the family Simaroubaceae. The representative genus is Ailanthus.</span></text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>25</id>
<text>Ailanthus</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Tree of Heaven</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>CitrusFruitLeafMahoganyRueTreeTree of Heaven</text>
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<name>Ailanthus</name>
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card_7680.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Ageratum, genus of tropical American flowering annual herbs. The ageratum is known also as the flossflower. The genus comprises about 43 species, of which the best known is a species native to Mexico. It is an attractive, low-growing </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> with opposite, hairy leaves that are usually heart-shaped. Its flowers are generally blue and are borne in clusters of delicate, tassel-like heads. It blooms throughout the summer and is often used for garden borders.Scientific classification: The genus Ageratum belongs to the family Compositae. The well-known ageratum native to Mexico is classified as Ageratum houstonianum.</span></text>
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<content>
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<id>25</id>
<text>Ageratum</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>38</id>
<text>Composite FlowersGardening</text>
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<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>39</id>
<text>Plant</text>
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<name>Ageratum</name>
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card_7474.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Agave, genus of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> native to desert regions of the western hemisphere. The best-known species is the American </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">aloe</a></span><span class="style1">, or </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">century plant</a></span><span class="style1">, which usually flowers only once, between the ages of 10 and 25 years. Shortly before it flowers, a long stalk grows rapidly upward to a height of about 12 m (about 40 ft). The flowers are large and greenish and cover short, horizontal branches that spring from the upper half of the stalk. Some plants die after flowering, but rhizomes of suckers often develop into new plants. The plant may also be grown from seeds, bulbs, or underground stems. The agave has large, thick, and fleshy leaves, which can store considerable quantities of water. They are spiked, particularly at the tips, are </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">evergreen</a></span><span class="style1">, and grow to a length of about 2 m (about 6 ft) in a cluster around the base of the plant.Many species of agave are of economic importance. </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Sisal</a></span><span class="style1">, native to the West Indies but now also grown in Mexico and various tropical countries of Eurasia, yields sisal or sisal </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">hemp</a></span><span class="style1">. Fibers up to 1.5 m (5 ft) long are obtained from the leaves of this plant and are used to make rope. Other species of agave yield similar fibers that are called sisal or, more properly, false sisal. The roots of some species yield a pulp that produces a lather when wet and is used as soap. Such soap plants are called amoles. The </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">sap</a></span><span class="style1"> of some agaves is fermented to obtain a drink called pulque, which can be distilled to make a colorless liquor, </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">mescal</a></span><span class="style1">. All agave is called maguey in Mexico. One species, the false aloe, is native to the southeastern United States.Scientific classification: Agaves belong to the family Agavaceae. The American aloe, or century plant, is classified as Agave americana, sisal as Agave sisalana, and false aloe as Manfreda virginica.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">African </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Violet</a></span><span class="style1">, common name for certain </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flowering plants</a></span><span class="style1"> often grown as houseplants. Unrelated to violets, they are members of a genus in the family that also contains </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gloxinia</a></span><span class="style1">, but their petals are shaped like those of violets and are often violet in color. The genus contains about 20 species of small, hairy, herbaceous perennials with clusters of long-stalked, fleshy leaves at the base. The violetlike flowers are borne on loosely branched stalks that rise from between the leaves. All are native to the mountains of Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa, and most are cultivated. Numerous cultivars, including double-flowered forms and many color variations, have been developed from the common African violet.Scientific classification: African violets belong to the family Gesneriaceae. The common African violet is classified as Saintpaulia ionantha.</span></text>
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<id>25</id>
<text>African Violet</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GloxiniaRootViolet</text>
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<content>
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<id>39</id>
<text>Flowering PlantsGloxiniaPlantsViolet</text>
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<name>African Violet</name>
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card_6819.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Adonis (</span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">botany</a></span><span class="style1">), genus of annual and perennial herbs (see </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">Buttercup</a></span><span class="style1">) containing about 20 species, grown for their showy flowers. They attain a height of about 30 cm (about 12 in) and have alternate, finely cut leaves; the flowers are usually red in the annual species and yellow in the perennial. Spring adonis is a perennial species bearing yellow flowers in May and June. Summer adonis, or pheasant's eye, is an annual with crimson flowers blooming from June to August. Autumn adonis, or flos adonis, is an annual; it bears small, dark-centered, red flowers from June through September.Scientific classification: The genus Adonis belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. The spring adonis is classified as Adonis vernalis; the summer adonis, or pheasant's eye, as Adonis aestivalis; and the autumn adonis, or flos adonis, as Adonis autumnalis.</span></text>
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<text>Adonis</text>
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<text>Buttercup</text>
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card_6392.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Adder's-Tongue, common name for </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> of a </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">fern</a></span><span class="style1"> genus and for the yellow adder's-tongue, which is also known as the trout </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">lily</a></span><span class="style1">. Yellow adder's-tongue is a beautiful spring wildflower found in the eastern United States. It has mottled leaves, bears yellow, lilylike flowers, and reaches a height of 30 cm (12 in).Scientific classification: Adder's-tongue ferns make up the family Ophioglossaceae. The yellow adder's-tongue belongs to the family Liliaceae. It is classified as Erythronium americanum.</span></text>
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<text>Adder's-Tongue</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>FernLilyPlants</text>
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<name>Adder's-Tongue</name>
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card_6036.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Aconite, common name for certain perennial herbs and for a preparation derived from them that was formerly used in medicine. More than 100 species belong to the aconite genus and are native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Several species, including the helmet </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">flower</a></span><span class="style1">, a well-known European species, are cultivated as garden </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> in the United States. The common aconites have fibrous or tuberous roots, mostly erect stems, and palmately divided or cleft leaves. The flowers in most species are blue or purple, although some species have yellow or white flowers. The outer, showy parts of the bilaterally symmetrical flower are five in number, and the uppermost is shaped like a large, downward-opening hood. Because of this hood, which immediately distinguishes aconite from </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">larkspur</a></span><span class="style1">, aconites are commonly called </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">monkshood</a></span><span class="style1">. They are also known as </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">wolfsbane</a></span><span class="style1">.Aconites contain highly active alkaloids, especially aconitine, and are poisonous to both humans and animals. The helmet flower has long been considered one of the most dangerous plants of Europe. When eaten in small to moderate amounts, roots produce symptoms of restlessness, salivation, nausea, a weakened and irregular heartbeat, chest pain, prostration, and frequently death within hours.Scientific classification: Aconites belong to the family Ranunculaceae. The helmet flower is classified as Aconitum napellus.</span></text>
<text><span class="style1">Acanthus, genus of ornamental </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plants</a></span><span class="style1"> characterized by feathery leaves about 30 to 60 cm (about 12 to 24 in) long and by red, white, or purple flowers in spiny bracts. Two natives of southern Europe are the species best known; the jagged leaves of the Mediterranean </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">plant</a></span><span class="style1"> appear extensively in sculpture and decoration as stylized ornamental motifs.Scientific classification: Acanthus belong to the family Acanthaceae. The two natives of southern Europe are classified as Acanthus spinosus and Acanthus mollis.</span></text>
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<text>Acanthus</text>
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<text>Figwort</text>
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<text>PlantPlants</text>
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<name>Acanthus</name>
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card_5245.xml
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<text><span class="style1">Acacia, important genus of trees or shrubs of the </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">legume</a></span><span class="style1"> family. Most of the 1200 species of the genus are native to tropical Africa or Australia. The normal type of </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">leaf</a></span><span class="style1"> is bipinnate, but it is often modified, especially among the species that have had to adapt to the intense heat and drought of Australia. The Australian species have vertical phyllodes that are modified leaves. The genus is of great and varied economic importance, yielding edible seeds and valuable timber and </span><span class="style7"><a href="#" class="group">gum</a></span><span class="style1">.Scientific classification: Acacias belong to the family Fabaceae.</span></text>
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<text>Acacia</text>
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<id>38</id>
<text>GumSaponins</text>
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<id>39</id>
<text>GumLeafLegume</text>
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<name>Acacia</name>
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card_5109.xml
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<text>There are several ways to use this stack. You can read it front-to-back like a conventional book by using the Prev and Next commands, the arrow keys, or the arrow buttons on the palette. Or, you may select a topic of interest in the list, and examine it by clicking on it. You may then examine other articles by clicking and create your own pathway through the information.When you see a «bold» word, clicking on it will take you to the related topic.To toggle the button palette, click on the word “Topic:” at the top of the card.The field on the left side of the card contains a list of all topics in the stack, you can go to a topic by clicking on it. The upper field on the right side of the card contains a list of topics that lead to the current topic. This means that the current topic is mentioned somewhere in the text of the topic indicated.The lower field on the right side of the card contains a list of topics that the current topic leads to. This means that the topics in this list are mentioned somewhere in the text of the topic indicated. </text>
